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VOLUME XLVII. 

1915. 



DR. 



EDITED BY 




M. WALKER, 



Biological Department, 



UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, TORONTO 



Editor Emeritus: REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE. 

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH, ONT. 



ILontion, ©ntan'o : 

, The Lo.iioa Printing- aad Lithographing' Compaiy Limited. 

1915. 



188 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 



N 



NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF TINEINA. 

BY ANNETTE F. BRAUN, CINCINNATI, O. 

Several species of Tineid moths in the writer's collection 
belonging to genera apparently new are of considerable interest 
because of their phylogenetic significance or because they show 
relationship to isolated genera or groups of genera. The present 
paper includes the description of these genera, together with 
descriptions of a number of new species recently bred.. The 
\ypes are in the writer's collection. 

Gorythophora, new genus. 

Face smooth; head elongate, with an erect tuft between the 
antennre. Antennae 4/5, basal segment enlarged and concave 
beneath to form an eye-cap, with pointed projecting flap of scales 
anteriorly. Labial palpi moderate, drooping, smooth-scaled. 
]\Iaxillary palpi rudimentary. 

First segment of 




anterior tarsi thicken- 
ed with scales; pos- 
terior tibiae hairy. 

Fore wings elon- 




ovate, 



costa 





for two- 
thirds, its length; lb 
simple, 3 absent, G 
and 7 connate, 9 and 



Fig. IS, — ^Venation of Corytho^hora aurea. 



10 arismg near costa, 

11 absent; transverse 
vein absent between 2 and 9. Hind wings y^^, narrow, lanceolate, 
cilia 4; 3 absent, 5 and 6 stalked, transverse vein absent between 
4 and 5. (Fig, IS). 

Type — Corythophora aurea. 

The relationship of this genus to Leiicoptera Hb., Crohylophora 
Meyr., and Proleiicoptera Busck., is suggested at once by the 

-' f: 

general appearance of the insect, and a study of all the characters 
substantiates this view. It is a much earlier form and undoubtedly 
indicates the stem from which the genera of this group ha\T sprung, 

June, 10 lo 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 




m^ mm 



1 • • 

although the genus in its present form has acquired a number of 
specialized characters. 

The neuration of the fore wings in the three genera just 
mentioned can easily be derived fron that of Corythophora. The 
absence of vein 11 is not significant, but is of recent disappearance, 
as it is virtually absent in one species of Proleiicoptera while present 
in the other, and thus can not be considered as a character of im- 
portance. However, the fact that vein 4 is here present and oc- 
cup\'ing its normal powsition would suggest that a slightly different 
interpretation should be put upon the venation of Proleiicoptera^ 
viz., that vein 3 is absent and not 4, as stated by Mr. Busck in his 
characterization of that genus. 

The derivation of the neuration of the hind wings of the 
younger genera from this type is not so obvious. However, the 



examination of the hind wing of Proleiicoptera smi 




Bsk. 



discloses a feature hitherto overlooked, which shows clearly its 



origin from the present genus. As shown in the accompanying 
figure (Fig. 2), veins 5 and 6 are stalked from the base and distinctly 
separate from 7 toward base, but almost anastomose with it 



along 

thev branch. 



the middle of the wing 



becoming separate again where 



Its affinities with Tineid stock are at once apparent; in fact, 

its neuration closely approaches 
that of some of the Tineid 
genera. This furnishes strong 
confirmatory evidence of the 
descent of this group from the 




Fig. 19. — Hind wing of Prolenco^tera smilaciclla 



Tineidiie, from which it has been 



regarded 



as 



derived. 



Corythophora aurea, n. sp. 

Head and appendages veVy pale yellow, flap of scales on basal 
segment of antennae somewhat deeper yellow. 

Thorax pale yellow or white, patagia golden yellow. Fore 
wings golden yellow, deepening toward the apex, where the colour 
is deep orange. Costal margin from 1/5 to just beyond the begin- 
ning of the cilia, and dorsal portion of the wing below the fold, 
pale yellow, fading almost to white on the extreme margins. 



190 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 



ri^PB^Hi^ 



Legs pale yellowish white, except the anterior tibiae and tarsi, 
which are dark brown externally. 

-I 

Expanse: 9-9.5 mm, 

* • 

Two males, Cincinnati, O., July 13, and Balsam, N. C, Julv 22. 

The erect tuft and position 
of the antennal flaps which 
project obliquely forward in 




the dead insect 



ive 



this 



species 



a 



very 



strik 





appearance 



Fig. 20. — ^Venation of Afyofyhthysis pullata 



Apophthisis, new genus. 
Head with appressed 
scales, antenuce somewhat 
under 1, basal segment with 
pecten. Labial palpi moderate, straight, drooping. Maxillary 
palpi rudimentary. 

Posterior tibiae with a row of short projecting scales above. 

Fore wings lanceolate, the margin from the inner angle to the 
is almost straight or slightly concave; 2 almost obsolete, 
3 absent, 4 indistinct, from low^r angle of the cell, 5 absent, 6 
and 7* stalked, transverse vein indistinct between 4 and 6, 11 



a 




o 




ete except at origin and near costa. Hind wings about 




lanceolate, cillia 5; 5 and 6 stalked. (Fig. 20). 

Type: Apophthisis pullata. 

A very peculiar genus, apparently most closely allied to 
Stomphastis Meyr., with which it agrees in some characters. The 
loss of vein 5 of the fore wings is a feature not found elsewhere in 
the Gracilariadce, where modification usually results in the less of 
vein 6. 

In an}' group it is possible within certain limits to determine 
which veins' are absent, if the primitive type of coloiir pattern 
is known. Elsewhere f it was shown that the tips of veins mark 
the extremities of unpigmented (white) fascia^, separating the primi- 
tive transverse bands of colour. Thus, in LitJiocolletis, the primitive 
colour pattern consists of a series of seven transverse bands, separ- 



*In the specimen denuded, 7 is branched near the costa, as shown in the 
figure; this is probably an individual abnormality. 

fBraun. Evolution of the colour Pattern in the Microlepidopterous Genus 
Lithocolletis, Jn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XVI, 105-167, 1914. 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 



191 



^-^^ 



ated from one another by white fasciae. The last of these bands 
crosses the tip of the wing. The costal extremity of the white 
fascia preceding it lies over the tip of vein 7, but there is no vein 
at its extremity on the termen. The extremities of the sixth 
band lie between veins 7 and 9 on the costa, and just beyond vein 

5 on the termen. The white fascia preceding this band lies over 
the tip of 9 on the costa, and over the tip of 5 on the termen. 
This general type of colour pattern may be regarded as primitive 
not only for LitJiocoUetis alone, but for the entire family Graci- 
lariadcB. In more ancestral forms, where all the veins are present, 
the tip of vein 6 occupies the position marked by the extremity 
of the last white fascia, that is it is almost opposite, the tip of 
vein 7. This must be regarded as the normal position for vein 6 
in this group. Therefore, in Lithocolleiis, where no vein is present 
at the extremity of this fascia on the termen, we must regard vein 

6 as the vein which is absent, as has been done in the more recent 
literature on the group. 

In Apophthisisy the last vein to reach the termen before the 
apex occupies the normal position of vein 6. For this reason, 
vein 5 has been here regarded absent, in a group where it is, with 
this exception, uniformly present. 

Apophthisis pullata, n, sp. 

Head and palpi gray, antennae gray with paler annulatiou:?. 

# 

Fore wrings clothed with sordid grayish white, fuscous-tipped 
scales, giving the wing in general a speckled gray appearance. 
An indistinct black streak in the fold from near base to one-third 
a second shorter streak in the fold beyond it. The scales around 
the apex form an indistinct line in the gray cilia. Hind 



wmgs 



gray. 



Legs gray; tibiae tipped with white; tarsi annulate with white. 

Expanse: 5.5-6 mm. 

Two specimens, both males, near Cincinnati, O. The larva 
is a miner in leaves of buckthorn {Rhamnns lanceolata Pursh.) 
The mine lies deep in the leaf substance; linear at first, gradually 
broadening into an irregular blotch, 5 or 6 mm. wide, and oc- 
cupying about one-fourth of the area of the leaf. The leaf retains 
its green colour, so that the mine is not plainly visible during the 



192 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 



early stages; in the later portions of the blotch, the substance of 
the leaf is consumed, rendering the mine distinct. Pupa outside 
the mine in broadly oval, flat, yellow cocoon spun in a fold of 
the leaf or in a crevice. 

There are two generations a year. Mines may be found in 



early July and in October. The 



two miagos 



in my collection 



appeared July 25 and May 1 respectively. 

The position of the imago at rest reminds one of a small species 
of Oniix, 



armara 



Head and thorax dark brown, with a distinct bronzy lustre; 
face metallic' gray. Labial palpi bronzy, third segment with the 



apical half whitish. Maxillary palpi with the last segment pale. 
Antenuce dark brown. 

m 

Fore wings bronzy brown, with an almost golden lustre under 
brilliant illumination. The markings are brilliant silvery white 
and are situated as follows: At the basal fourth a fascia nearly 
straight on its inner margin, but broadening outwardly below the 
fold; at the middle of the wing a somewhat oblique costal streak, 



and nearly opposite it, but a little farther back on the dorsal 
margin, an erect dorsal streak; at the apical third a triangular 
costal streak almost meeting the apex of a similar dorsal streak; 
just before the tip a narrow costal streak, nearly crossing the wing. 
Cilia dark brown, shining white opposite the apex. Hind wings 
dark brownish gray, cilia concolorous. 

Legs dark brown, with broad silv^ery annulations. Abdomen 
beneath with segments silvery posteriorly. 

Expanse: 6.5 mm. 

Two specimens, Cincinnati, O., bred from long serpentine 
mines on stems of the cultivated form of Riidbeckia laciniata L., 
the "Golden Glow "of gardens. I have searched for the mines 
on the stems of the wild plants, both here and elsewhere, without 
success. The mine, which is very similar to that of 
salicteUa on Avillow, is usually situated toward the lower part of 
the stem. The larva mines just beneath the epidermis usually 
working downwards, although the mine crosses on itself many 




rmara 



times. 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 




At the time of pupation the larwa departs widely from the 
well-known habits of all the other species of the genus. Previous ^ 
to' this time the mine has been placed just beneath the epidermis. 
At maturity the larva cuts through the epidermis and two layers of 
bark beneath it around the end of the mine and for a distance of 
3 or 4 mm. on each side. This elongate flap of tissue which hangs 
with its free end downward is then bent into a fold which causes 
it to project beyond the contour of the stem. The cocoon is spun 
on the under side of the flap, so that its lower surface is visible it 
the flap is lifted up. At the anterior end of the cocoon a slit is cut 
in the lower layer of loosened bark and through this opening a 
passage lined with silk leads to the exterior, so that at emergence 
the pupa is thrust out between the two layers of loosened bark at 
the lower end of the flap. The pearly globules, so characteristic 
of the cocoons of the other species of the genus, are entirely absent 
in this instance. In other respects this species agrees with the 
characteristics of the genus. 

There are two generations a year. The larvae of the first 
generation pupate toward the end of July and produce imagos in 
early August. The larvae of the second generation pupate in Oc- 
tober, but the imagos do not appear untill the first of the following 
June. 



^1^ 



The imago is nearest to M. arhiitiella Bsl 

* 

Marmara apocynella, n. sp. 

Head whitish on face, becoming distinctly yellow^ish on the 
vertex, with some fuscous scales behind. Palpi whitish, the second 
segment of the labial palpi tipped with black. Antenna^ gi*ay. 

Fore wings black; a straight white fascia at basal fourth; an 
oblique fascia at the middle, a little angulated near the dorsum; 
at two-thirds, a triangular costal spot and opposite it a small 
inconspicuous dorsal spot; a white costal streak before the apex.. 
Cilia white opposite the apex, elsewhere gray. Hind wings and 
cilia gray, tinged w^ith yellow. 

Legs black, annulate with white; first tarsal segment black 
with a w^hite tip, remaining segments pure white with an occasional 
ack spot near the tip. Abdomen black above, grayish beneath. 
Expanse: 5 mm.~ 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



One specimen, bred from a long whitish serpentine mine on 
the stem of dogbane (Apocynttm ca^inabinm L.). The larva leaves 
the mine to pupate, and spins the characteristic white cocoon 
ornamented with pearly globules. Mine collected near Cincinnati, 

at w^hich time the larva was nearly full grown. Imago, 



o 



July 
July 21. 



This species comes very close to 




rmara salicteUa 




em., 



from which it may be distinguished by the \^ellow head, more .oblicjue 
median fascia and smaller size. 




Antennae 



Cysticecetes, new genus. 

with appressed scales; ocelli present; tongue developed, 
outer half very shortly bipectinate and ciliate in 

both sexes, basal seg- 
ent rather long, without 
pecten . Labial palpi 




f 




long. 



recur\ 





Fig. 21. — Venition of Cystioccetes nimbosus. 



, second 
ses^meht thickened with 
scales, terminal segment 
shorter, thickened w^ith 

SCcllCS, 

MaxiUarv 

short, 

tongue. 




a c^u t e . 



palpi 




very 
to 



Posterior tibiae rough-haired above on the posterior half. 

Fore wings with large tufts of raised scales; lb furcate, 
2 from three-fourths of cell, tubular onlv^ near the margin, 4 from 
angle, 6 out of base of stalk of 7 + 8, 11 from middle of cell. Hind 
wings 2/5, narrow lanceolate, cilia 5; 2 - 4 nearly parallel, 4 and 5 
connate, 5 and 6 parallel, 6 and 7 approximated at base. (Fig. 21). 

Type: Cysticecetes nimbosus. 

This genus is closely related to Chrysopeleia Cham., which it 
very closely resembles in type of markings; the antennal and palpal 
characters are identical. In Chrysopeleia vein 2 of the fore wings 
is absent, and 6 is out of 7 beyond 8; the venation of the hind wings 
differs only in the stalking of 6 and 7. It appears to bear some 
resemblance, to some Australian genera in antennal structure and 
in neuration of the hind wings. 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 



195 



^•^^^^ 



CysticBcetes nimbosus, n. sp. 

Head gray; scales on the under surface of the palpi becomhig 
white-tipped towards the ends of the segments. i\ntennce dark 



grav. 



Fore 



wmgs 




ray, microscopical h^ speckled with whitish. 
Scale tufts almost black, the scales composing them tipped with 
white; a large tuft below fold at basal third, another below the 
middle of the costa; a smaller tuft on the dorsum a little behind 
the middle; a fourth small tuft at end of cell; two very small tufts 
on termen before apex. 



Hind win^s and cilia ^raw. 



Legs dark gray, tips of segments whitish. 
Expanse: 10.5-12 mm. 

Thirteen specimens, Mills College, Alameda Co., Cal., and 
Camp Baldy, San Bernardino Co., Cal., bred from larv^a^ on **Cas- 
cara'' {Rhamnns purshiana DC), an evergreen, and also on a 
similar deciduous species of Rhamnns, 

The larva feeds within a large inflated galMikc chamber 
formed from the two halves of the leaf, which are closely appressed 

above, just below the margins of 
the leaf, and near each end. The 

bulges between the lateral 
veins forming a series of pouches 





Fig. 22. — Larval. dwelling of 
Cystioecetes n inihosus. 




projecting 
gate chamber. 



the large elon- 



(Fig. 22). 




larva is pale grayish brown, with 




and prothoracic shield 



shining pale brown. A small silken cocoon is spun, often just 
outside the larval habitation, where the sides of the leaf diverge, 
or between leaves on the bottom of the breeding jar. 

Antispila aurirubra, n, sp. 

Head and palpi bronzy; antennae dark brown. Thorax and 
fore wings very lustrous, colour var}'ing, according to the direction 
j)i light from greenish golden to a brilliant reddish bronze. The 
latter colour predominates near the base and along the termen 
and around the apex of the wing. At one-third a narrow pale 
golden fascia, somewhat nearer base on the dorsum; at two-thirds 
a triangular costal spot, and a little nearer the base on the dorsum 
a similar dorsal spot, with its apex produced and pointing obliquely 
toward the middle of the costa. Cilia dark gray. Hind wings 
dark gray, purple toward the apex, with golden brown cilia. 



196 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



■■-^^ 



Legs bronzy brown, hind tarsi tipped with pale yellow. 

Expanse: 7-8 mm. 

Two specimens, Fredalba, San Bernardino Co., Cal. Larva 
in brownish blotches in leaves of a species of Cornus. The coniplet- 
ed case appears somewhat truncate at each end. Mines recci\'ed, 
August 6; images emerged May 21 and 25. 

More closely allied to A. nyssa^foUeUa than to any other species, 
but the more reddish colour and the more slender fascia will separate 
the two species. 

Obrussa, new genus. 

Head and face tufted. Antennae 2/3, simple in cf , basal seg- 
ment enlarged and concave beneath to form an eye-cap. 
palpi well developed, porrected. Maxillary palpi long, fiUiform, 
folded. Tongue rudimentary. 




spurs above 




Posterior tibiae with spines above; middle 

middle of the tibiae. ^ 

Fore wings elongate ovate; lb simple at base, 2 becoming 

obsolete shortly beyond transverse vein, which closes the cell 

before the middle of the wing, 3 
and 4 absent, 5 and 6 stalked, the 
stalk out of 8, 7 to costa out of 8, 
9 absent. Hind wings a little over 
*^, cilia 2Y2\ Ic faintly visible, 3 and 
4 absent, G absent, 5 and 7 stalked 





from 



Fig. 23. — Venation of 
Obrus.^a ochrifasciella. 

Type: Obrussa 



between 

M 



before mi 
2 and 




e, 



cell 



open 



5. 



Frenulum of 



'/< 



many spines. (Fig. 23). 

"lella Chambers (Can. Ent., V, 128, 



1873.). 



K 



The genus seems to approach Ectcvdemia Bsk. 



more closeh 



than any of the other allied genera; from Ectoodemia it differs 
chiefly in the presence of vein 5 of the fore wings and in the position 
of the spurs of the hind tibia?, which are situated above instead of 
below the middle. Obrussa is relativelv somewhat- shorter and 
broader winged than either EcUvdemia or Nepticula, 

In describing Nepiicula ochrifasciella, Chambers probably had 
before him males only, which are uniformly smaller than females, 
and alone show the distinct ochreous under surface of the basal 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



197 



half of the fore wings. A fuller description embracing both sexes 



IS 




re eixen : 



Palpi pale ochreoiis. Tuft on face and 




reddish ochreous 



Antennae fuscous, eye-caps ochreous. 

Thorax and basal third of the fore wings black, apical two- 
thirds tinged with brown, A broad pale ochreous fascia crosses 
the wing at the basal third. From base to outer edge of fascia on 
costa, and nearly to tor^ius on dorsum, the under side of the wing 
in the cT is ochreous; in the 9 , this area though paler is not defi- 
nitely oulined. At two-thirds are some scattered paler scales, 
sometimes (in 9 ) forming an indistinct line across the wing. 
Cilia around the apex and last row of scales at the extreme apex 
pale ochreous. Cilia elsewhere concolorous with the wing. Hind 
wings gray, cilia concolorous. 

Legs dull ochreous, mixed with fuscous; outer surface of fore 
and middle tibiae and tarsi dark brown. 

Expanse: 6.5 mm. (d^); 7-8 mm. (9). 

I have always found this species resting on leaves of saplings 
in dense woods with sparse undergrowth. The specimens in m\' 
collection were taken May 30 to July 6; a single specimen is dated 
August 5. I have thus far no clue to its life history. 



BOOK REVIEWS. 



The House-Fly. Its Structure, Habits, Development, Rela- 
tion TO Disease and Control. By C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc, 
F.R.S.C., Dominion Entomologist, 382 pp., 105 figs., Cambridge, 
at the University Press, 1914. Price 15 shillings net. 
It is unusual to find a book dealing with as w^ide variety of 
subjects as this one, that does not show some inequality of treat- 
ment when carefully analyzed. The author generally reveals the 
fact that he is more at home in some branches of the subject than 
in others. Of Dr. Hewitt's book this cannot be said. Whether he 



itology, bacteriology 




discusses questions of minute anatomy or 
or the practical problems concerned with public health, he shows 
a thoroughness of grasp and a clearness of diction only possessed 
by the master. 

The present work is an outgrowth of Dr. Hewitt's admirable 
monograph on the House-fly, which first appeared in three parts 



The following text is generated from uncorrected OCR. 
[Begin Page: Title Page] 

(l\}t 

'^mm\m dJutonmlogfet 

VOLUMLKXLVII. 
1915. 

EDITED BY 

DR. E, M. WALKER, 

Biological Department, 

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO. TORONTO 

Editor Emeritus : REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE. 

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. ONT. 

ILonUon, ©niario : 

The Loiioii Printing: and Litliographing- Company Limited. 

1915. 



[Begin Page: Page 188] 



188 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF TINEINA. 

BY ANNETTE F. BRAUN, CINCINNATI, O. 

Several species of Tineid moths in tlie writer's coiiection 
belonging to genera apparently new are of considerable interest 
because of their phylogenetic significance or because they show 
relationship to isolated genera or groups of genera. The present 
paper includes the description of these genera, together with 
descriptions of a number of new species recently bred.. The 
types are in the writer's collection. 

Corythophora, new genus. 

Face smooth; head elongate, with an erect tuft between the 
antenna'^. Antennae 4/5, basal segment enlarged and concave 
beneath to form an eye-cap, with pointed projecting flap of scales 
anteriorly. Labial palpi moderate, drooping, smooth-scaled. 
Maxillary palpi rudimentary. 

'>_ 1 — =U-'"'-=''\. J, First segment of 



anterior tarsi tliicken- 
's ed witii scaies; pcs- 

'^ terior tibia? iiairy. 

Fore wings eion- 
gate ovate, cost a 
tliickened fortwo- 
tliirds its iengtii; ib 
-'^ simpie, 3 absent, 6 

"'^ and 7 connate, 9 and 

10 ansmg near costa, 

Mg IS. — Venation of Coryilioplnora aurca. 

1 1 absent; transverse 

vein absent between 2 and 9. Hind wings 2'^, narrow, ianceoiate, 
ciiia 4; 3 absent, 5 and 6 staiked, transverse vein absent between 
4 and 5. (Fig. 18). 

Type — Corytliopliora aurea. 

Tine reiationsliip of this genus to Leucoptera Hb., Crobyioplnora 
Meyr., and Proieucoptera Busck., is suggested at once by tine 
generai appearance of tine insect, and a study of aii tine cliaracters 
substantiates tliis view. It is a mucin earlier form and undoubtedly 
indicates the stem from which the genera of this group ha%'e sprung. 



June, 191.". 



[Begin Page: Page 189] 

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 189 

although the genus in its present form has acquired a number of 
specialized characters. 

The neuration of the fore wings in the three genera just 
mentioned can easily be derived fron that of Corythophora. The 
absence of vein 1 1 is not significant, but is of recent disappearance, 
as it is virtually absent in one species of Proleiicoptera while present 
in the other, and thus can not be considered as a character of im- 
portance. However, the fact that vein 4 is here present and oc- 
cupying its normal position would suggest that a slightly different 
interpretation should be put upon the venation of Proleiicoptera, 
'^'iz., that vein 3 is absent and not 4, as stated by Mr. Busck in his 
characterization of that genus. 

The derivation of the neuration of the hind wings of the 
Vounger genera from this type is not so obvious. However, the 
examination of the hind wing of Proleiicoptera smilaciella Bsk. 
discloses a feature hitherto overlooked, which shows clearly its 
origin from the present genus. As shown in the accompanying 
figure (Fig. 2), veins 5 and 6 are stalked from the base and distinctly 



separate from 7 toward base, but almost anastomose with it 
along the middle of the wing, becoming separate again where 
they branch. 

Its affinities with Tineid stock are at once apparent; in fact, 

its neuration closely approaches 
that of some of the Tineid 
genera. This furnishes strong 
confirmatory evidence of the 

Fis;. 1"J. — Hind wing of Prolcucof^tera smilaciella , r i • r ,1 

descent ot this group from the 

TineidciV from which it has been regarded as derived. 

Corythophora aurea, n. sp. 

Head and appendages very pale yellow, flap of scales on basal 
segment of antennae somewhat deeper yellow. 

Thorax pale yellow or white, patagia golden yellow. Fore 
wings golden yellow, deepening toward the apex, where the colour 
is deep orange. Costal margin from 1/5 to just beyond the begin- 
ning of the cilia, and dorsal portion of the wing below the fold, 
pale yellow, fading almost to white on the extreme margins. 



[Begin Page: Page 190] 



190 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 

Fig. 20. — Venation of Apoplilliysis pullata 

Legs pale yellowish white, except the anterior tibiae and tarsi, 
which are dark brown externally. 

Expanse: 9-9.5 mm. 

Two males, Cincinnati, O., July 13, and Balsam, N. C, July 22. 

The erect tuft and position 

of the antennal flaps which 

project obliquely forward in 

the dead insect give this 

species a very striking 

appearance. 

Apophthisis, new genus. 

Head with appressed 

scales, antennae somewhat 

under 1 , basal segment with 

pecten. Labial palpi moderate, straight, drooping. Maxillary 

palpi rudimentary. 



Posterior tibiae witli a row of sinort projecting scales above. 

Fore wings lanceolate, the margin from the inner angle to the 
apex is almost straight or slightly concave; 2 almost obsolete, 
3 absent, 4 indistinct, from lower angle of the cell, 5 absent, 6 
and 7* stalked, transverse vein indistinct between 4 and 6, 1 1 
obsolete except at origin and near costa. Hind wings about 14, 
lanceolate, cillia 5; 5 and 6 stalked. (Fig. 20). 

Type: Apophthisis pullata. 

A very peculiar genus, apparently most closely allied to 
Stomphastis Meyr., with which it agrees in some characters. The 
loss of vein 5 of the fore wings is a feature not found elsewhere in 
the GracilariadcB, where modification usually results in the loss of 
vein 6. 

In any group it is possible within certain limits to determine 
which veins are absent, if the primitive type of colour pattern 
is known. Elsewhere f it was shown that the tips of veins mark 
the extremities of unpigmented (white) fasciae, separating the primi- 
tive transverse bands of colour. Thus, in Lithocolletis, the primitive 
colour pattern consists of a series of seven transverse bands, separ- 

*ln the specimen denuded, 7 is branched near the costa, as shown in the 
figure; this is probably an individual abnormality. 

fBraun. Evolution of the colour Pattern in the Microlepidopterous Genus 



Lithocolletis, Jn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XVI, 10.5-167, 1914. 



[Begin Page: Page 191] 

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 191 

ated from one another by white fasciae. The last of these bands 
crosses the tip of the wing. The costai extremity of the white 
fascia preceding it lies over the tip of vein 7, but there is no vein 
at its extremity on the termen. The extremities of the sixth 
band lie between veins 7 and 9 on the costa, and just beyond vein 

5 on the termen. The white fascia preceding this band lies over 
the tip of 9 on the costa, and over the tip of 5 on the termen. 
This general type of colour pattern may be regarded as primitive 
not only for Lithocolletis alone, but for the entire family Graci- 
lariadcB. In more ancestral forms, where all the veins are present, 
the tip of vein 6 occupies the position marked by the extremity 

of the last white fascia, that is it is almost opposite the tip of 
vein 7. This must be regarded as the normal position for vein 6 
in this group. Therefore, in Lithocolletis, where no vein is present 
at the extremity of this fascia on the termen, we must regard vein 

6 as the vein which is absent, as has been done in the more recent 
literature on the group. 

In Apophthisis, the last vein to reach the termen before the 



apex occupies the normal position of vein 6. For tlnis reason, 
vein 5 lias been iiere regarded absent, in a group wliere it is, witin, 
tliis exception, uniformiy present. 

Apoplitliisis puiiata, n. sp. 

Head and paipi gray, antenna? gray witli paier'^ annuiations. 
Fore wings ciotlied witli sordid grayish white, fuscous-tipped 
scales, giving the wing in general a speckled gray appearance. 
An indistinct black streak in the fold from near base to one-third, 
a second shorter streak in the fold beyond it. The scales around 
the apex form an indistinct line in the gray cilia. Hind wings 
gray. 

Legs gray; tibise tipped with white; tarsi annulate with white. 

Expanse: 5.5-6 mm. 

Two specimens, both males, near Cincinnati, O. The larva 
is a miner in leaves of buckthorn (Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh.) 
The mine lies deep in the leaf substance; linear at first, gradually 
broadening into an irregular blotch, 5 or 6 mm. wide, and oc- 
cupying about one-fourth of the area of the leaf. The leaf retains 
its green colour, so that the mine is not plainly visible during the 



[Begin Page: Page 192] 



192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

earlv stages; in the later portions of the blotch, the substance of 
the leaf is consumed, rendering the mine distinct. Pupa outside 
the mine in broadly oval, flat, yellow cocoon spun in a fold of 
the leaf or in a crevice. 

There are two generations a year. Mines may be found in 
earlv July and in October. The two images in my collection 
appeared July 25 and May 1 respectively. 

The position of the imago at rest reminds one of a small species 
of Or nix. 

Marmara auratella, n. sp. 

Head and thorax dark brown, with a distinct bronzy lustre; 
face metallic gray. Labial palpi bronzy, third segment with the 
apical half whitish. Maxillary palpi with the last segment pale. 
Antenna? dark brown. 

Fore wings bronzy brown, with an almost golden lustre under 
brilliant illumination. The markings are brilliant silvery white 
and are situated as follows: At the basal fourth a fascia nearly 
straight on its inner margin, but broadening outwardly below the 
fold; at the middle of the wing a somewhat oblique costal streak, 
and nearly opposite it, but a little farther back on the dorsal 
margin, an erect dorsal streak; at the apical third a triangular 



costal streak almost meeting the apex of a similar dorsal streak; 
just before the tip a narrow costal streak, nearly crossing the wing. 
Cilia dark brown, shining white opposite the apex. Hind wings 
dark brownish gray, cilia concolorous. 

Legs dark brown, with broad silvery annulatlons. Abdomen 
beneath with segments silvery posteriorly. 

Expanse: 6.5 mm. 

Two specimens. Cincinnati, O., bred from long serpentine 
mines on stems of the cultivated form of Rlldbeckia laclnlata L.. 
the "Golden Glow "of gardens. I have searched for the mines 
on the stems of the wild plants, both here and elsewhere, without 
success. The mine, which Is very similar to that of Marmara 
sallctella on willow. Is usually situated toward the lower part of 
the stem. The larva mines just beneath the epidermis usually 
working downwards, although the mine crosses on Itself many 
times. 



[Begin Page: Page 193] 

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 193 

At the time of pupation the larva departs widely from the 
well-known habits of all the other species of the genus. Previous 
to this time the mine has been placed just beneath the epidermis. 



At maturity the larva cuts through the epidermis and two iayers of 
bark beneath it around the end of the mine and for a distance of 
3 or 4 mm. on each side. This elongate flap of tissue which hangs 
with its free end downward is then bent into a fold which causes 
it to project beyond the contour of the stem. The cocoon is spun 
on the under side of the flap, so that its lower surface is visible if 
the flap is lifted up. At the anterior end of the cocoon a slit is cut 
in the lower layer of loosened bark and through this opening a 
passage lined with silk leads to the exterior, so that at emergence 
the pupa is thrust out between the two layers of loosened bark at 
the loAver end of the flap. The pearly globules, so characteristic 
of the cocoons of the other species of the genus, are entirely absent 
in this instance. In other respects this species agrees with the 
characteristics of the genus. 

There are two generations a year. The larva? of the first 
generation pupate toward the end of July and produce images in 
early August. The larvtX of the second generation pupate in Oc- 
tober, but the images do not appear untill the first of the following 
June. 

The imago is nearest to M. arbutiella Bsk. 

Marmara apocynella, n. sp. 

Head whitish on face, becoming distinctly yellowish on the 
vertex, with some fuscous scales behind. Palpi whitish, the second 
segment of the labial palpi tipped with black. Antennae gray. 



Fore wings black; a straight wliite fascia at basal fourth: an 
obliciue fascia at the middle, a little angulated near the dorsum; 
at two-thirds, a triangular costal spot and opposite it a small 
inconspicuous dorsal spot; a white costal streak before the apex. 
Cilia white opposite the apex, elsewhere gray. Hind wings and 
cilia gray, tinged with yellow. 

Legs black, annulate with white; first tarsal segment black 

with a white tip, remaining sagments pure white with an occasional 

black spot near the tip. Abdomen black above, grayish beneath. 

Expanse: 5 mm. 



[Begin Page: Page 194] 



194 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

One specimen, bred from a long whitish serpentine mine on 
the stem of dogbane (Apocynum cannabium L.). The larva leaves 
the mine to pupate, and spins the characteristic white cocoon 
ornamented with pearly globules. Mine collected near Cincinnati, 
July 3, at which time the larva was nearly full grown. Imago, 
July 21. 

This species comes very close to Marmara salicteUa Clem., 



from which it may be distinguished by the yellow head, more oblique 
median fascia and smaller size. 

Cystioecetes, new genus. 

Head with appressed scales; ocelli present; tongue de\eloped. 
Antennae I'^Z, outer half very shortly bipectinate and ciliate in 

both sexes, basal seg- 
ent rather long, without 
pecten. Labial palpi 
long, recurved, second 
segment thickened with 
scales, terminal segment 
shorter, thickened with 
scales, apex a CvU t e . 
Maxillary palpi \er\- 
short, appressed to 
tongue. 

Posterior tibiae rough-haired above on the posterior half. 

Fore wings with large tufts of raised scales; lb furcate, 
2 from three-fourths of cell, tubular onh- near the margin, 4 from 
angle, 6 out of base of stalk of 7 -i- 8, 11 from middle of cell. Hind 
wings 2/5, narrow lanceolate, cilia 5; 2 - 4 nearly parallel, 4 and 5 
connate, 5 and 6 parallel, 6 and 7 approximated at base. (Fig. 21). 



Type: Cystioecetes nimbosus. 

This genus is closely related to Chrysopeleia Cham., which it 
Very closely resembles in type of markings; the antennal and palpal 
characters are identical. In Chrysopeleia vein 2 of the fore wings 
is absent, and 6 is' out of 7 beyond 8; the venation of the hind wings 
differs only in the stalking of 6 and 7. It appears to bear some 
resemblance to some Australian genera in antennal structure and 
in neuration of the hind wings. 

Fig. 21 . — Venition of Cystioecetes nimhosiis. 



[Begin Page: Page 195] 

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 195 

Cystioecetes nimbosus, n. sp. 

Head gray; scales on the under surface of the palpi becoming 
white-tipped towards the ends of the segments. xA.ntennSe dark 
grav. Fore wings gray, microscopically speckled with whitish. 
Scale tufts almost black, the scales composing them tipped with 
white; a large tuft below fold at basal third, another below the 
middle of the costa; a smaller tuft on the dorsum a little behind 
the middle; a fourth small tuft at end of cell; two \-er>' small tufts 
on termen before apex. Hind wings and cilia graV. 
Legs dark gray, tips of segments whitish. 



Expanse: 10.5-12 mm. 

Thirteen specimens. Mills College, Alameda Co., Cal., and 
Camp Baldy, San Bernardino Co., Cal., bred from larvcc on "Cas- 
cara" {Rhamnns purshiana DC), an ev'^ergreen, and also on a 
similar deciduous species of Rhamnns. 

The larva feeds within a large inflated gall-like chamber 

formed from the two halves of the leaf, which are closely appressed 

above, just below the margins of 

the leaf, and near each end. The 

leaf bulges between the lateral 

veins forming a series of pouches 

Fig. 22. — Lan-ai. dwelling of projecting from the large elon- 

cysuocceus .unHosus ' gate ' chamber. (Fig. 22). The 

larxa is pale gra'^-ish brown, with head and prothoracic shield 
shining pale brown. A small silken cocoon is spun, often just 
outside the larval habitation, where the sides of the leaf diverge, 
or between leaves on the bottom of the breeding jar. 
Antispila aurirubra, n. sp. 

Head and palpi bronzy; antennae dark brown. Thorax and 
fore wings very lustrous, colour varying, according to the direction 
_of light from greenish golden to a brilliant reddish bronze. The 
latter colour predominates near the base and along the termen 
and around the apex of the wung. At one-third a narrow pale 



golden fascia, somewhat nearer base on the dorsum; at two-thirds 
a triangular costal spot, and a little nearer the base on the dorsum 
a similar dorsal spot, with its apex produced and pointing obliquely 
toward the middle of the costa. Cilia dark gray. Hind wings 
dark gray, purple toward the apex, with golden brown cilia. 



[Begin Page: Page 196] 



196 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Legs bronzy brown, hind tarsi tipped with pale yellow. 

Expanse: 7-8 mm. 

Two specimens, Fredalba, San Bernardino Co., Cal. Larva 
in brownish blotches in leaves of a species of Cornits. The complet- 
ed case appears somewhat truncate at each end. Mines received, 
August 6; images emerged May 21 and 25. 

More closely allied to A. nysscEfoUella than to any other species, 
but the more reddish colour and the more slender fascia will separate 
the two species. 

Obrussa, new genus. 



Head and face tufted. Antenna 2/3, simple in d'^, basal seg- 
ment enlarged and concave beneath to form an eye-cap. Labial 
palpi well developed, porrected. Maxillary palpi long, fiUiform, 
folded. Tongue rudimentary'. 

Posterior tibia; with spines above; middle spurs above the 
middle of the tibia?. 

Fore wings elongate ovate; lb simple at base, 2 becoming 
obsolete shortly beyond transverse vein, which closes the cell 

before the middle of the wing, 3 
and 4 absent, 5 and 6 stalked, the 
stalk out of 8, 7 to costa out of 8, 
9 absent. Hind wings a little o\er 
'J/2, cilia 23-^^; Ic faintly visible, 3 and 
4 absent, 6 absent, 5 and 7 stalked 
from before middle, cell open 
between 2 and 5. Frenulum of 
many spines. (Fig. 23). 

Type: Obrussa ochriJascieUa Chambers (Can. Ent., V, 128, 
1873.).' 

The genus seems to approach Ectcedemia Bsk. more closely 
than any of the other allied genera; from Ectcedemia it differs 
chiefly in the presence of vein 5 of the fore wings and in the position 
of the spurs of the hind tibiae, which are situated above instead of 



below the middle. Obrussa Is relatl\ely somewhat shorter and 
broader winged than either Ectademla or Neptlcula. 

In describing Neptlcula ochrlfasclella, Chambers probably had 
before him males onlV, which are uniformly smaller than females, 
and alone show the distinct ochreotis under surface of the basal 

Fig. 23. — Venation of 
Obrussa ochrlfasclella. 



[Begin Page: Page 197] 

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197 

half of the fore wings. A fuller description embracing both sexes 
Is here gIVen : 

Palpi pale ochreous. Tuft on face and head reddish ochreous. 
Antennae fuscous, eye-caps ochreous. 

Thorax and basal third of the fore wings black, apical two- 
thirds tinged with brown. A broad pale ochreous fascia crosses 
the wing at the basal third. From base to outer edge of fascia on 
costa, and nearly to tornus on dorsum, the under side of the wing- 
In the cf Is ochreous; In the 9 , this area though paler Is not defi- 
nitely oullned. At two-thirds are some scattered paler scales, 
sometimes (In 9 ) forming an Indistinct line across the wing. 



Cilia around tine apex and iast row of scaies at tine extreme apex 
jiaie ociireous. Ciiia eisewliere concoiorous witii tine wing. Hind 
wings gray, ciiia concoiorous. 

Legs duii ociireous, mixed witii fuscous; outer surface of fore 
and middie tibiae and tarsi dark brown. 

Expanse: 6.5 mm. (d'^); 7-8 mm. ( 9 ). 

I liave aiways found tliis species resting on ieaves of sapiings 
in dense woods witii sparse undergrowtii. Tlie specimens in my 
coiiection were taken May 30 to Juiy 6; a singie specimen is dated 
August 5. I liaVe tlius far no ciue to its iife liistory. 

BOOK REVIEWS. 

Tlie House-Fly. Its Structure, Habits, Development, Rela- 
tion TO Disease and Control. By C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc, 
F.R.S.C, Dominion Entomologist. 382 pp., 105 figs., Cambridge, 
at the University Press, 1914. Price 15sliillings net. 
It is unusual to find a book dealing witii as wide variety of 
subjects as tliis one, tliat does not show some inequality of treat- 
ment when carefully analyzed. The author generally reveals the 
fact that he is more at home in some branches of the subject than 
in others. Of Dr. Hewitt's book this cannot be said. Whether he 
discusses questions of minute anatomy or parasitology, bacteriology 
or the practical problems concerned with public health, he shows 
a thoroughness of grasp and a clearness of diction only possessed 
by the master. 



The present work is an outgrowth of Dr. Hewitt's admirabie 
monograph on the House-fiy, which first appeared in three parts