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VOLUME XLVII.
1915.
DR.
EDITED BY
M. WALKER,
Biological Department,
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, TORONTO
Editor Emeritus: REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE.
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH, ONT.
ILontion, ©ntan'o :
, The Lo.iioa Printing- aad Lithographing' Compaiy Limited.
1915.
188
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
N
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF TINEINA.
BY ANNETTE F. BRAUN, CINCINNATI, O.
Several species of Tineid moths in the writer's collection
belonging to genera apparently new are of considerable interest
because of their phylogenetic significance or because they show
relationship to isolated genera or groups of genera. The present
paper includes the description of these genera, together with
descriptions of a number of new species recently bred.. The
\ypes are in the writer's collection.
Gorythophora, new genus.
Face smooth; head elongate, with an erect tuft between the
antennre. Antennae 4/5, basal segment enlarged and concave
beneath to form an eye-cap, with pointed projecting flap of scales
anteriorly. Labial palpi moderate, drooping, smooth-scaled.
]\Iaxillary palpi rudimentary.
First segment of
anterior tarsi thicken-
ed with scales; pos-
terior tibiae hairy.
Fore wings elon-
ovate,
costa
for two-
thirds, its length; lb
simple, 3 absent, G
and 7 connate, 9 and
Fig. IS, — ^Venation of Corytho^hora aurea.
10 arismg near costa,
11 absent; transverse
vein absent between 2 and 9. Hind wings y^^, narrow, lanceolate,
cilia 4; 3 absent, 5 and 6 stalked, transverse vein absent between
4 and 5. (Fig, IS).
Type — Corythophora aurea.
The relationship of this genus to Leiicoptera Hb., Crohylophora
Meyr., and Proleiicoptera Busck., is suggested at once by the
-' f:
general appearance of the insect, and a study of all the characters
substantiates this view. It is a much earlier form and undoubtedly
indicates the stem from which the genera of this group ha\T sprung,
June, 10 lo
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
m^ mm
1 • •
although the genus in its present form has acquired a number of
specialized characters.
The neuration of the fore wings in the three genera just
mentioned can easily be derived fron that of Corythophora. The
absence of vein 11 is not significant, but is of recent disappearance,
as it is virtually absent in one species of Proleiicoptera while present
in the other, and thus can not be considered as a character of im-
portance. However, the fact that vein 4 is here present and oc-
cup\'ing its normal powsition would suggest that a slightly different
interpretation should be put upon the venation of Proleiicoptera^
viz., that vein 3 is absent and not 4, as stated by Mr. Busck in his
characterization of that genus.
The derivation of the neuration of the hind wings of the
younger genera from this type is not so obvious. However, the
examination of the hind wing of Proleiicoptera smi
Bsk.
discloses a feature hitherto overlooked, which shows clearly its
origin from the present genus. As shown in the accompanying
figure (Fig. 2), veins 5 and 6 are stalked from the base and distinctly
separate from 7 toward base, but almost anastomose with it
along
thev branch.
the middle of the wing
becoming separate again where
Its affinities with Tineid stock are at once apparent; in fact,
its neuration closely approaches
that of some of the Tineid
genera. This furnishes strong
confirmatory evidence of the
descent of this group from the
Fig. 19. — Hind wing of Prolenco^tera smilaciclla
Tineidiie, from which it has been
regarded
as
derived.
Corythophora aurea, n. sp.
Head and appendages veVy pale yellow, flap of scales on basal
segment of antennae somewhat deeper yellow.
Thorax pale yellow or white, patagia golden yellow. Fore
wings golden yellow, deepening toward the apex, where the colour
is deep orange. Costal margin from 1/5 to just beyond the begin-
ning of the cilia, and dorsal portion of the wing below the fold,
pale yellow, fading almost to white on the extreme margins.
190
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
ri^PB^Hi^
Legs pale yellowish white, except the anterior tibiae and tarsi,
which are dark brown externally.
-I
Expanse: 9-9.5 mm,
* •
Two males, Cincinnati, O., July 13, and Balsam, N. C, Julv 22.
The erect tuft and position
of the antennal flaps which
project obliquely forward in
the dead insect
ive
this
species
a
very
strik
appearance
Fig. 20. — ^Venation of Afyofyhthysis pullata
Apophthisis, new genus.
Head with appressed
scales, antenuce somewhat
under 1, basal segment with
pecten. Labial palpi moderate, straight, drooping. Maxillary
palpi rudimentary.
Posterior tibiae with a row of short projecting scales above.
Fore wings lanceolate, the margin from the inner angle to the
is almost straight or slightly concave; 2 almost obsolete,
3 absent, 4 indistinct, from low^r angle of the cell, 5 absent, 6
and 7* stalked, transverse vein indistinct between 4 and 6, 11
a
o
ete except at origin and near costa. Hind wings about
lanceolate, cillia 5; 5 and 6 stalked. (Fig. 20).
Type: Apophthisis pullata.
A very peculiar genus, apparently most closely allied to
Stomphastis Meyr., with which it agrees in some characters. The
loss of vein 5 of the fore wings is a feature not found elsewhere in
the Gracilariadce, where modification usually results in the less of
vein 6.
In an}' group it is possible within certain limits to determine
which veins' are absent, if the primitive type of coloiir pattern
is known. Elsewhere f it was shown that the tips of veins mark
the extremities of unpigmented (white) fascia^, separating the primi-
tive transverse bands of colour. Thus, in LitJiocolletis, the primitive
colour pattern consists of a series of seven transverse bands, separ-
*In the specimen denuded, 7 is branched near the costa, as shown in the
figure; this is probably an individual abnormality.
fBraun. Evolution of the colour Pattern in the Microlepidopterous Genus
Lithocolletis, Jn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XVI, 105-167, 1914.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
191
^-^^
ated from one another by white fasciae. The last of these bands
crosses the tip of the wing. The costal extremity of the white
fascia preceding it lies over the tip of vein 7, but there is no vein
at its extremity on the termen. The extremities of the sixth
band lie between veins 7 and 9 on the costa, and just beyond vein
5 on the termen. The white fascia preceding this band lies over
the tip of 9 on the costa, and over the tip of 5 on the termen.
This general type of colour pattern may be regarded as primitive
not only for LitJiocoUetis alone, but for the entire family Graci-
lariadcB. In more ancestral forms, where all the veins are present,
the tip of vein 6 occupies the position marked by the extremity
of the last white fascia, that is it is almost opposite, the tip of
vein 7. This must be regarded as the normal position for vein 6
in this group. Therefore, in Lithocolleiis, where no vein is present
at the extremity of this fascia on the termen, we must regard vein
6 as the vein which is absent, as has been done in the more recent
literature on the group.
In Apophthisisy the last vein to reach the termen before the
apex occupies the normal position of vein 6. For this reason,
vein 5 has been here regarded absent, in a group where it is, with
this exception, uniformly present.
Apophthisis pullata, n, sp.
Head and palpi gray, antennae gray with paler annulatiou:?.
#
Fore wrings clothed with sordid grayish white, fuscous-tipped
scales, giving the wing in general a speckled gray appearance.
An indistinct black streak in the fold from near base to one-third
a second shorter streak in the fold beyond it. The scales around
the apex form an indistinct line in the gray cilia. Hind
wmgs
gray.
Legs gray; tibiae tipped with white; tarsi annulate with white.
Expanse: 5.5-6 mm.
Two specimens, both males, near Cincinnati, O. The larva
is a miner in leaves of buckthorn {Rhamnns lanceolata Pursh.)
The mine lies deep in the leaf substance; linear at first, gradually
broadening into an irregular blotch, 5 or 6 mm. wide, and oc-
cupying about one-fourth of the area of the leaf. The leaf retains
its green colour, so that the mine is not plainly visible during the
192
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
early stages; in the later portions of the blotch, the substance of
the leaf is consumed, rendering the mine distinct. Pupa outside
the mine in broadly oval, flat, yellow cocoon spun in a fold of
the leaf or in a crevice.
There are two generations a year. Mines may be found in
early July and in October. The
two miagos
in my collection
appeared July 25 and May 1 respectively.
The position of the imago at rest reminds one of a small species
of Oniix,
armara
Head and thorax dark brown, with a distinct bronzy lustre;
face metallic' gray. Labial palpi bronzy, third segment with the
apical half whitish. Maxillary palpi with the last segment pale.
Antenuce dark brown.
m
Fore wings bronzy brown, with an almost golden lustre under
brilliant illumination. The markings are brilliant silvery white
and are situated as follows: At the basal fourth a fascia nearly
straight on its inner margin, but broadening outwardly below the
fold; at the middle of the wing a somewhat oblique costal streak,
and nearly opposite it, but a little farther back on the dorsal
margin, an erect dorsal streak; at the apical third a triangular
costal streak almost meeting the apex of a similar dorsal streak;
just before the tip a narrow costal streak, nearly crossing the wing.
Cilia dark brown, shining white opposite the apex. Hind wings
dark brownish gray, cilia concolorous.
Legs dark brown, with broad silv^ery annulations. Abdomen
beneath with segments silvery posteriorly.
Expanse: 6.5 mm.
Two specimens, Cincinnati, O., bred from long serpentine
mines on stems of the cultivated form of Riidbeckia laciniata L.,
the "Golden Glow "of gardens. I have searched for the mines
on the stems of the wild plants, both here and elsewhere, without
success. The mine, which is very similar to that of
salicteUa on Avillow, is usually situated toward the lower part of
the stem. The larva mines just beneath the epidermis usually
working downwards, although the mine crosses on itself many
rmara
times.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
At the time of pupation the larwa departs widely from the
well-known habits of all the other species of the genus. Previous ^
to' this time the mine has been placed just beneath the epidermis.
At maturity the larva cuts through the epidermis and two layers of
bark beneath it around the end of the mine and for a distance of
3 or 4 mm. on each side. This elongate flap of tissue which hangs
with its free end downward is then bent into a fold which causes
it to project beyond the contour of the stem. The cocoon is spun
on the under side of the flap, so that its lower surface is visible it
the flap is lifted up. At the anterior end of the cocoon a slit is cut
in the lower layer of loosened bark and through this opening a
passage lined with silk leads to the exterior, so that at emergence
the pupa is thrust out between the two layers of loosened bark at
the lower end of the flap. The pearly globules, so characteristic
of the cocoons of the other species of the genus, are entirely absent
in this instance. In other respects this species agrees with the
characteristics of the genus.
There are two generations a year. The larvae of the first
generation pupate toward the end of July and produce imagos in
early August. The larvae of the second generation pupate in Oc-
tober, but the imagos do not appear untill the first of the following
June.
^1^
The imago is nearest to M. arhiitiella Bsl
*
Marmara apocynella, n. sp.
Head whitish on face, becoming distinctly yellow^ish on the
vertex, with some fuscous scales behind. Palpi whitish, the second
segment of the labial palpi tipped with black. Antenna^ gi*ay.
Fore wings black; a straight white fascia at basal fourth; an
oblique fascia at the middle, a little angulated near the dorsum;
at two-thirds, a triangular costal spot and opposite it a small
inconspicuous dorsal spot; a white costal streak before the apex..
Cilia white opposite the apex, elsewhere gray. Hind wings and
cilia gray, tinged w^ith yellow.
Legs black, annulate with white; first tarsal segment black
with a w^hite tip, remaining segments pure white with an occasional
ack spot near the tip. Abdomen black above, grayish beneath.
Expanse: 5 mm.~
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
One specimen, bred from a long whitish serpentine mine on
the stem of dogbane (Apocynttm ca^inabinm L.). The larva leaves
the mine to pupate, and spins the characteristic white cocoon
ornamented with pearly globules. Mine collected near Cincinnati,
at w^hich time the larva was nearly full grown. Imago,
o
July
July 21.
This species comes very close to
rmara salicteUa
em.,
from which it may be distinguished by the \^ellow head, more .oblicjue
median fascia and smaller size.
Antennae
Cysticecetes, new genus.
with appressed scales; ocelli present; tongue developed,
outer half very shortly bipectinate and ciliate in
both sexes, basal seg-
ent rather long, without
pecten . Labial palpi
f
long.
recur\
Fig. 21. — Venition of Cystioccetes nimbosus.
, second
ses^meht thickened with
scales, terminal segment
shorter, thickened w^ith
SCcllCS,
MaxiUarv
short,
tongue.
a c^u t e .
palpi
very
to
Posterior tibiae rough-haired above on the posterior half.
Fore wings with large tufts of raised scales; lb furcate,
2 from three-fourths of cell, tubular onlv^ near the margin, 4 from
angle, 6 out of base of stalk of 7 + 8, 11 from middle of cell. Hind
wings 2/5, narrow lanceolate, cilia 5; 2 - 4 nearly parallel, 4 and 5
connate, 5 and 6 parallel, 6 and 7 approximated at base. (Fig. 21).
Type: Cysticecetes nimbosus.
This genus is closely related to Chrysopeleia Cham., which it
very closely resembles in type of markings; the antennal and palpal
characters are identical. In Chrysopeleia vein 2 of the fore wings
is absent, and 6 is out of 7 beyond 8; the venation of the hind wings
differs only in the stalking of 6 and 7. It appears to bear some
resemblance, to some Australian genera in antennal structure and
in neuration of the hind wings.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
195
^•^^^^
CysticBcetes nimbosus, n. sp.
Head gray; scales on the under surface of the palpi becomhig
white-tipped towards the ends of the segments. i\ntennce dark
grav.
Fore
wmgs
ray, microscopical h^ speckled with whitish.
Scale tufts almost black, the scales composing them tipped with
white; a large tuft below fold at basal third, another below the
middle of the costa; a smaller tuft on the dorsum a little behind
the middle; a fourth small tuft at end of cell; two very small tufts
on termen before apex.
Hind win^s and cilia ^raw.
Legs dark gray, tips of segments whitish.
Expanse: 10.5-12 mm.
Thirteen specimens, Mills College, Alameda Co., Cal., and
Camp Baldy, San Bernardino Co., Cal., bred from larv^a^ on **Cas-
cara'' {Rhamnns purshiana DC), an evergreen, and also on a
similar deciduous species of Rhamnns,
The larva feeds within a large inflated galMikc chamber
formed from the two halves of the leaf, which are closely appressed
above, just below the margins of
the leaf, and near each end. The
bulges between the lateral
veins forming a series of pouches
Fig. 22. — Larval. dwelling of
Cystioecetes n inihosus.
projecting
gate chamber.
the large elon-
(Fig. 22).
larva is pale grayish brown, with
and prothoracic shield
shining pale brown. A small silken cocoon is spun, often just
outside the larval habitation, where the sides of the leaf diverge,
or between leaves on the bottom of the breeding jar.
Antispila aurirubra, n, sp.
Head and palpi bronzy; antennae dark brown. Thorax and
fore wings very lustrous, colour var}'ing, according to the direction
j)i light from greenish golden to a brilliant reddish bronze. The
latter colour predominates near the base and along the termen
and around the apex of the wing. At one-third a narrow pale
golden fascia, somewhat nearer base on the dorsum; at two-thirds
a triangular costal spot, and a little nearer the base on the dorsum
a similar dorsal spot, with its apex produced and pointing obliquely
toward the middle of the costa. Cilia dark gray. Hind wings
dark gray, purple toward the apex, with golden brown cilia.
196
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
■■-^^
Legs bronzy brown, hind tarsi tipped with pale yellow.
Expanse: 7-8 mm.
Two specimens, Fredalba, San Bernardino Co., Cal. Larva
in brownish blotches in leaves of a species of Cornus. The coniplet-
ed case appears somewhat truncate at each end. Mines recci\'ed,
August 6; images emerged May 21 and 25.
More closely allied to A. nyssa^foUeUa than to any other species,
but the more reddish colour and the more slender fascia will separate
the two species.
Obrussa, new genus.
Head and face tufted. Antennae 2/3, simple in cf , basal seg-
ment enlarged and concave beneath to form an eye-cap.
palpi well developed, porrected. Maxillary palpi long, fiUiform,
folded. Tongue rudimentary.
spurs above
Posterior tibiae with spines above; middle
middle of the tibiae. ^
Fore wings elongate ovate; lb simple at base, 2 becoming
obsolete shortly beyond transverse vein, which closes the cell
before the middle of the wing, 3
and 4 absent, 5 and 6 stalked, the
stalk out of 8, 7 to costa out of 8,
9 absent. Hind wings a little over
*^, cilia 2Y2\ Ic faintly visible, 3 and
4 absent, G absent, 5 and 7 stalked
from
Fig. 23. — Venation of
Obrus.^a ochrifasciella.
Type: Obrussa
between
M
before mi
2 and
e,
cell
open
5.
Frenulum of
'/<
many spines. (Fig. 23).
"lella Chambers (Can. Ent., V, 128,
1873.).
K
The genus seems to approach Ectcvdemia Bsk.
more closeh
than any of the other allied genera; from Ectoodemia it differs
chiefly in the presence of vein 5 of the fore wings and in the position
of the spurs of the hind tibia?, which are situated above instead of
below the middle. Obrussa is relativelv somewhat- shorter and
broader winged than either EcUvdemia or Nepticula,
In describing Nepiicula ochrifasciella, Chambers probably had
before him males only, which are uniformly smaller than females,
and alone show the distinct ochreous under surface of the basal
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
197
half of the fore wings. A fuller description embracing both sexes
IS
re eixen :
Palpi pale ochreoiis. Tuft on face and
reddish ochreous
Antennae fuscous, eye-caps ochreous.
Thorax and basal third of the fore wings black, apical two-
thirds tinged with brown, A broad pale ochreous fascia crosses
the wing at the basal third. From base to outer edge of fascia on
costa, and nearly to tor^ius on dorsum, the under side of the wing
in the cT is ochreous; in the 9 , this area though paler is not defi-
nitely oulined. At two-thirds are some scattered paler scales,
sometimes (in 9 ) forming an indistinct line across the wing.
Cilia around the apex and last row of scales at the extreme apex
pale ochreous. Cilia elsewhere concolorous with the wing. Hind
wings gray, cilia concolorous.
Legs dull ochreous, mixed with fuscous; outer surface of fore
and middle tibiae and tarsi dark brown.
Expanse: 6.5 mm. (d^); 7-8 mm. (9).
I have always found this species resting on leaves of saplings
in dense woods with sparse undergrowth. The specimens in m\'
collection were taken May 30 to July 6; a single specimen is dated
August 5. I have thus far no clue to its life history.
BOOK REVIEWS.
The House-Fly. Its Structure, Habits, Development, Rela-
tion TO Disease and Control. By C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc,
F.R.S.C., Dominion Entomologist, 382 pp., 105 figs., Cambridge,
at the University Press, 1914. Price 15 shillings net.
It is unusual to find a book dealing with as w^ide variety of
subjects as this one, that does not show some inequality of treat-
ment when carefully analyzed. The author generally reveals the
fact that he is more at home in some branches of the subject than
in others. Of Dr. Hewitt's book this cannot be said. Whether he
itology, bacteriology
discusses questions of minute anatomy or
or the practical problems concerned with public health, he shows
a thoroughness of grasp and a clearness of diction only possessed
by the master.
The present work is an outgrowth of Dr. Hewitt's admirable
monograph on the House-fly, which first appeared in three parts
The following text is generated from uncorrected OCR.
[Begin Page: Title Page]
(l\}t
'^mm\m dJutonmlogfet
VOLUMLKXLVII.
1915.
EDITED BY
DR. E, M. WALKER,
Biological Department,
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO. TORONTO
Editor Emeritus : REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE.
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. ONT.
ILonUon, ©niario :
The Loiioii Printing: and Litliographing- Company Limited.
1915.
[Begin Page: Page 188]
188
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF TINEINA.
BY ANNETTE F. BRAUN, CINCINNATI, O.
Several species of Tineid moths in tlie writer's coiiection
belonging to genera apparently new are of considerable interest
because of their phylogenetic significance or because they show
relationship to isolated genera or groups of genera. The present
paper includes the description of these genera, together with
descriptions of a number of new species recently bred.. The
types are in the writer's collection.
Corythophora, new genus.
Face smooth; head elongate, with an erect tuft between the
antenna'^. Antennae 4/5, basal segment enlarged and concave
beneath to form an eye-cap, with pointed projecting flap of scales
anteriorly. Labial palpi moderate, drooping, smooth-scaled.
Maxillary palpi rudimentary.
'>_ 1 — =U-'"'-=''\. J, First segment of
anterior tarsi tliicken-
's ed witii scaies; pcs-
'^ terior tibia? iiairy.
Fore wings eion-
gate ovate, cost a
tliickened fortwo-
tliirds its iengtii; ib
-'^ simpie, 3 absent, 6
"'^ and 7 connate, 9 and
10 ansmg near costa,
Mg IS. — Venation of Coryilioplnora aurca.
1 1 absent; transverse
vein absent between 2 and 9. Hind wings 2'^, narrow, ianceoiate,
ciiia 4; 3 absent, 5 and 6 staiked, transverse vein absent between
4 and 5. (Fig. 18).
Type — Corytliopliora aurea.
Tine reiationsliip of this genus to Leucoptera Hb., Crobyioplnora
Meyr., and Proieucoptera Busck., is suggested at once by tine
generai appearance of tine insect, and a study of aii tine cliaracters
substantiates tliis view. It is a mucin earlier form and undoubtedly
indicates the stem from which the genera of this group ha%'e sprung.
June, 191.".
[Begin Page: Page 189]
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 189
although the genus in its present form has acquired a number of
specialized characters.
The neuration of the fore wings in the three genera just
mentioned can easily be derived fron that of Corythophora. The
absence of vein 1 1 is not significant, but is of recent disappearance,
as it is virtually absent in one species of Proleiicoptera while present
in the other, and thus can not be considered as a character of im-
portance. However, the fact that vein 4 is here present and oc-
cupying its normal position would suggest that a slightly different
interpretation should be put upon the venation of Proleiicoptera,
'^'iz., that vein 3 is absent and not 4, as stated by Mr. Busck in his
characterization of that genus.
The derivation of the neuration of the hind wings of the
Vounger genera from this type is not so obvious. However, the
examination of the hind wing of Proleiicoptera smilaciella Bsk.
discloses a feature hitherto overlooked, which shows clearly its
origin from the present genus. As shown in the accompanying
figure (Fig. 2), veins 5 and 6 are stalked from the base and distinctly
separate from 7 toward base, but almost anastomose with it
along the middle of the wing, becoming separate again where
they branch.
Its affinities with Tineid stock are at once apparent; in fact,
its neuration closely approaches
that of some of the Tineid
genera. This furnishes strong
confirmatory evidence of the
Fis;. 1"J. — Hind wing of Prolcucof^tera smilaciella , r i • r ,1
descent ot this group from the
TineidciV from which it has been regarded as derived.
Corythophora aurea, n. sp.
Head and appendages very pale yellow, flap of scales on basal
segment of antennae somewhat deeper yellow.
Thorax pale yellow or white, patagia golden yellow. Fore
wings golden yellow, deepening toward the apex, where the colour
is deep orange. Costal margin from 1/5 to just beyond the begin-
ning of the cilia, and dorsal portion of the wing below the fold,
pale yellow, fading almost to white on the extreme margins.
[Begin Page: Page 190]
190
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Fig. 20. — Venation of Apoplilliysis pullata
Legs pale yellowish white, except the anterior tibiae and tarsi,
which are dark brown externally.
Expanse: 9-9.5 mm.
Two males, Cincinnati, O., July 13, and Balsam, N. C, July 22.
The erect tuft and position
of the antennal flaps which
project obliquely forward in
the dead insect give this
species a very striking
appearance.
Apophthisis, new genus.
Head with appressed
scales, antennae somewhat
under 1 , basal segment with
pecten. Labial palpi moderate, straight, drooping. Maxillary
palpi rudimentary.
Posterior tibiae witli a row of sinort projecting scales above.
Fore wings lanceolate, the margin from the inner angle to the
apex is almost straight or slightly concave; 2 almost obsolete,
3 absent, 4 indistinct, from lower angle of the cell, 5 absent, 6
and 7* stalked, transverse vein indistinct between 4 and 6, 1 1
obsolete except at origin and near costa. Hind wings about 14,
lanceolate, cillia 5; 5 and 6 stalked. (Fig. 20).
Type: Apophthisis pullata.
A very peculiar genus, apparently most closely allied to
Stomphastis Meyr., with which it agrees in some characters. The
loss of vein 5 of the fore wings is a feature not found elsewhere in
the GracilariadcB, where modification usually results in the loss of
vein 6.
In any group it is possible within certain limits to determine
which veins are absent, if the primitive type of colour pattern
is known. Elsewhere f it was shown that the tips of veins mark
the extremities of unpigmented (white) fasciae, separating the primi-
tive transverse bands of colour. Thus, in Lithocolletis, the primitive
colour pattern consists of a series of seven transverse bands, separ-
*ln the specimen denuded, 7 is branched near the costa, as shown in the
figure; this is probably an individual abnormality.
fBraun. Evolution of the colour Pattern in the Microlepidopterous Genus
Lithocolletis, Jn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XVI, 10.5-167, 1914.
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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 191
ated from one another by white fasciae. The last of these bands
crosses the tip of the wing. The costai extremity of the white
fascia preceding it lies over the tip of vein 7, but there is no vein
at its extremity on the termen. The extremities of the sixth
band lie between veins 7 and 9 on the costa, and just beyond vein
5 on the termen. The white fascia preceding this band lies over
the tip of 9 on the costa, and over the tip of 5 on the termen.
This general type of colour pattern may be regarded as primitive
not only for Lithocolletis alone, but for the entire family Graci-
lariadcB. In more ancestral forms, where all the veins are present,
the tip of vein 6 occupies the position marked by the extremity
of the last white fascia, that is it is almost opposite the tip of
vein 7. This must be regarded as the normal position for vein 6
in this group. Therefore, in Lithocolletis, where no vein is present
at the extremity of this fascia on the termen, we must regard vein
6 as the vein which is absent, as has been done in the more recent
literature on the group.
In Apophthisis, the last vein to reach the termen before the
apex occupies the normal position of vein 6. For tlnis reason,
vein 5 lias been iiere regarded absent, in a group wliere it is, witin,
tliis exception, uniformiy present.
Apoplitliisis puiiata, n. sp.
Head and paipi gray, antenna? gray witli paier'^ annuiations.
Fore wings ciotlied witli sordid grayish white, fuscous-tipped
scales, giving the wing in general a speckled gray appearance.
An indistinct black streak in the fold from near base to one-third,
a second shorter streak in the fold beyond it. The scales around
the apex form an indistinct line in the gray cilia. Hind wings
gray.
Legs gray; tibise tipped with white; tarsi annulate with white.
Expanse: 5.5-6 mm.
Two specimens, both males, near Cincinnati, O. The larva
is a miner in leaves of buckthorn (Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh.)
The mine lies deep in the leaf substance; linear at first, gradually
broadening into an irregular blotch, 5 or 6 mm. wide, and oc-
cupying about one-fourth of the area of the leaf. The leaf retains
its green colour, so that the mine is not plainly visible during the
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192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
earlv stages; in the later portions of the blotch, the substance of
the leaf is consumed, rendering the mine distinct. Pupa outside
the mine in broadly oval, flat, yellow cocoon spun in a fold of
the leaf or in a crevice.
There are two generations a year. Mines may be found in
earlv July and in October. The two images in my collection
appeared July 25 and May 1 respectively.
The position of the imago at rest reminds one of a small species
of Or nix.
Marmara auratella, n. sp.
Head and thorax dark brown, with a distinct bronzy lustre;
face metallic gray. Labial palpi bronzy, third segment with the
apical half whitish. Maxillary palpi with the last segment pale.
Antenna? dark brown.
Fore wings bronzy brown, with an almost golden lustre under
brilliant illumination. The markings are brilliant silvery white
and are situated as follows: At the basal fourth a fascia nearly
straight on its inner margin, but broadening outwardly below the
fold; at the middle of the wing a somewhat oblique costal streak,
and nearly opposite it, but a little farther back on the dorsal
margin, an erect dorsal streak; at the apical third a triangular
costal streak almost meeting the apex of a similar dorsal streak;
just before the tip a narrow costal streak, nearly crossing the wing.
Cilia dark brown, shining white opposite the apex. Hind wings
dark brownish gray, cilia concolorous.
Legs dark brown, with broad silvery annulatlons. Abdomen
beneath with segments silvery posteriorly.
Expanse: 6.5 mm.
Two specimens. Cincinnati, O., bred from long serpentine
mines on stems of the cultivated form of Rlldbeckia laclnlata L..
the "Golden Glow "of gardens. I have searched for the mines
on the stems of the wild plants, both here and elsewhere, without
success. The mine, which Is very similar to that of Marmara
sallctella on willow. Is usually situated toward the lower part of
the stem. The larva mines just beneath the epidermis usually
working downwards, although the mine crosses on Itself many
times.
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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 193
At the time of pupation the larva departs widely from the
well-known habits of all the other species of the genus. Previous
to this time the mine has been placed just beneath the epidermis.
At maturity the larva cuts through the epidermis and two iayers of
bark beneath it around the end of the mine and for a distance of
3 or 4 mm. on each side. This elongate flap of tissue which hangs
with its free end downward is then bent into a fold which causes
it to project beyond the contour of the stem. The cocoon is spun
on the under side of the flap, so that its lower surface is visible if
the flap is lifted up. At the anterior end of the cocoon a slit is cut
in the lower layer of loosened bark and through this opening a
passage lined with silk leads to the exterior, so that at emergence
the pupa is thrust out between the two layers of loosened bark at
the loAver end of the flap. The pearly globules, so characteristic
of the cocoons of the other species of the genus, are entirely absent
in this instance. In other respects this species agrees with the
characteristics of the genus.
There are two generations a year. The larva? of the first
generation pupate toward the end of July and produce images in
early August. The larvtX of the second generation pupate in Oc-
tober, but the images do not appear untill the first of the following
June.
The imago is nearest to M. arbutiella Bsk.
Marmara apocynella, n. sp.
Head whitish on face, becoming distinctly yellowish on the
vertex, with some fuscous scales behind. Palpi whitish, the second
segment of the labial palpi tipped with black. Antennae gray.
Fore wings black; a straight wliite fascia at basal fourth: an
obliciue fascia at the middle, a little angulated near the dorsum;
at two-thirds, a triangular costal spot and opposite it a small
inconspicuous dorsal spot; a white costal streak before the apex.
Cilia white opposite the apex, elsewhere gray. Hind wings and
cilia gray, tinged with yellow.
Legs black, annulate with white; first tarsal segment black
with a white tip, remaining sagments pure white with an occasional
black spot near the tip. Abdomen black above, grayish beneath.
Expanse: 5 mm.
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194
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
One specimen, bred from a long whitish serpentine mine on
the stem of dogbane (Apocynum cannabium L.). The larva leaves
the mine to pupate, and spins the characteristic white cocoon
ornamented with pearly globules. Mine collected near Cincinnati,
July 3, at which time the larva was nearly full grown. Imago,
July 21.
This species comes very close to Marmara salicteUa Clem.,
from which it may be distinguished by the yellow head, more oblique
median fascia and smaller size.
Cystioecetes, new genus.
Head with appressed scales; ocelli present; tongue de\eloped.
Antennae I'^Z, outer half very shortly bipectinate and ciliate in
both sexes, basal seg-
ent rather long, without
pecten. Labial palpi
long, recurved, second
segment thickened with
scales, terminal segment
shorter, thickened with
scales, apex a CvU t e .
Maxillary palpi \er\-
short, appressed to
tongue.
Posterior tibiae rough-haired above on the posterior half.
Fore wings with large tufts of raised scales; lb furcate,
2 from three-fourths of cell, tubular onh- near the margin, 4 from
angle, 6 out of base of stalk of 7 -i- 8, 11 from middle of cell. Hind
wings 2/5, narrow lanceolate, cilia 5; 2 - 4 nearly parallel, 4 and 5
connate, 5 and 6 parallel, 6 and 7 approximated at base. (Fig. 21).
Type: Cystioecetes nimbosus.
This genus is closely related to Chrysopeleia Cham., which it
Very closely resembles in type of markings; the antennal and palpal
characters are identical. In Chrysopeleia vein 2 of the fore wings
is absent, and 6 is' out of 7 beyond 8; the venation of the hind wings
differs only in the stalking of 6 and 7. It appears to bear some
resemblance to some Australian genera in antennal structure and
in neuration of the hind wings.
Fig. 21 . — Venition of Cystioecetes nimhosiis.
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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 195
Cystioecetes nimbosus, n. sp.
Head gray; scales on the under surface of the palpi becoming
white-tipped towards the ends of the segments. xA.ntennSe dark
grav. Fore wings gray, microscopically speckled with whitish.
Scale tufts almost black, the scales composing them tipped with
white; a large tuft below fold at basal third, another below the
middle of the costa; a smaller tuft on the dorsum a little behind
the middle; a fourth small tuft at end of cell; two \-er>' small tufts
on termen before apex. Hind wings and cilia graV.
Legs dark gray, tips of segments whitish.
Expanse: 10.5-12 mm.
Thirteen specimens. Mills College, Alameda Co., Cal., and
Camp Baldy, San Bernardino Co., Cal., bred from larvcc on "Cas-
cara" {Rhamnns purshiana DC), an ev'^ergreen, and also on a
similar deciduous species of Rhamnns.
The larva feeds within a large inflated gall-like chamber
formed from the two halves of the leaf, which are closely appressed
above, just below the margins of
the leaf, and near each end. The
leaf bulges between the lateral
veins forming a series of pouches
Fig. 22. — Lan-ai. dwelling of projecting from the large elon-
cysuocceus .unHosus ' gate ' chamber. (Fig. 22). The
larxa is pale gra'^-ish brown, with head and prothoracic shield
shining pale brown. A small silken cocoon is spun, often just
outside the larval habitation, where the sides of the leaf diverge,
or between leaves on the bottom of the breeding jar.
Antispila aurirubra, n. sp.
Head and palpi bronzy; antennae dark brown. Thorax and
fore wings very lustrous, colour varying, according to the direction
_of light from greenish golden to a brilliant reddish bronze. The
latter colour predominates near the base and along the termen
and around the apex of the wung. At one-third a narrow pale
golden fascia, somewhat nearer base on the dorsum; at two-thirds
a triangular costal spot, and a little nearer the base on the dorsum
a similar dorsal spot, with its apex produced and pointing obliquely
toward the middle of the costa. Cilia dark gray. Hind wings
dark gray, purple toward the apex, with golden brown cilia.
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196
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Legs bronzy brown, hind tarsi tipped with pale yellow.
Expanse: 7-8 mm.
Two specimens, Fredalba, San Bernardino Co., Cal. Larva
in brownish blotches in leaves of a species of Cornits. The complet-
ed case appears somewhat truncate at each end. Mines received,
August 6; images emerged May 21 and 25.
More closely allied to A. nysscEfoUella than to any other species,
but the more reddish colour and the more slender fascia will separate
the two species.
Obrussa, new genus.
Head and face tufted. Antenna 2/3, simple in d'^, basal seg-
ment enlarged and concave beneath to form an eye-cap. Labial
palpi well developed, porrected. Maxillary palpi long, fiUiform,
folded. Tongue rudimentary'.
Posterior tibia; with spines above; middle spurs above the
middle of the tibia?.
Fore wings elongate ovate; lb simple at base, 2 becoming
obsolete shortly beyond transverse vein, which closes the cell
before the middle of the wing, 3
and 4 absent, 5 and 6 stalked, the
stalk out of 8, 7 to costa out of 8,
9 absent. Hind wings a little o\er
'J/2, cilia 23-^^; Ic faintly visible, 3 and
4 absent, 6 absent, 5 and 7 stalked
from before middle, cell open
between 2 and 5. Frenulum of
many spines. (Fig. 23).
Type: Obrussa ochriJascieUa Chambers (Can. Ent., V, 128,
1873.).'
The genus seems to approach Ectcedemia Bsk. more closely
than any of the other allied genera; from Ectcedemia it differs
chiefly in the presence of vein 5 of the fore wings and in the position
of the spurs of the hind tibiae, which are situated above instead of
below the middle. Obrussa Is relatl\ely somewhat shorter and
broader winged than either Ectademla or Neptlcula.
In describing Neptlcula ochrlfasclella, Chambers probably had
before him males onlV, which are uniformly smaller than females,
and alone show the distinct ochreotis under surface of the basal
Fig. 23. — Venation of
Obrussa ochrlfasclella.
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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197
half of the fore wings. A fuller description embracing both sexes
Is here gIVen :
Palpi pale ochreous. Tuft on face and head reddish ochreous.
Antennae fuscous, eye-caps ochreous.
Thorax and basal third of the fore wings black, apical two-
thirds tinged with brown. A broad pale ochreous fascia crosses
the wing at the basal third. From base to outer edge of fascia on
costa, and nearly to tornus on dorsum, the under side of the wing-
In the cf Is ochreous; In the 9 , this area though paler Is not defi-
nitely oullned. At two-thirds are some scattered paler scales,
sometimes (In 9 ) forming an Indistinct line across the wing.
Cilia around tine apex and iast row of scaies at tine extreme apex
jiaie ociireous. Ciiia eisewliere concoiorous witii tine wing. Hind
wings gray, ciiia concoiorous.
Legs duii ociireous, mixed witii fuscous; outer surface of fore
and middie tibiae and tarsi dark brown.
Expanse: 6.5 mm. (d'^); 7-8 mm. ( 9 ).
I liave aiways found tliis species resting on ieaves of sapiings
in dense woods witii sparse undergrowtii. Tlie specimens in my
coiiection were taken May 30 to Juiy 6; a singie specimen is dated
August 5. I liaVe tlius far no ciue to its iife liistory.
BOOK REVIEWS.
Tlie House-Fly. Its Structure, Habits, Development, Rela-
tion TO Disease and Control. By C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc,
F.R.S.C, Dominion Entomologist. 382 pp., 105 figs., Cambridge,
at the University Press, 1914. Price 15sliillings net.
It is unusual to find a book dealing witii as wide variety of
subjects as tliis one, tliat does not show some inequality of treat-
ment when carefully analyzed. The author generally reveals the
fact that he is more at home in some branches of the subject than
in others. Of Dr. Hewitt's book this cannot be said. Whether he
discusses questions of minute anatomy or parasitology, bacteriology
or the practical problems concerned with public health, he shows
a thoroughness of grasp and a clearness of diction only possessed
by the master.
The present work is an outgrowth of Dr. Hewitt's admirabie
monograph on the House-fiy, which first appeared in three parts