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Library Notes

, *

IMPROVED METHODS AND LABOR-SAVERS

FOR

LIBRARIANS, READERS AND WRITERS

Edited by MELVIL DEWEY

Volume I ^ \

June 1886 March 1887

BOSTON: LIBRARY BUREAU

LONDON : TrUbner & Co. LEIPZIG : Q. E. Stechert

1887

/

/

Library

IMPROVED METHODS AXD LABOR-SAVERS

READERS AXD WRITERS

V. I) I I Ki. i: V M K L V 11. I) K \V K V
Sivn'fary Am-rrudti L:i>tttry A''Ki.iti'f,\ antf Pi of. of /.if'*;iry /\o>ti»'tny it: C>'Iuni'nii O-Iicj^t'

Vol. I — No. I June 1886

Contents

Ivhtorial Ni.tcs

The A L. A and J"' k*. \l; M.'.w.iuV.ev Mcrt-
ii:?: Post-Conference Km i:«ioi.*: Ciiir Fir-*:
Niiinlier: rr!iici-m .in-.i ('(io|>cr.iti>>n.
The Librarv Qisartc' and it> \V.»rk - -
The Mission cif the Lil»rary Nnter» - - -
Li])rarians and LitL'rar\ l.al><»r-Sa\cr> -
Matter Wanted for the N«»te.s - . - -
To rrospectivc Sul)SLrilHtr« - - - -
Constitution «»f American Lil»rarv A>>o'n
Otticers of the A. L. A. t't.r iSSi. -
A. L. A. Milwaukee Mccthm. luiv 7-T0
Program of A. L. A. McetinL*. l^^''» - -
(."•.operative Cataloging — Otticial ( ir-

cular of the A. 1.. A. (.''ininiittLc -
Selecting a Library Sy^'eni ....
Cost of Library L^M-pni* ::: ....

Book Plate.-

lunbosHiiTj Stanjjv - ...

Acces>i»»n Took . .

Shelf List ....
Subject Sheets in Shell' 1 •- -
<.ard * ataloi:- - - . .

Catal'»g < aul- ...

S
10
II
\i

14
15
^')

2C
2\

- )

2')

.54

Card (.'aialnii Guard- - - -

(.'ard Catalo- I)ra\\e?-

Blocks ft .r t ard Cp* i.og.N ....

r'ataloj; (itiide-

The Library a< aii Kducator - - - -

The Ldu* atinnal Trinity

Whv a Librarv Does or Dne.-* Nut Succeed
J)eve!upnieni of the Modern Library

Idea, tile Association, Journal, lUueau

and Schoiil - - ....

Libraries the True I'nivcrsities f<ir

Scholars a> well a.- I'eopic - - - -
Library r,mpl«.>vnien! \>. the Library

Professii.n - - -

Attraction- autl Upj oiiunities ot Lil-ra-

rian^hip

r.i!>lioihe«ai NfuMum of the A. L. .\. • -
rian of tile Labor-Saving Note> - - -
1 al't»i-Sa\ers ttu Reader."* and Writer.- -
I, I-oit.T.ir.u; .\l)l<ii'v:.i:i<-t.M. 2. Kxjc! K.ftr-
.Tn, : ? ?tl«»iah a:!cl Day C^iitravti'-rv; 4,
Mukii..: .M.ir,;"iii- ; s. .M.itkii.^ P.i^.uo-: o.
fclvtrrtii-.i- .*»!i.i I- !'■ r k":i'ii:ig L.i: r*.
TuMi-lier'- henartnient ....

.v:»
40

43
44
45

47
49
.so

53

5!>

BOSTON: LIBRARY BUREAU

LONDON : Trubner bi Co.

LEIPZIG: G. E. Stechert, lo Hospital St.

•\ |-.-» Ye •' T • E .1 :i-.- •••..

Will those who recc:vc this nuriibttr as a SAMPLE rea ! thu nctu on pai^e ^ and if not yet
prepared to subscribe, send at It ast a card to editor or pubhshr>rs> '

a Library Notes.

KoREiGN Publications.

E. STEIGER & CO.,

V«

25 Park Place, NEW YORK.

Leii'/.io: 2 Thalstnisse. London: 13 Bedford Street, Covent Ciarden.

Pari*^: 174 lioulevard St. Germain.
Agents in Amsterdam, Brussels, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Milan. Koine, Madrid, etc.

\Vc keep the Inrgrest nsMOrtinoilt of Gcriliau books in all departments, and arc

thus enabled to till most Orders iiiiiiiecliately.

I'uHiks. PeriodicaN, etc., which are nut i»m hand, we import from nil countrio, having
them either mailed direct h^ ■mr customer^ addre.<i<. or enclosed in our scmi-weckly shijv
mcnts. Ni't only large lots, but even .single vtilumcs we import free Of clllty for libraries
and all instiluti(ms entitled thereto, and tlui^ we secure t«> ••ur customer'^ the lowcst/
price, whilst the quickest ]»o^sible and fre<|iieiit receipt of ^ma]l lots atiords
aclvniitaii;:es over even a Lc.nneciion with an affeucy ill Europe.

We are paying special attention to proturinLj secoiul-liaud Copies of valuable
books in all departments and in any lanmiaj;o, an«l shall be glad t'« >uppiy catal«»c;uts of
second-hand books to all librarian^ and other b'.»ok biiyer> who clc.^ire to receive surh.

Offerins; part Of OUr stock, we have ju-t i>siKd

Stciger's Lists of Books at Reduced Prices,

viz:

No. 44, a — containing;: CJernian Novels, Illustrated Works. Humorous Wriiiui;-, Music,
Connnerce, reri'xlicals.

No. 44, b — eontaininy : German Pubiicatinns on Philosophy. Natural Stien«.es. Medicine,
Mathematics, AstMni.»my, En.::ineering, Geography, History, l;it>iiraphy, Law. I'oliiio.'i,
Conii)arative Philology, San>krit, G<»thic, Old and New High German, Anglo-Sa.x.nj,
CMd F.lnglish, Celtic, Scandinavian, Greek, Latin, etc.

No. 44, — containing: Prntestant Ther)ioi;y,

Of nmst of these books duiilicaies canni.-t l*c obtained at equally low prices.

FOREIGN PERIOUIC'ALS wv supply, if the qu.intity i-^ sufiiciently large.
flat, in the best p«^<Mble «:ondition f^.r the library tile-*, at prices as low as. it not ]..N\cr
than, tho>e of ..ither hnuses.

The numerou«i catalogues i>>ued by u- \\i",l be mailed if dc-ired. Corrc-^pondence invite il.

E. STEIGER & CO.,

25 Park Place, NEW YORK.

— Voeo/

Libra

Vol. I. JUri®«Wd;^> No. I.

All communications and inquiries for the editor^ exchanges, press copies, ctc.^ should
be addressed^ Afelvil Dewey, Columbia College, New York, and marked L. A^.

All subscriptions, copy for advertising, remittances and business communications,
should be addressed to the publishers. Library Bureau, 32 Ilawlcy St., Boston.

All subscriptions are understood to be for the complete, current volume.

The editorial and business department are absolutely independent. Any descrip-
tions, illustrations or references in the reading matter to articles sold by any firm are
because the editor belie^'es them to be valuable to his readers, and are wholly on the
merits of each article without knowledge or influence from the business department.
The editor is responsible for all unsigtted matter except in the advertising pages.

Wc print the constitution and board of officers of the American
Library Association and beg any reader of this note who is not yet a
member and who is in any way connected with or interested in libra-
ries to read the articles in this number which more fully explain its
work and trust our assurance that it will pay to share in the great
benefits to be derived from the A. L. A. and its official organ, the
monthly Library Journal.

The coming meeting of the American librarians at Milwaukee, July
7 to 10, 1886, of which full announcement will be found in this number,
gives every promise of being the most important and enjoyable yet held.
The practical cooperation in reducing the great cost of cataloging is at
last to come up for action ; a large number of interesting papers from
able men and women are already announced and others are in prepar-
ation, and old members know that the most profitable features are often
not on the program nor in the reports.

The great excursions which have been tendered with true Western
hospitality, promise to make the social features equally marked. We
urge our readers therefore to give prompt and full attention to this
matter and if possible to be present at Milwaukee. The unusual reduc-
tions and attractions for the round trip merit special comment. By going
via Baltimore and Washington through the famous mountain scenery and
returning via Niagara, as can be done by simply exchanging tickets with
other members at Milwaukee who reverse this order, one combines the
advantages of the northern and southern lines. As the eight days'
free excursion tendered by the leading northwestern railroads is also

4 Library Notes.

circular, the complete A. L. A. tour will attain the dignity of a trip
abroad and be classed by our catalogcrs as " Travels." The total expen-
ses have been, by the liberality of leading railroad officials, reduced to
less than half the regular rates, and thus placed within the means of all
interested.

We have neither space nor time for excuses but justice to publishers
and editor require record that at the request of the executive commit-
tee of the A. L. A. it was decided to issue this first number before the
Milwaukee meeting instead of in the fall and less than two weeks were
left to do the work of three months. Those interested in our work will
get a fair idea from this hurriedly prepared first number and will be
lenient judges. The opinion of others is to us unimportant.

We had already set up and paged for this number over 30 p. of
valuable matter which better illustrated the character of the Notes
than the Library Conference and prospectus matters which have
crowded it out. As we have already considerably exceeded the 50 p.
allowed by our publishers, we have deferred to our second number: —
a complete code of Condensed Rules for a Card Catalog, Author,
Subject, and Title, with chapters on Check Marks, Main Entry, Head-
ing, Title, Imprint, Contents and Notes, Capitals, Spacing and Under-
scoring, Arrangement, and Miscellaneous rules ; also codes of Library
Abbreviations with directions for their use, for 100 Forenames, for
Headings, for Imprints, for Places of publication, for Titles, states,
etc., for Book-titles, and for Bouk-sizes by all methods ; a much liked
scheme of arrangement of Libraries on Special Authors ; and articles
on Education by Reading, the Power of a Modern Book, the School of
Library Economy, Women as librarians, how they are handicapped,
and the Librarian's Oualifications, Hours and Salary. A large num-
ber of Labor-Saving Notes have also been crowded over, as have several
library notes, for which the illustrative cuts could not be finished in
time, and we purpose, wherever our notes can thus be made more
practical and helpful, to use illustrations freely.

Readers must remember that they largely share the responsibility of
improving the Notes. We must hear from them as to their needs,
and specially in regard to anything we print which is not clearly
understood or does not fully meet the difficulties. Needed additions
and corrections can be made in a later number, and the Handbooks
now in preparation will better serve their end if critici.sms are freely
and promptly made on what first ai>i)ears in the Notks. The coopera-
tion of all interested is solicited in perfecting these aids for librarians
and catalogcrs.

Library Notes. 5

THE LIBRARY QUARTET AND* ITS WORK.

Ten years ago at the inception of the modern library movement it
was recognized that four agencies were necessary properly to carry for-
ward the great work, viz. : —

1. A national association of those interested in libraries which
should hold annual conventions, make the leading librarians better
acquainted with each other, with their mutual experience and the
results achieved, and by means of standing committees should carry on
through the year all that work possible only through such organization.
In short the first need was a strong society for promoting library
interests. The American Library Associatiou was founded in 1876
and has already proved a greater success than its promoters looked for
in the first ten years. Through its influence, direct and indirect, gen-
eral library interests have received a great impetus. On pages 1 1-20
will be found the constitution, officers and announcements for this
year's meeting at Milwaukee, July 7-10, and the article on the Develop-
ment of the Modern Library Idea still further shows the field of the
Association and its working committees.

2. The next need was a monthly journal to record the proceedings,
committee reports and plans of the association, and to do that great
work possible to a periodical and impracticable to any other agency.
This want was likewise supplied in 1876, and it was the good fortune of
the A. L. A. to secure in Frederick Leypoldt and his successor R. R.
Bowker, publishers such as few societies are privileged to find. With
unselfish devotion to the great work in which we were all engaged they
have carried on our official organ at a great outlay of time and money,
for which no adequate returns have been received or indeed expected.
The ten volumes of the Libkakv Joukxal are a source of pride to
every one who has known their history, and to-day many libraries too
short sighted to see before how much they needed the Journal if they
wished to do good work in the cheapest way are now trying to find sets
at a large advance on the original subscription price. With the monthly
Journal each subscriber now receives for the single price of S5.00 the
Cooperative Index to Periodicals, in itself worth many times the cost,
and also the admirable monthly summary of the best current literature,
the Literary News, On later pages will be found fuller information of
these essential library aids.

3. The third need was a practical means of bringing the enormous
benefits of cooperation, which has been the watch word of the whole
movement, into full play in the interests of the libraries. A greater
and still more practical work than either Association or Journal were

6 Library Notes.

doing or could do, was open to a central office, devoting itself entirely
to whatever could wisely be done in supplementing their work and
carrying out tangibly their recommendations as to improved methods
and labor saving appliances for simplifying or cheapening library work,
and taking charge of any manufacturing, publishing, or other business
that could not otherwise be done as satisfactorily. The Library
Bureau has grown out of the efforts to supply this want, first through
a committee of the Association who made the recommendations while
the Secretary did the business till its magnitude made a regularly
organized business house a necessity. Here, more than anywhere else,
time to get a large experience was necessary for getting much of the
work into successful operation but it has gone steadily forward and is
now rapidly taking on wider functions as a larger number of libraries
have learned that it is not only a great convenience but a real economy
to be able to send to a library headquarters for anything it may want,
with confidence that the result will be the best obtainable.

4. The quartet is completed by a school for training librarians and
after ten years this is now announced to go into operation next Jan.
at Columbia College, New York, where as director of the school it
again falls to the lot of the first secretary of the A.ssociation, the first
editor of the Journal, the founder of the Liijrarv Bureau and the
Library Notes to undertake once more the drudgery of starting an
essential part of the library plan to the execution of which he has
devoted his life. Something more about the demand for this school
will be found in this number and those interested should apply to
Columbia College for its circular about the school since it is the pur-
pose of the Notes merely to stimulate interest enough in its readers
.so they will seek the information in the regular channels.

It would seem that the agencies were now complete as planned, with-
out the Notes which, from the nature of the case, could not possibly
enter the field in competition with the official organ of the Association.
The Notes or something similar has been proved a necessity by ten
years' experience without such an agency. The A. L. A. started with
nearly 100 members. It soon grew to nearly 219, its present number.
Its meetings year after year were practically of the same persons with the
addition of local delegates. Those who came got great good and though
the conferences are called and managed to advance library interests and
not at all like some conventions as an excuse for an outing, yet more
and more members have come to look on conference week as not only
the most profitable but the pleasantest of the year. The prominent
centers where we have met have vied with each other in making the
visit one long to be remembered.

Library Notes* 7

This experience of limitation in numbers is duplicated in our monthly
official Journal. The subscription list has gained little since the first
two or three years, but those who have taken it have found it of great
practical value as evinced in their warm words of commendation. It
would seem that both Association and Journal would receive large
additions yearly till every library worthy the name was a member of the
first and a subscriber to the second.

The explanation why this does not occur is not far to seek. Most of
the libraries practically know nothing about it. They may remember
getting a circular years ago asking them to share in the advantages, but
it has been long forgotten. We have and can afford no agent to send
through the country- drumming up interest. Those who take the
Journal we reach and can interest in the A. L. A. Vice versa, those
who attend the A. L. A. meetings we can reach and interest in the
Journal. But then our present work is done, and as the two classes
arc so nearly identical nine-tenths of those who could profit most by the
experience of the more energetic institutions are practically ignorant
of our existence.

The publisher of the Journal undertook to reach this class by- reduc-
ing its size and price nearly one half, and sending sample and circulars
till he exhaasted his great skill. The increase was so trifling as to
prove that few libraries that found S5.00 a prohibitive price could be
secured at S3.00 and the others wanted as good a journal as 3500 per
year could possibly pay for. So after thorough trial for over two
years the price was restored to $5.00 and those of us most interested
considered the question settled that some other means must be found
to increase our list. For several years the Executive Board of the A.
L. A. has had before it a proposition to print something at least quar-
terly to send to all its members, thus meeting the complaint of some
who do not take the Journal and therefore receive none of the
notices, reports of committees, etc. which are published only in it.
The plan found favor, but no one has found time to carry it out.

THE MISSION OF THE LIBRARY NOTES.

As pointed out in the preceding article ten years of experiment have
proved that the rapid advance in librar>* interests for which we so much
hope is dejx^ndent on finding some means of reaching and interesting the
apathetic libraries, which still so largely outnumber those imbued with
the modem library spirit. Till this is accomplished our field of useful-

8 Library Notes.

ness is limited : — for however good the sermon, the congregation is
also essential if it is to do its proper work.

We could not afford a traveling agent, occasional circulars were
not effectual, our Journal could not reach the laggards by any reduc-
tion possible. Hut one method was left. To print a little quarterly so
practically useful and so low in price that every library would feel it
necessary to take it and then with this entering wedge to educate our
readers as rapidly as possible to the knowledge that their selfish interests
will be served by paying $5.00 for the Library Journal with its
accompanying Co-orEKATivE index to j'ekiodicals and the Literary
News, by paying 52.00 yearly to the A. L. A. and as often as possible
attending its meetings and by joining also the new publishing section
which promises to effect so direct and great a saving. When this
work is thoroughly done the Notes will have performed their part and
may be dropped. Till then as the advance guard of our movement
they merit the hearty support of every friend of the modern library idea.

The plan was decided on only after consultation with a score or more
leading librarians, including several officers of the A. L. A. All agreed
that the plan was good and promised cooperation and contributions of
whatever they found most useful.

After considering various plans of publication the cooperation of the
Library Bureau was secured. It undertook to publish in creditable
form at least four numbers per year, of not less than 200 pages at a price
not over gi.oo, and and at less as soon as the subscriptions exceed
expenses. Also without increasing the price to add to each number
the projected Lahok-Savinc; Notes for Ricaders and Writers which
the Bureau was about to publish as a continuation of the Economy
Notes edited six years ago by Mr. V: H. Perkins and discontinued after
his removal to San Francisco to take charge of its public library.
The reading matter is wholly in charge of the editor and absolutely
without influence from the advertising or publishing departments,
which will make all their announcements in the plainly marked adver-
tising space.

LIBRARIAN AND LITERARY LABOR-SAVERS.

There is good reason why the readers' and writers' labor-saving
notes should be published jointly with the notes on librarianship, as
no literary worker has more frecjuent occasion to benefit by these notes
than an active librarian with his multitude of records, catalogs and
indexes in addition to ordinary business details.

Library Notes. 9

The librar)* is coming to be the real university for both scholars and
the people as pointed out elsewhere in this number. As a result no man
is so often asked for ad\7ce as to methods of work, or is so properly
expected to be able to give it, as one at the head of a librar)- where
large numbers are reading and writing daily without any other teacher
from whom to ask such assistance. We believe that the time will come
when the librarian will be exjK^cted to give lectures to his readers on
literary methods as well as on bibliography. The occasional labor-
sax-ing notes are therefore not an outsiiic matter attached to our librar)-
quarterly for convenience, but a part of the broad scheme which recog-
nizes the librarian as an active teacher and resjx>nsible for the progress
of his pupils, that they shall do as much as possible with the time they
give to his books.

The labor-saving notes are not to develop any systems of short-hand
or lead up to any patent fountain pens or writing machines but are
designed for earnest busy men whose time is their most \-aluable pos-
session and who will welcome any trustworthy assistance to better
methods or appliances for doing their work at the desk or in the office
or study.

We have no s}'mpathy with those literar}' milliners who are frightened
at anything not conforming to the ** Perfect Correspondent " or '* Young
Ladies' Letter Writer" or the school rhetoric that they studied in their
youth ; who esteem anything vulgar that costs less time, and will insist,
in the most informal communications, in writing out dates, or amounts
in words, which a quick reader has to translate into figures before he
catches their full meaning. We know an experienced man who always
goes through this sort of ms, if he is to read it a second time, crosses
out the words and puts in arabic numerals, the dates and quantities
expressed. Such literarj' snobs would never use a symbol like tt in
mathematical work but would insist on writing out or quite jxissibly
spelling out 3. 141 5. Some of them insist on writing City of New York,
County of Xew York, State of New York, and we are grateful to get
off without a U. S. A. We do not mean that we shall advocate exces-
sive abbreviations and all kinds of new notions with iconoclastic enthu-
siasm but we enter our protest at the beginning, against ruling out any
method that will give the result as accurately, and more quickly, on the
sole ground that our jcrandmothers did not do it this wav. In short
we wish to be rea>onable and if there are good reasons lor a change
and nothing on the other side except inertia we shall be likely to ia\'or
the improvement.

xo Library Notes.

MATTER WANTED FOR THE NOTES.

This number is of necessity largely a prospectus, designed rather to
stimulate interest than to show what succeeding numbers are to be.
We wish every reader to feel himself to be also a contributor, not of
long articles, though they may be interesting to libraries, for we have
no space to print such, but for suggestions as to what will be most use-
ful to the 4000 or 5000 libraries which we hope to reach ; difficulties
experienced and needing solution and specially the solution you have
thus far found best ; tables, rules and anything in moderate compass
that a librarian is likely to wish to refer to frequently in his work.

We do not propose to duplicate the excellent departments in the
Library Jourfial \i\ which are found historical and personal notes, sum-
maries of reports, records of home and foreign bibliographical publica-
tions, reviews and many interesting articles. Our mission is rather by
an occasional sample of the good things there to be found to lead our
readers to take that journal itself to secure this matter.

Send us then what you may have that will serve our special constitu-
ency best and ask for what you yourself need. We shall be glad to
use for the Z/'/^/w/j yi:;//;'//^/ any added matter of library interest that
belongs rather to it than to the Non-.s and so invite all our readers to
send this also. We quote a few words of our own at the last A. L. A.
meeting on this point.

" As for publications, the Library Journal, as our official organ, is much
better and cheaj)er than any other plan. It is really a small monthly
conference, and these ten volumes are vastly more satisfactory as our
record, than seven pamphlets labelled ** IVoceedings." But there is
one thing to which we should wake up, viz. : our personal responsibility
in contributing to our official organ. It is the most common thing in
the world to spend eight or ten months on an experiment, and then sit
down and enjoy it selfishly, instead of sharing the results. There is an
unintentional, but none the less reprehensible, meanness about it. It
ought to be a matter of personal shame if a brother librarian finds us
using an improved method or labor-saving device which we have not re-
ported as soon as duly tested in the columns of our official yi?//r//^/. It
is no matter that it is ours, and we have worked it out. Every one of
us ought to feel in good conscience bound to send to theyi?//r;/r7/ every-
thing of value to even a limited class of librarians, to a constituency of
ten or a dozen other people who may want to use it.*'

Library Notes. xi

TO PROSPECTIVE SUBSCRIBERS.

This sample number will show you the spirit in which the notes will be
edited. The only hard and fast rule laid down as to its future is that
the number of pages available in each number shall be filled with what-
ever will be most helpful to the largest number of librarians. We
depend on the expression of felt wants as our guide in selecting what
shall appear. So many letters have come to the editor as Sec. of the
A. L. A. that he knows a great need exists for a series of articles point-
ing out in detail some of the best methods for the administration an*
cataloging of small libraries and he will therefore, include in each num-
ber parts of the library hand-books which the Library Bureau has
already announced for publication.

In sending in questions and difficulties be brief as possible consistent
with perfect clearness, and we will do the best we can to help you. If
we seem to go into unnecessary details in our advice remember
that knowledge of just these minute details is the main difference
between the valuable skilled assistant and the novice. The only way to
get the experience in a shorter time than usual is to have on record the
detailed results of such experience by others.

There is no plan for enlarging the field of the notes, for when more
can be afforded, libraries should take the Library Journal. If a suffi-
cient number express the opinion that we can do more good and reach
more people by reducing the price to 50c per year the publishers stand
ready to make the change. The price was first fixed at 50c and changed
at the suggestion of the A. L. A. committee on the ground that any
library could afford a single dollar and that as the receipts were to be
spent in making the notes more useful by adding illustrations, etc.,
it was wiser to charge a dollar. Early subscribers will have the full
benefit of any reduction.

Our name is a choice between " The Librarian," " Library Econo-
mist," " Practical Notes for Libraries," " Librarianship " and some
others. We shall welcome the opinions of those interested in finding
any name that will better express the aims of our modest quarterly.

We hope to make the notes of great practical value to private book
owners and to all who read and write and are anxious to accomplish the
most possible with their time and strength. From the nature of the
majority of the libraries we expect to reach, we shall give most atten-
tion to the very small libraries, not omitting to record the most useful
results from the great libraries which, if not directly put in use, are of
value in shaping the thought and giving a standard for the young libra-
rian of a small collection. Private, Church and Sunday School libraries
will thus be included in our field.

12 Library Notes.

CONSTITUTION OF AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION.

Organised ai PhUtuUlphia, Oct. 6, 7576. Incorporated in MassackuseU*, Dec, to, 187^

ARTICLE I. — NAME.

This organization shall be called the "American Library Associa-
tion."

ARTICLE 2. — OBJECT.

Its object shall be to promote the library interests of the country by
exchanging views, reaching conclusions, and inducing cooperation in
all departments of bibliothecal science and economy ; by disposing the
public mind to the founding and improving of libraries ; and by culti-
vating good will among its own members.

ARTICLE 3. — MEMBERS.

Section i. Any person engaged in library administration may
become a member of the Association by signing the Constitution and
paying the annual assessment. Other persons may in the same man-
ner become members after election by three-fourths vote of the Board.

Sec 2. Each member shall pay to the Treasurer on or before the
annual election such sum, not exceeding two dollars, as may be assessed
by the Board for the necessary expenses of the year.

Sec 3. By the payment of twenty-five dollars any member may
receive a certificate of life membership, which shall permanently entitle
the holder to all the rights and privileges ot membership without pay-
ment of annual assessment.

Sec. 4. Persons unanimously elected as honorary members by the
Board shall be exempt from assessment.

article 4. — OFFICERS.

Sec I. The Association shall annually elect an Executive Board of
five members, who shall have power to add to their own number, and
from the Board thus constituted, they shall choose for the Association a
President, Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer, Finance and
Cooperation Committees of three each, and any other needed officers or
standing committees.

Sec 2. — In the intervals between the annual meetings, this Execu-
tive Board shall have full power to act for the Association in all mat-
ters on which the Board is unanimously agreed.

Sec 3. The Secretary shall keep a faithful record of the members
present at each meeting of the Association or Board, and of all business

Lribrar/ Notes. 13

transacted ; shall give due notice of any election, appointment, meeting,
or other business requiring the personal attention of any member, and
shall have charge of the books, papers, and correspondence.

Sec. 4. The Treasurer shall keep a full and accurate record of all
receipts and disbursements, with date, purpose, and amount ; shall pay
no money without written order of two members of the Finance Com-
mittee and shall make an annual report.

Sec. 5. The Finance Committee shall have control. of all receipts
from donations or assessments ; shall solicit and receive contributions
for carrying on the work of the Association ; and shall make appropri-
ations, audit bills, and give orders on the Treasurer for payment.

Sec. 6. The Cooperation Committee shall consider and report upon
plans designed to secure uniformity and economy in methods of admin-
istration ; and the Association, Board, or Committee shall have power
to refer subjects to special committees.

ARTICLE 5. — meetings.

Sec I. There shall be regular annual meetings of the Association
at such time and place as the Board may select, and each member shall
be notified of the time and place at least one month in advance.

Sec 2. Special meetings of the Association shall be called by the
President on the request of ten or more members, provided that the
one month's previous notice be duly given, and that no business shall
be transacted unless specified in the call. Meetings of the Executive
Board shall be called on request of five or more of its members.

Sec 3. Any resolution or order which shall receive the written
approval through correspondence of every member of the Board shall
have the full force of a regular vote.

ARTICLE 6. nV-LAWS.

Sec I. Any by-law not inconsistent with -this Constitution may be
adopted by three-fourths vote at two successive meetings.

Sec 2. Any by-law may be suspended by unanimous vote at any
meeting, but shall be repealed only by three-fourths vote at two succes-
sive meetings.

ARTICLE 7. AMENDMENTS.

This Constitution may be amended by three-fourths vote at two suc-
cessive meetings of the Association, provided that each member shall
be notified of the proposed amendment at least one month before its
final adoption.

14 Library Notes.

OFFICERS OF THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION FOR 1886.

President.
W : F : Poole, Librarian Chicago Public Library.

Vice-Presidents.

A. R. Spofford, Librarian of Congress, Washington;
H : A. Homes, Librarian N. Y. State Library, Albany;
C : A. Cutter, Librarian Boston Athenaeum ;
W : E. Foster^ Librarian Providence Public Library.

Secretary.
Melvil Dewey, Chief Librarian Columbia College, New York.

AsSt. Secretary.
E. C. Richardson, Librarian Hartford Theol. Seminary.

Treasurer.
Jas. L. Whitney, Asst. Librarian Boston Public Library.

Finance Committee.

C : C. Soule, Law Publisher, Boston ;

J. N. Larned, Librarian Buffalo Library ;

G : W : Harris, Act. Librarian Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Co-operation Committee.

W : I. Fletcher, Librarian Amherst College, Amherst, Mass. ;

B : P. Mann, Bibliographer, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington ;

W. S. Biscoe, Catalog Librarian, Columbia College, New York;

C : Alex. Nelson, Astor Library, New York ;

Miss E. M. Coe, Librarian New York Free Circulating Library, 48 Bond St., N. Y.

Standing Committee.

R: R. Bowker, of the Library Journal ^ 31 Park Row, New York ;
W : T. Peoples, Librarian Mercantile Library, New York ;
R. B. Poole, Librarian Y. M. C. A., New York.

Commitfke on Next Meeting. — K. A: Linderfelt, Librarian Milwaukee Public
Library; C. W. Merrill, Librarian Cincinnati Public Library; F.J, Soldan, Librarian Public
Library, Peoria, 111.; A. N. Brown, Library Bureau, 32 Hawley St., Boston; H, E. Davidson,
Library Bureau, 32 Hawley St., Boston. (With authority to appoint sub-committees.)

Councillors. — Justin Winsor, Librarian Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., Presi-
dent A. L. A., 1876-85; E. M. Barton, Librarian American Antiquarian Soc, Worcester,
Mass.; Miss Mary A. Bean, Librarian Public Library, Brookline, Mass.; J: S. Billings,
Librarian National Medical Library, Washington; Mellon Chamberlain, Librarian Boston
Public Library; J: N. Hycr, Librarian St. Louis Mercantile Library; J: Eaton, U. S.
Commissioner of Education, Washington; J: Edmands, Librarian Mercantile Library,
Philadelphia; 1): C. (oilman, I'resident Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; S: S. CJreen,
Librarian Worcester Free l\iblic Library; R. A. Cluild, Librarian Brown University,
Providence, R. L; Miss C. M. Hewins, Librarian Hartford Library, Hartford, Conn.; Miss
H. P. James, Li])rarian Free Pu])lic Library, Newton, Mass. ; K. A: Linderfelt, Librarian
Milwaukee Public Library; C. W. Merrill, Librarian Cincinnati Public Library; Lloyd P.
Smith, Librarian Philadelphia Library Co. ; Addison Van Name, Librarian Yale College,
New Haven, Conn.

Library Notes. 15

AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION.

Milwaukee Meeting, July 7, 8, 9, and 10, 188G.

The arrangements for the Milwaukee meeting are practically com-
plete and give promise of an unusually interesting and attractive ses-
sion. The hospitalities to be extended are on a scale worthy the great
Northwest and can not but attract many from the East who would not
think they could afford the journey under less favorable circumstances.

The Wisconsin railroads with great liberality have agreed to carry
members of the Association free on the eight days excursion to the
capital, the famous Dells, across the State and up the Mississippi river
by daylight to St. Paul and Minneapolis, along Lake Superior and
through the great woods of Northern Wisconsin back to Chicago.
The program is more extensive and attractive than anything hereto-
fore attempted by the A. L. A., and still more is promised to be an-
nounced later. The Secretary has authority to extend return tickets
and a party will spend some weeks after the convention and the
national Sangerfest, in a vacation at one of the many attractive summer
resorts, probably in Northern Michigan near the Sault-Ste. Marie.

Those wishing details of the great National Sangerfest which
begins in Milwaukee, Wed., July 14, can address Mr. K. A. Linderfelt,
Public Library, Milwaukee.

Members may bring friends freely, who become associates of the A.
L. A. for the year on payment of $2, and receive all reduced rates and
a copy of the Proceedings. The very great reductions in the cost of
the trip are not likely to be repeated and me«nbers and their friends
should accept the very cordial invitation to take one of the finest excur-
sions on the continent. Members wishing, can extend their stay at
reduced rates.

Certificate cards of membership will be issued by the Secretary.
The local committees specially urge librarians to bring their families
and friends and evidently mean that our first meeting in the Northwest
shall be long remembered and that those in the East who allow the con-
siderable distance to prevent their attendance shall have abundant rea-
son to regret their mistake. The program so far as ready indicates

i6 Lribrary Notes.

that the sessions will be not less attractive than the excursions, so that
the trip promises the rare combination of profit and pleasure which the
librarian needs and appreciates.

A hopeful sign is the increasing number of libraries that officially
recognize the importance of sending delegates, whose expenses are
paid by the library. One by one Boards of Trustees are learning that
the annual meeting is a " means of grace " that cannot wisely nor
economically be neglected. The librarians in attendance get rest and
recreation and inspiration for their work, and they get also direct sug-
gestions that can be applied on their return, to every-day work, often
saving from a single idea gained at the conference as much as the ex-
penses for a score of years. The Association appeals to managers to
make this sending of official delegates the rule. It suggests also that
institutions, where practicable, pay the S25 and become life members,
thus entitling their delegate for all time to a seat and vote in the meet-
ings, instead of paying $2 annually, which is really 8 per cent on the
cost of life membership Beside the economy, this plan saves the time
and trouble of a petty annual payment, and a library once a life mem-
ber is more likely to profit constantly by the national meetings. Li-
brarians are requested to submit this request to their trustees, where
practicable, in time for the coming meeting. It is to be hoped also
that others will follow the example set by Columbia College, which has
a standing rule, giving any members of its staff the necessary leave of
absence, with full pay, if they will attend the annual meetings.

ROUTE.
It has been decided that all things considered the picturesque route
via the Hoosac Tunnel, the West Shore R. R., Suspension Bridge,
Niagara Falls, and the Great Western R. R. to Chicago offers the great-
est attractions for the eastern party. Very liberal concessions have
been made from regular fares, and stop-over privileges are freely
granted to those asking them. The eastern parties will leave Boston,
Fitchburg station at 3 p. m. and New York, West Shore station, down
town, foot of Jay Street, 5.40, up town foot of West 42nd Street at 6 p. m.
Saturday, July 3d. The trains unite at Rotterdam Junction and reach
Niagara Falls at 7. 1 5 Sunday a. m. An entire day at special hotel rates is
given to the Falls and the party leaves for Chicago after breakfast Mon-
day, avoiding the expense of sleeping cars and getting the most beautiful
scenery by daylight ; reaching Chicago Monday, at 9.45 v. m. and giv-
ing a day and two nights to the western metropolis. Those unable
to join the regular party on Saturday may leave Boston at 3 p. m., and
New York at 6 p. m., Monday, arriving at Chicago 9.45 p. m. Tuesday.

Library Notes. 17

This involves a long unbroken journey, $5.00 instead of ;J2. 50 for sleep-
ing cars and misses the Niagara and the Chicago days and evenings
which promise to be specially enjoyable. Unless in an emergency
every member should go with the regular party in the A. L. A. car.
Wednesday at 8 a. m. the party leaves Chicago for Milwaukee which is
reached at 1 1 A. m. The opening session will be Wednesday p. m.

Those preferring the southern route via New York, Philadelphia,
Baltimore and Washington, over the mountains by the Baltimore &
Ohio R. R. may leave Washington, July 5, on the 10 a. m. limited
express, getting the most beautiful scenery by daylight and joining
the Niagara party at Chicago Tuesday, at 9 a. m. Delegates may
spend Sunday in Washington or leave New York at 9 or 12 p. m.
Sunday, getting to Washington at 5.35 and 8.05 a. m. or coming later
may take the 10 p. m. express from Washington, reaching Chicago at
7 a. m. Wednesday in time to go to Milwaukee on the A. L. A. car.
Tickets are $27.60 from New York and $35.00 from Boston via 4.30
p. M. train. The attractions of both routes may be combined by ex-
changing tickets at Milwaukee.

EXPENSES.

Tickets for the round trip, to Milwaukee and return, good for
60 days, from New York $25.00, from Boston $30.00. This does not
include sleeping car berth ($2.50 for double berth, Boston to Niagara)
or meals. Those wishing to take the train at any points east of
Niagara Falls and secure reductions proportionate to these given on
the excursion tickets from Boston and New York must get a blank
from the Library Bureau, 32 Hawley St., Boston, and on buying their
ticket at regular rates, must have the ticket agent sign this blank,
showing that full fare has been paid one way. This voucher will
enable the member to secure return tickets by paying the small
balance required. Those buying the regular New York or Boston
tickets require no blank.

Tickets have been so arranged that those not caring for opportunity
to stop over at Niagara and Chicago and take the journey more
leisurely, may g'et the same rates, and take the last possible train
through to Milwaukee without stop.

The headquarters in Milwaukee will be the Plankinton House, the
best in the city, where for members of the A. L. A. the rate has been
reduced from $4.00 to $2.50 per day. The Avenue House, a family
hotel, charmingly situated on Washington Place in the best part of the
city, four blocks west of the Public Library, will furnish board and
room for two persons at $1.25 per day each. Liberal concessions to

x8 Library Notes.

A. L. A. members will be made at all points. At Chicago the Clifton
House reduces to $2.00 and $2.50 per day. The reductions at other
points will be given as soon as the number who will go is reported.

The A. L. A. Post-Conference Excursion starts from Milwaukee on

Monday y July 12, 7.45 a. m., picking up on the way those who have
spent Sunday at the summer resorts, arriving at Madison at 10.45 A- ^•
and leaving at 5 p. m. for Kilbourn City, which is reached at 7.45 p. m.

Tuesday^ Steamboat excursion through Upper Dells ; afternoon, car-
riage excursion to Standing Rock ; evening, steamboat excursion by
moonlight through Lower Dells.

Wednesday y 5.29 A. m. leave Kilbourn City ; 2.25 p. m. arrive St. Paul.

Thursday y at St. Paul and Minneapolis; 10 p. m. leave St. Paul for
Lake Superior.

Friday morning, arrive at Ashland in time for breakfast ; excursion
by steamboat to Apostle Islands, returning to Ashland for the night.

Saturday y excursion to Gogebic iron mines, returning at 4 p. m.

Monday y 10.15 A- ^- leave Ashland, going through the woods of
Northern Wisconsin by day, and reaching Chicago

Tuesday^ at 7 a. m. The exercises here will be announced later.

This schedule provides for only two nights on the road with the
consequent expense for sleeping cars, and takes us along the Mississippi
river in the day time ; hotel expenses will be made as light as possible,
and may be regulated, in the larger cities, according to individual
tastes. For special excursions satisfactory arrangements can be made,
as soon as an estimate of the number likely to participate is known.
Several places to be visited have signified their intention of extending
courtesies to the Association.

Those wishing to go on the eight day excursion should report their
names as soon as decided to Mr. K. A. Linderfelt, Milwaukee Public
Library.

Those wishing reduced rates should send their names, the number in
the party, the number of sleeping berths required and the time they
will leave Boston and New York, to the Library Bureau, 32 Hawlcy
street, Boston, as promptly as possible.

The tickets will be sent by mail to any member of the A. L. A. on
receipt of the price, and to those wishing to join, on payment of the
annual fee of $2.00 in addition. Tickets should be secured by July ist.

To accommodate any out of town we will purchase tickets for them on
written order and deliver them on either the Boston or New York train.

Address inquiries and orders for tickets from the east to Library
Bureau, 32 Hawley street, Boston.

Library Notes. 19

Partial Program of A. L. A. Meeting 1886.

Address of the President, Reports of Secretary, Treasurer, Finance Com-
mittee, Cooperation Committee and Standing Committee.

Report on Aids and Guides, F: M. Crunden, Librarian Public Library, St.
Louis.

Report on Public Documents, S: S. Green, Librarian Free Public Library, .
Worcester.

Report on Growth and Development of Libraries, F. J. Soldan, Librariaa*
Public Library, Peoria.

State and Law Libraries, Mrs. S. B. Maxwell, Librarian State Library, Des
Moines, Iowa.

First Librarian's Convention 1853, E. M. Barton, Librarian American Anti-
quarian Society, Worcester.

Relation of the Public Library to the Public Schools, H. M. Utley, Libra-
rian Public Library, Detroit.

Relation of University Seminaries to the University Library', Edwin H.
Woodruff, Cornell University Library, Ithaca.

Teaching Bibliography in Colleges, R. C. Davis, Librarian, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Some New Devices and Arrangements in a Library Building, J. N. Larned,
Librarian Buffalo Library.

Library Buildings, E. Magnusson, Cambridge University, England.

How to Make the Most of a Small Library, Miss C. M. Hewins, Librarian
Library Association, Hartford.

Charging Systems for Small Libraries, G. L. Little, Librarian Bowdoin Col-
lege, Brunswick.

Eclectic Book Numbers, Melvil Dewey, Chief Librarian Columbia College,
New York.

Author Notation for Greek and Latin Classics. Also, Close Classification,
C. A. Cutter, Librarian Athenceum, Boston.

What Catalogs we shall Print, C. A. Nelson, Astor Library, New York.

The Great Enemy of Books, L. P. Smith, Librarian Library Company,
Philadelphia.

The Librarian and his Constituents, R. B. Poole, Librarian Y. M. C. A.,
New York.

Hobbies, W. De M. Hooper, Librarian Public Library, Indianapolis.

King Aquila's Classification, J. Schwartz, Librarian Apprentices Library,
New York.

Why Librarians Know, E. C. Richardson, Librarian Theological Seminary,
Hartford.

International Copyright in Congress, T. Solberg, Washington.

Notes and Queries and discussions of practical library questions will as
usual be an important feature.

20 Library Notes.

CO-OPERATIVE CATALOGING.

In anticipation of action on this subject at the Milwaukee conference
the Cooperation Committee of the A. L. A. have issued a circular as
follows : —

We wish to call your attention to a scheme of cooperative cataloging.

The object had in view in this scheme is the preparation and printing of such catalogs
and indexes as will serve to relieve the individual libraries of a considerable share of the
labor and expense of the present sy'stem, just as the publication of the new edition of Poole*s
Index has relieved them of what many felt to be the necessity of including the articles in
leading periodicals in their catalogs.

Prominent among such indexes now imperatively needed, and only awaiting the develop-
ment of some practical scheme for their preparation and issue, are the much talked-of index
to essays and to other monographic general literature, and a scientific subject index, to com-
plement the Royal Society's author catalog.

The printing of cards for the ordinary card catalogs, covering such current books as
are received by most libraries, is also contemplated, and the issue in sections or class-lists
of such a catalog as has long been proposed under the name of the ** A. L. A. Catalog."

If the question is asked, Why cannot these works be produced as was the new edition of
Poole's Index ? it may be replied that the issue of that work has shown that there is no pecu-
niary remuneration for any one who may undertake similar labors, and volunteers are lackingfor
unpaid work. At any rate, we have waited several years in vain for the example of Poole's
Index to be followed in these other fields, and each year the necessity increases that some-
thing be done. Meantime the conviction has gained strength that by some organization for
the purpose the result can be secured without depending on individual or voluntary effort, and
that in fact the best results will be so obtained.

We now propose that a section of the American Librar}' Association be organized some-
what after the pattern of a publishing society (the Early English Text and Shakspere Soci-
eties furnish examples). The membership should reside in libraries as such, rather than in
their officers as individuals. The funds should be derived from annual dues paid by the
members and should be applied, in such manner as may prove most advantageous, to secur-
ing the preparation and printing of the desired catalogs or indexes.

To give definiteness to our propositions we suggest as a financial basis an annual member-
ship fee of $io, and we ask you to bring the matter before your library committee, or other
managing board, and secure if possible an assurance that your library will support such an
undertaking.

For the more elaborate works which might thus ])e undertaken, it would doubtless be neces-
sary to arrange for a special class of subscribers among the larger libraries with an extra fee
of a considerable amount. But this is a detail which will naturally come up later.

It is confidently expected that this matter will be brought into definite shape at the next
annual conference of the American Library Association, at Milwaukee, July 7 — 10, 1886, and
to this end we wish to secure a general expression with regard to it, preliminary to that
meeting. Therefore we ask you to return the enclosed blank with your signature if you can
give it, and with such suggestions as to the proposed scheme as may occur to you. Criti-
cisms and amendments will be heartily welcomed, as well as favorable views and expressions
of interest from any libraries not prepared to give assurances of subscription.

Please observe that your signature to the enclosed blank does not bind your librar}* to a

subscription, and is merely asked as an expression of your probable support if the scheme is

satisfactorily set afoot.

W: I. FLETCHER,
B: PICKMAN MANN,
W. S. BISCOE,
C: ALEX. NELSON,
Amherst College, 12 Je, 1886. ELLEN M. COE,

Cooperation
Committee.

Lribrary Notes. ax

All librarians and others interested in the efficient and economical
working of our public libraries, who may not have received a copy of
this circular with its blank for reply, are in\nted to correspond with the
Committee on the subject in order that they may have the benefit of
suggestions and encouragement from all quarters.

Copies of the above circular will be sent to any person whose
address may be furnished to the Committee for the purpose. Address
the Chairman at Amherst, Mass.

SELECTING A LIBRARY SYSTEM.

Except in the rare cases where it is the good fortune of the librarian
to be appointed at the.verj- inception of the library idea and to share in
all the preliminaries he goes to his work with a great many important
things already decided for him. Interest has been developed ; the nec-
essar)- legislation secured ; the funds (ver\' seldom indeed the necessar)'
funds) raised ; the building is located or rented and verj* likely equipped
with fixtures, furniture and fittings ; the by-laws are established, the
trustees elected and ver\- often also the assistants, if there are to be
any, and the regulations for readers ver)* possibly are printed ; in most
cases the books are on hand and very likely some forms of catalogs.
Happy is the new librarian who does not find a large assortment of
things just too good to be ignored or entirely thrown away and just too
bad to be accepted as the form to be continued. While a librarian
ought to shape all this preliminary work, if he is well qualified for his
place, the part that more especially falls to his decision is the adoption
of the methods of buying, cataloging, numbering, charging, binding,
etc. or that group of details known as adniinistrative. In fact the first
question asked of a new librarian is apt to be, what records and cat-
alogs are you going to make and what blanks and technical fittings and
supplies do you need to begin your work ? The wisest answer to this
question varies as widely as the libraries, but there are certain things
which all require in common just as the necessities of life include
many items in common whether one lives in a cottage or a palace.
Certain things cannot wisely be dispensed with in the smallest and
poorest library. These are the necessaries of librar}' life and can no
more be omitted than meals and bed and clothes and laundr)- for him
who lives the simplest life. That many libraries get along without
some of the items named as essential does not disprove our statement.
Library science is in its infancy and the majority of libraries have never
had their entire system carefully organized as a unit by a competent ex-

22 Library Notes.

pert ; the methods in use are the growth often of many years and many
minds and it would be unreasonable to hope that the results could not
be improved. The average librarian has entered upon his work and
continued it at first just exactly in the way his predecessor had been
doing it. From time to time certain faults became so glaring that they
were wholly or partially removed, or certain new ideas were suggested
which seemed improvements and were therefore adopted without thor-
ough investigation to determine if there might not be other methods
that at less cost or less labor would accomplish even better results.
A librarian therefore who without comparative study copies the system
of some neighboring library which he visits, is almost sure to get into
the ruts of his model and often exaggerates his faults.

Again the statement of an experienced librarian that he has never
used a shelf list or an accession book or a book plate, and has never
felt their need, should not be accepted as proof that these are not es-
sential ; for not a few men have made excellent reputations in charge
of libraries because of their knowledge of books, their kindly interest
in readers, their devotion to their work or for other reasons, who have
never properly met the obligations, laid upon them by their position, of
giving proper business care to the safety of the books in their charge,
guarding against loss by annual inventories and preserving records that
would be demanded in business life of any person taking charge of
property belonging to the public or to another. It is one of the most
common experiences that people who have never used a labor saving
method or machine stoutly aver that there is no need of it because they
have never felt the need and yet the same person after a single year's
use of the new machine, if it really be valuable, is often loudest in as-
serting that it would be impossible to get on without it. The sum of
this advice is then that the young librarian adopting a system for a new
library or revising that of an old one should not rely on the opinion of
any individual too explicitly ; but should secure, if possible a compara-
tive view of various plans and base his judgment on the consensus 'of
the competent.

COST OF LIBRARY EQUIPMENT.

It is a common experience for trustees or committees to be alarmed
at the initial expenses of starting even the smallest library properly.
They say '* these gim cracks and odds and ends will cost us more than
the books," forgetting that the first expense is like equipping a school
with desks and blackboards and apparatus for successful work ; that

. Library Notes. 23

these expenses are many of them incurred only once in many years ;
and that it is often real economy in the first year to expend, for the
technical librar)' machiner}', a sum that to any one unfamiliar with the
details would seem exorbitant. Below is a partial list of the fittings
and supplies which even the smallest library needs from the first.

It w^ould be absurd for a young housekeeper to complain that the
outlay for equipping her kitchen cost more than a month's board ; or for
a farmer to decry the extravagance of paying more for barns and
fences, mowing machines, wagons, and the equipment for doing his
•work cheaply and well than his whole crop came to the first year. We
should doubt the sanity of a woman who hired a skillful seamstress
for S400 a year and then on the score of economy declined to spend
possibly one tenth that sum in a good sewing machine. And yet this is
exactly what happens with otherwise practical library trustees. They
raise money for a library, buy books, salar}*^ a librarian and refuse to
provide labor saving machinery and supplies that would save in the
long run five to fifty dollars for each dollar of initial cost. A good
library is a productive power and it is absurd to start a factory, getting
building, raw material and labor and then because of the expense to
delay getting the machinery ; and the rule is world wide that those who
cannot afford to get that form of machinery which will do the work best
and cheapest are sure to come out last in the competition. In business
the ledger shows this folly clearly. In educational work the expert
sees it no less clearly but the trustees often congratulate themselves on
their economy not recognizing that it has been a bad case of penny
wise and pound foolish.

However much good may be done, a given library will never do the
best work till its management recognizes the duty and true economy
of providing skilled assistance and the best labor-saving equipment of
catalogs, indexes, fittings and supplies.

BOOK PLATES.

Many scrawl the name in ink, others apply it in gaudy colors from a
rubber or metal stamp ; but the experience of the world favors a book
plate inside the front cover as the best indication of ownership. This
can be had for $i.cx) or so per thousand, according to quantity printed,
and very few libraries will be driven to such stress of economy as to be
unable to afford one tenth of a cent each in respectably marking the
ownership of its books. While plates handsomely engraved on copper
or steel are verj' attractive, they cost perhaps ten times as much and

24 Library Notes.

poor libraries had best get on without them. The majority of wealthy
libraries are content with a neatly printed plate. Avoid a large plate
which is much more difficult to paste in smoothly and when in is much
less attractive. We use for our largest sized plate 5x7>^ cm. (2x3 in.)
and find it ample for all our numbers and subject references.

We reproduce below a form of plate that gives excellent satisfaction.
If a fixed location is used the shelf number replaces the class number.
The volume number is written below the book number as is "cop. 2,"
etc., if the book is a duplicate. Many libraries put the accession
number and date received on this plate, but we prefer to give these

ClMi Book

Oolumbia College Library

Hadigon Av. and 49th St. New York.

B€tidt tfu mam to^ tku book oho tromU of

SMbjoct No, Onfago Subfeci No, Om pago

facts on the inside margin of the first recto after the title, together
with initial of the source, cost, date of cataloging and initial of cata-
loger. All these facts in a single line close to the fold arc handy for
reference but hardly noticed unless wanted. When the book is rebound
they arc not lost as happens if put on the book plate, and readers
in looking at the number of the book are not confused by a series of
marks and numbers for which they have no use.

It will be noticed that our book plate has the innovation of cross
references with the exact page where the matter referred to begins
and ends. This is less compact in systems where the subjects have
no number but must be written out. When the cataloger examines
the book and finds matter of importance on some other subject than
the one chosen for its classification, it is the work of only an instant
to note the pages on the book plate and this saves more than the time
required, for every person who thereafter consults it. Many books
have no index or a very imperfect one. The reader is referred to a
certain large volume for some point and may have to hunt a half hour
to find it with the chance of missing it altogether. By this plan he
has on the book itself the exact page to which to open. If the matter
referred to is a part of a chapter the note of a final page may often

Library Notes. 25

save his missing an important part of the reference, for often a writer
starts a theme and after a few sentences apparently takes up another
topic which proves to be only a digression, and after a page or two he
goes on with a full discussion of the first point. In such cases the
reader is apt to think he has seen all that was referred to when the
first paragraph ends and he closes the book. This risk is avoided and
his time saved if the cataloger who has found all this out, will take
time to put down the extra two or three figures once for all. These
references are also often interesting to one not sent to the book
specially for them but who thus has his attention called to an impor-
tant feature perhaps not mentioned in the title and likely not to
be noticed unless the book is carefully examined. Of course only
important topics are thus brought out and with many books there is
nothing worthy such a reference. The blank plate does no harm.
In some classes of books e. g. law reports, poems, etc., a narrower
plate with no reference blanks is used but even a poem may have
very interesting matter on some period of history or some name in
biography that well deserves a reference and we find it best to use the
full plate though we think it will never be needed.

Binders* paste is best for putting in the plates. Mucilage is apt to
peel off and is much more expensive. The paste keeps better in a
wood dish (e. g. a little pail or tub). A proper brush is important. A
visit to a bindery will show a novice how neatly and how quickly the
work is done. Even these little details require skill. Care must be
taken in laying down the plate to have it straight so that the paper
will cover every place touched by the paste and not show a soiled
margin. The books should be piled with the covers turned back till
the paste has time to dry. If closed as soon as done a bit of paste at
the edge may stick to the opposite leaf or the dampness may cause the
paper to wrinkle. Avoid covering up printed matter on the cover or
plates showing previous ownership. Sometimes important tables or
other matter is printed on the cover. In such cases the plate can be
pasted by its edge to the inner margin so that all under it can be read.

Finally, when a book is sent to the binder the book-plate should be
exactly copied or else the front cover torn off and retained so that
when the book is returned an exact duplicate of the plate can be
inserted. This saves the labor of hunting up the cross reference num-
bers with the danger of mistakes.

26 Library Notes.

EMBOSSING STAMP.

This is needed to mark the name and place of the library on the

title pages and all plates, maps and inserts not printed on the regular

forms and therefore liable to be removed. If the stamp is properly

made it is impossible to iron out its impression so that it- cannot be

detected if the sheet is held up to the light and the broken fibres

examined. A rubber stamp used to mark titles and plates is apt to

stain, blot or offset, or if an ink that acts like a paint instead of

a dye is used, after many years it can be removed with an ordinary
eraser. Safety and neat appearance both require the raised letters of

the seal press.

The best form of seal for embossing is the simple name of the library
with its location in plain, gothic letters. Fancy types are less legible
and the fine lines wear out and break quicker. The gothic letter will
wear better than any other. A very common outline is an oval about
2x3 cm, but the words alone without the border line are still neater.
The town and (except for very prominent cities) the state should be
given, for books get carried long distances in family movings and find
their way home in time if it is clearly indicated. If the letters, are cut
on a globe in has relief, the fibers of the paper are pressed into a new
shape more difificult to iron out, but it is safe to avoid all designs and
alleged ornaments. A border line round the oval, if cut in the ordinary
way as for a notary's seal, is very apt, in the hands of beginners, to act
like a punch and cut out the paper, sometimes leaving the space open
when the lever is raised but oftener cutting the fibre so that the center
drops out after a little handling. The impression should never be
made with a quick stroke, such as is used with a dating stamp, but,
specially with old or tender paper, with a slower, steady pressure that
forms the paper into the new shape without cutting it out. An illus-
tration of the principle may be seen in pressing a die on hard wax. If
done too suddenly it simply shatters it, but a firm, slow push gives a
perfect outline. A careful embosser will soon learn just how fast he
can work his machine safely by examining closely the result on differ-
ent kinds of paper.

The die should be set to read in the line of the lever, so that stand-
ing before it with the right hand on the lever and the book in the left,
the impression will read straight on the page. A press made to stamp
envelopes is set at right angles to the lever so as to seal the other
corner.

For ordinary books the press should be secured firmly to a table-
corner, or better, to the left end of the top of the taller sized library

Library Notes. 27

steps. This has all the advantages of the table and in addition, can be
readily moved wherever it maybe wanted. In embossing books already
on the shelves, ihe step can be set in front of the tier and each book
replaced as soon as done, thus saving much handling.

An ordinary book is held in the left hand and the title, or the page
to be embossed, is held out from the rest by the little finger, leaving
the right hand free for the lever. For books too large to be held in
one hand, two persons are required, or the press is unscrewed and a
piece of felt glued on the bottom to prevent injury to the book from
the rough edges of the iron frame. Then the large book being opened
on a table the press is set on the leaves below that to be marked, thus
enabling one person to emboss each plate neatly without assistance. It
is of course much cheaper, where there are many large books to have
a duplicate press with felt bottom instead of unscrewing from the steps
each time it is wanted.

We recently bought of the Library Bureau their new treadle embos-
sing machine, which allows of much quicker work, and one person can
handle all but the largest folios alone. This is the regular press with
a hole through the end of lever where a wire is connected and dropped
through the top of the step to a treadle. A spring below completes
the machine. The foot gives the firm pressure, and both hands are
free to handle the book. With this there is less chance of the book
slipping from the hand and tearing or crumpling the leaf.

The impression is best put in the right hand upper section of the
page, and as the purpose of this stamp is to make theft impossible it
must not be so far in the margin as to allow its being cut off without
taking any of the print. The rule is to let the stamp touch some of the
print, but young embossers should be cautioned against disfiguring
portraits or any special feature of a plate. Where a book has many
plates the first should be stamped at the top, the next the width of the
stamp lower, and so on till the bottom is reached, then repeating the
'distribution, and thus avoiding swelling the top corner from having all
the raised letters in the same portion of the book.

ACCESSION BOOK.

This is the business record of every volume added to the library,
beginning with number one and showing date, accession number, class
or shelf, and book and volume numbers, author, brief title, imprint,
size, binding, source, with name of the giver, or agent of whom
purchased with price, and in the last column of remarks is space to

28 Library Notes.

record in future if it be lost, worn out, withdrawn as duplicate, rebound
or otherwise altered. Every volume has a line and the book is thus an
indicator for the entire collection. By this complete, unchangeable
record the additions for every day, week, month and year are shown at a
glance ; also the total number of volumes which the library has had
and its present number by subtracting the total withdrawn and lost.
This book is the most permanent of library records. There is no dan-
ger of losing or misplacing entries, as sometimes happens in card cat-
alogs, nor of being compelled to rewrite them as often happens in the
shelf list. The numbers should be assigned to individual volumes, not
to books or lots as is sometimes done, and it is real economy to buy the
ready numbered books which are furnished at a slight extra charge.
While it is possible to include the facts of the accession book on the
shelf list or on the order slips, the extra labor and expense of so doing
with the fact that much of the value of the accession book is thereby
lost, makes the plan an unwise one and though the innovation has been
advocated by eminent authority almost no one familiar with the regu-
lar book as recommended by the Library Association, has been willing
to adopt the substitute proposed. It is economy to have a leather or
canvas cover for the accession book while it is being filled. The cover
is readily transferred to the next volume and lasts for many years, and
as the volumes are filled they come out fresh and clean for preservation
on the shelves, while without the cover they become very shabby and
soiled in the course of necessary handling while entering 5,000 or
10,000 volumes.

It is cheaper to use the book with 10,000 lines for a library that
expects to attain that number of volumes within any reasonable time ;
and for libraries of over 20,000 it pays to have a wood ledger case with
partitions making a pocket for each book to preserve it safely and
conveniently. A steel ledger clip should also be used to save needless
handling in finding the place for current entries.

The A. L. A. Acession book is 35x30 cm in size. Recently a more
condensed form has been made for those who wish a smaller book that
will go on the regular shelves. This is 25x20 cm and contains all the
essential facts in more compact ruling. While this is preferred for
many private book owners, libraries choose the old standard size. The
difference in cost is about 70c per 1,000 vols, and is therefore not worth
consideration in a permanent record. The labor of writing such a
record costs about 20 times as much as the book and economy requires
that paper, binding and ink used be the best obtainable and that
careful preservation by temporary cover and permanent wood case

Library Notes. 29

should make the great expense of rewriting unnecessary for centuries.
This seems a large phrase but few human institutions are more perma-
nent than libraries, and in the old world many a library has outlived a
score of dynasties.

There is no excuse for mistakes in getting this record book for the
Cooperation Committee of the American Library Association made a
model with great care which can now be had, prefaced with a complete
set of printed rules for all kind of entries at less price than a stationer
can make a single volume to order.

SHELF LIST.

This is a brief inventory of everything on the library shelves, and is
simply indispensable. It is kept in a blank book, or on separate sheets
inserted in a shelf-binder, or on cards. The second method is the
one coming into almost universal use because of its economy. The
sheet is 20x25 cm. (8x10 in.) and has 25 lines to the page. In the
usual place of the page number is given the class number or shelf
number which applies to all the books on that sheet ; in the left hand
column is given the book number ; in the second column the acces-
sion no., which refers to the detailed facts on the accession book ; the
third column gives the number of volumes ; and the fourth and fifth, the
author and brief title. Some give a line to each volume as in the
accession book, in order more readily to mark books missing at the
annual examination, but the wider and better practice is to give one
line to each work in however many volumes, thus making the shelf list
much more compact and convenient for reference. In the examination
instead of marking on the shelf list all books missing, put down the
numbers of all volumes not found, on a separate pass book. Once each
year the librarian reads the shelves with this list. As the two corres-
pond, he has only to look at the book number and number of volumes,
and identify each in its place on the shelves, or if any are missing, to
record them. From this missing list he crosses those found to be prop-
erly charged or at the binders or satisfactorily accounted for and the
remainder is the annual list of books missing. By prompt attention it
is often practicable to recover missing books, and no competent and
faithful librarian will fail to have a careful inventory of the property
committed to his charge made in this way each year. The objection
to the ordinary blank book for this list is the impossibility of foretell-
ing how rapidly subjects will be filled and the consequent certainty
that however carefully the pages may be assigned to the various sub-

30 Library Notes.

jects the scheme will by and by break clown and necessitate recopying
the entire work. With the laced shelf sheets whenever any page
is filled a blank sheet is inserted, the proper order is perfectly main-
tained and recopying is avoided. If, as often happens, in the constant
handling of the list during the inventory, a sheet is torn or soiled, that
single sheet can be replaced with a fresh one with trifling labor. The
shelf list thus combines the advantages of the book and card forms,
being kept in perfect order and capable of expansion and replacement
quickly and cheaply as need may arise, and yet being handled and
turned through the fingers as readily as an ordinary book. The objec-
tions to the card system for a shelf list are the great danger of loss,
misplacement or theft of cards and the much slower reference possible
in reading the shelves. A skillful book thief would be sure not only to
carry off the book, but unless drawers as well as cards were carefully
locked up, to tear out the card from the shelf list, thus taking it off the
inventory and leaving no trace behind.

As the great majority of libraries are arranged with more or less
minuteness according to subjects, in the same proportion the shelf list
is practically a subject catalog in book form and in practice is constantly
referred to by those who have access to it. While its real purpose is
for inventory it is hardly less important in many cases as a guide to
subjects, and if one chooses to insert cross references and notes in a
different colored ink it can be made an admirable help to readers wher-
ever books are closely classified by any of the relative systems. If not
as useful as direct access to shelves it has the advantage of showing
also the books that may be temporarily loaned or at the bindery. If a
library is so unfortunate as to have the old fixed location where the
shelves rather than the subjects bear the numbers^ the shelf list becomes
much less valuable and the objections to a bound book are not as great,
but the standard sheets as recommended by the Cooperation Committee
are almost always preferred even for this use.

If the Shelf List is to be used as a subject catalog it is economy to
divide it into more binders than may be necessary to hold the sheets, as
it thus allows more people to consult it at once. For a small library of
i,ooo or 2,000 volumes a single binder which holds 200 sheets is suf-
ficient in the beginning. For a library of 20 or 30,000 volumes five or
ten binders are desirable and even more than for the accession book is
a wood case of pigeon holes for each binder desirable, as the shelf list
should be kept flat rather than standing on edge. The handiest form
is outlined in the cut.

Library Notes.

31

The shelf list is so much handled that only
linen ledger paper should be used. To use
cheaper stock for this is something like using
common bristol for the cards. A few dollars
may be saved on the first outlay but in time
when all has to be copied this apparent econo-
my is turned into ten or a hundred fold extrav-
agance. For these and all other punched sheets, be sure of the
standard size. The centers of the holes should be just 15 cm apart.

n- -r ^ I

Nothing els(

fit may be made to work, cndle;
start with the e.\act sizes.

I fit the standard binders, etc., and though the first out-

nnoyance will result from neglect to

For the shelf-binder (see cut)
nothing is so cheap in the end
as genuine Turkey morocco and
something more than merely
ordering this from a binder is
usually necessary to get it. We
have given explicit orders to have
shelf binders made of genuine
morocco, specified the size and
cost of the skins and yet got an
inferior article though the makers
had transmitted our orders and
believed we had just what we
ordered and paid for. The only safety is to get such supplies from those
long experienced in the selection of the leather. A mistake here is less
serious as no copying is required and the binder that lasts only half as
long as it should may be replaced without involving other loss. Shelf
binders should be lettered lengthwise on the flexible back and on the
side with the subject, e, g. History, Science, Letekatuke.

The printed headings for the columns are usually chosen as they add
but a triHe to the cost and make the scheme clearer to every one con-
sulting the lists. For the fi.ved location a sheet should be taken for each
shelf. This allows fifty lines and of thin volumes there are sometimes
as many as fifty on a shelf. The sheets may be had with the lines
ready numbered, one to fifty, thus adding greatly to ease of reference.
Numbers are given to books, not volumes, i. e., the second volume of
the fourteenth book on a shelf is 142 not 15. In the accession book
the reverse is the rule. If the volumes are numbered as if independ-
ent books, the lines will be used, one to each volume, as in the acces-

32 Library Notes.

sion book. This i;ives a simple arrangement on the shelves and a
shorter number for charging, but the objections to it are : in the cata-
logs a book in lo v. must be marked No. 12 to 21. ; to identify the
number of any volume one must count up or risk getting it one too
large or too small ; of books published a vol. at a time there is no cer-
tainty how many numbers should be left blank ; there is a constant
confusion between complete works and volumes of a series. All this
is avoided by the rule of making the book number what it professes to
be, the number of the book not of its separate volumes.

Some attempt to get some of the advantages of the relative location
by grouping allied books in different parts of the sheet thus giving up
the simplicity of a i, 2, 3, order in which the last number shows how
many books are assigned to that shelf.

In any of the relative systems sheets are taken just as needed. In
close classification several subjects are assigned to each sheet while in
coarser work not less than an entire sheet is given to each division.
The only systems which have met with any favor in use are : ist. i, 2,
3, order as books come in. 2. Alphabetical, by authors. 3. Chrono-
logical, by dates of publication. 4. Eclectic, arranging as seems most
useful in each case without a definite rule. A code of rules with
printed illustrations will be given in the next number for each of these
four systems with a summary of the merits and faults of each so that
readers may choose whichever will be best adapted to their circum-
stances.

In the author column many find it worth the little extra labor to give
initials as well as surname for in using the shelf list as a subject cata-
log it constantly happens that the initials are needed to judge whether
the book is to be looked up. The title should be condensed to the one
short line allowed unless in very rare cases and abbreviations may be
more freely used than on the cards.

No one thing adds so much to the working convenience of the shelf
list as the use of the numbering machine for putting in the class or
shelf numbers specially where several are assigned to one sheet. If
the machine cannot be afforded (its use is real economy, as after it is
set the entire number can be made wherever wanted with a single
blow), the numbers should be lettered with the pen in heavy bold lines
as nearly like the machine numbers as possible.

Library Notes. 33

SUBJECT SHEETS IN SHELF LISTS.

With the rapid growth of closer classification on the shelves, the shelf
list inevitably comes to be more and more used as a brief subject catalog
in book form and it is doubtful whether any more useful form could be
adopted were the list made solely for this use. Its one lack is cross
references or notes. We propose to meet this by inserting extra
sheets of a light blue tint wherever wanted, bearing the same subject
number but limited to those desirable entries which are no part of the
shelf list, i. e. notes, references to articles in serials or transactions,
chapters in other books, essays, pamphlets, etc. The same purpose
would be served by writing these on the regular sheets in blue or red
ink and in either case no difficulty would be experienced in reading the
shelves from the white sheets or the black ink entries only. Those
having a subject card catalog will seldom be willing to duplicate their
notes and references but those who have no subject catalog would
find these blue sheets or blue ink entries of great value. The white
sheet would show all that was placed on the shelves under that topic.
The blue would show whatever else the library had found that seemed
worth noting. Has any one tried either of these plans ? If so will he
kindly report for the next notes.

CARD CATALOGS.

It is hardly necessary in 1886 to say that every library should have a
card catalog instead of any of the various clumsy substitutes, for its
enormous advantages over the other systems have been almost univer-
sally acknowledged and it hardly seems credible that any one familiar
with the library world would even raise the question as to whether the
card catalog was the best form for the official library record by authors
and subjects. While it would be possible to use the card system
for the accession record and shelf lists, as ha^ been pointed out, their
peculiar character makes it undesirable.

It is of the first importance if the card system is to be adopted that
the best model should be secured. In many cases libraries professing
to have a card catalog have a collection of titles carelessly written and
inconveniently arranged on paper or cards of varying thickness and
stored in drawers or boxes or on shelves in so awkward and unusable a
way that more than half its utility is sacrificed. The one objection to
the card system is that it is so much slower to consult than a book
where the eye sees perhaps 20 titles at once, while in the cards the fin-
ger must turn a card for each. Therefore it is necessary to use the

Tr-

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.; y*. r .:z"^'.Z'i^ :- ji. -ir.^.e

' '..* ':<-.".-. bv au:.. 7=. bv

'/ //?i*.r»;'^ \A\.\»Kr which wci^jhs
i\,.it¥»'»\ on the Librarv Bureau

Library Notes. 35

catalogs 100 gr. Ten years ago the leading libraries largely used a
bristol board three times this thickness (Br. 300). For five years an
increasing number of libraries have been adopting the special library
bristol (Br. 400) which is one-third heavier than that made before.
The thicker the card the more convenentiy it can be handled in the
drawer, the only objection being the extra cost and extra space occu-
pied. There has been recently made a new linen library card (L 200)'
two-thirds the weight of the old standard and half the weight of the-
heaviest library bristol, which costs exactly double and takes exactly
double the number of drawers, for a given library. If strict economy is
important this linen card had best be adopted, but if means allow, the
heaviest bristol (Br. 400) will give best satisfaction. A library with any
considerable number of cards already written should hesitate about
changing the thickness as it introduces a confusing element in the
**feel " of the cards. The fingers running over the tops try to separate
a 400 card into two 200* or pass over two 200' stuck together because
they feel like one thick card.

The danger in the cards is two-fold. First, getting material that
after long and hard use, the constant turning by thousands of fingers,
will split so as to necessitate re-copying at very great cost. The cards
whether thick or thin should be made of the best stock and treated and
finished differently from the bristol board of commerce which is
adapted for printing for which nearly all of it is used. Library cards
should have a hard, metal-like finish, and'greatcr firmness, as they take
ink better, bear erasure better and being "harder and firmer, take less
room and wear longer in the drawers. It is wiser to save expense by
using the thinner card rather than inferior stock. The second danger
is that they will not be cut exactly of the same size. A difference of
I mm. (1-25 in.) in the width of a card is enough to reject it, for if a
card one millimeter taller stands in front, the fingers cannot half as
readily turn to the one behind. To secure this extreme accuracy
which is the peculiarity of the card catalog, is the despair of many
paper dealers who after repeated trials have declared it to be impossi-
ble except at large extra cost.

The arrangement of the matter on the card so as to get it in the best
light prohibits the old fashioned multiform indentions which confined
the matter almost entirely to the upper side of a diagonal from the
upper left to the lower right-hand corner. The class number is best
placed in the upper left-hand corner where it is readily seen. The
title after the initial indentions, should be written the full width of the
card, thus bringing the lines nearer the top of the drawer where they

36 Library Notes.

•can be more easily read, and leaving space below for notes. Dia-
•grams illustrating the best arrangement and the manner of filling the
cards will be given in a succeeding number for the guidance of cata-
logcrs, or sample cards which have been spoiled for catalog use by
some errors and yet will serve to illustrate, may be had of the Library
Bureau without charge.

CARD CATALOG GUARDS.

In public libraries it is absolutely necessary to lock the cards into
the cases to prevent removals or displacements, which are usually un-
intentional but none the less destructive. The form so widely used
of two wires running over the tops of the cards is practically worthless
being no more than a hint that the cards should not be taken out. For,
as every user learns almost at sight, the slightest bend of the card to-
wards a horizontal allows it to be removed almost as readily as if there
were no wires, while the two wires are an annoyance to every one who
tries to read the cards.

The best guard is a steel rod through a hole punched in the center
of the bottom margin of the cards, the center of the hole being one
cm. above the bottom of the drawer. This is better than the hole in the
left corner used in many libraries, where the leverage is so great that
a reader carelessly picking up the card by the right-hand corner is very
apt to tear it from its fastenings. The rod in the center also helps to
balance the cards in proper position in the drawer. This rod should
also be locked in position, or the motion of the drawer back and forth
will tend to throw it out of place; then when the drawer is quickly
closed the projecting rod strikes the back of the case and is driven
forward and is liable to cut the cards and sometimes to spoil the back
panels. A screw thread on the front of the guard wire, working in a
socket in the front of the drawer, holds it in place, but is objectionable
because the thread acts like a saw in passing through the cards as it
must every time a card is inserted or removed. The best plan is a lock
at the back of the drawer, made by bending the rod at right angles
and revolving it through a quarter circle hollow covered by an
escutcheon. This is the most satisfactory device which has ever been
submitted to the A. L. A. committee.

With this form of guard one inserts a card by opening at the desired
place, with the thumb and finger revolving the rod to the right to release
it when the L hook at the end comes opposite the key hole in the
escutcheon and the rod easily pushes back ; the card is inserted, the

Library Notes. 37

rod is drawn forward again and a turn to the left locks it behind the
escutcheon plate. The rule in turning is: to Right Releases, to Left
Locks.

CARD CATALOG DRAWERS.

To avoid cutting out the cards in passing the locking rod through
them the drawers must be no wider than necessary for the cards to
move freely, otherwise some get jogged to the left and some to the right,
and the pointed rod when pushed through to be locked into position is
liable to cut out the sides of the hole in the cards.

Libraries having cases with drawers made according to the earlier
recommendation of the cooperation committees, wide enough to hold
a postal card, will find it worth while to substitute a thicker partition and
alter the holes for the guards, or to put thin strips of wood or card
board at each side of the cards so as to hold them in position. It was
found that so few people inserted postal cards in these cases that the
recommendation was not a wise one. It is much easier to trim off
a half cm. from the occasional postal card.

The height of the drawer should be no greater than necessary barely
to clear the tops of the guides when standing upright. Most drawers
are made deeper, and as a result a part of the light so essential to satis-
factory use is shut off. Where, as often happens, the space for cards is
very limited quite a little can be gained by compact construction so that
no unnecessary space is given to the rails and uprights and to waste
space below the drawer bottoms. Another important point, very apt to
be overlooked, is the arrangement of the drawers in cases. The best
depth of case is 50 cm. Shorter drawers are more apt to be pulled out
on the floor and cost more for a given library. Longer ones become too
deep for convenient consultation of the back cards.

All drawers should be made with a center partition, thus giving two
tiers of cards side by side for economy of construction and because a
reader takes at least the space of two drawers in standing before the
case. Nothing would be gained by making the costlier single tier
drawers. Drawers with three tiers when loaded with cards are too
heavy for many readers to handle easily. It is quite a mistake to put
too many drawers in a tier; as a result the upper drawers are too high
and the lower ones too low to be consulted with any comfort, and as soon
as the catalog is much used it often results that two or three readers
wishing to consult the same tier have to wait for each other to their
mutual annoyance. This failing is so serious that some of the most

38 Library Notes.

experienced librarians are now making the catalog cases in a long row
with only one, sometimes two drawers in a tier, instead of the old
fashioned eight or ten. If space allows and the extra cost can be
afforded this is a great convenience where there are many readers ; but
in most libraries cost and space will forbid this construction and the
readers can be satisfactorily accommodated with a case three drawers
high if the large cards arc used and four drawers high for the index
size. This height was selected after many measurements and experi-
ments and consultations as the best standard.

The best form for card cases for the larger standard card, postal size,
is shown in the accompanying cut.

Here and there a library is trying the experiment of providing stools
in front of catalog drawers placed at table height and to be used sit-
ting. It is a question whether this will justify the extra space
required, though it is certainly a great added comfort in reference
libraries where scholars spend an hnur or more studying the catalog.
On the other hand physicians urge that it is a blessing to readers who
spend nearly all their lives sitting to do a little of their work in an
upright position. Certainly the catalog will require less room and will
be less Hkcly to be clogged up by readers sitting in front of it after
they are really through their consultation if it is kept in the ordinary
form without chairs or stools ; so that each person has every induce-
ment to leave it free for the ne.xt as soon as the necessary reference
has been made.

Another important feature very apt to be overlooked is the ten-
dency to make long, solid cases. It is a great advantage for even a
large library to have its card cases in sections not over three drawers
wide, which makes a case lOO cm. long. This allows for an aisle

Library Notes. 39

between each three tiers and readers can work before ever\* tier of
drawers in the series, at the middle tier standing directly in front of it ;
at the two end tiers by standing partly in the aisle. In the solid long
case every fourth tier must be skipped to enable readers to work before
all the others. It is a still greater advantage that these smaller
standard cases, all of the same length, and depth and height, the length
being just double the depth, allow of rearrangement whenever growth
or changes in the building or changes in the growth of the catalog
may make it desirable. The traditional long case of large libraries,
usually has but one available place ; but these standard cases may be
carried along in a single series, or in an emergency stacked in double
depths thus making the old fashioned six or eight drawer tier ; or can be
put back to back ; or in one of the most compact arrangements for four
cases, two back to back, two others across the ends where their length
exactly corresponds to the double depth of the two center cases. This
makes a solid block of cards two meters long and one wide, so that
readers may stand before each of the 12 tiers, making a complete
circle of the catalog without wasting any space and yet allowing each
one comfortable working room. Another advantage of using the
standard sizes instead of the larger case is that the initial outlay may
be so much smaller for one case may be bought at a time as the cata-
log grows instead of providing in advance for the increase of 10 or 20
years.

BLOCKS FOR CARD CATALOGS.

The blocks for supporting the cards at the right angle must be of the
right height and slant, or they will not allow rapid work. The front
block should be glued to the front of the drawer, and the guard wire
should be only long enough to go half way through the block without
reaching the drawer front. The commonest trouble is the failure to an-
chor the back block in its proper position. There is one right place for
this block ; if too far forward the cards are squeezed together, and can-
not be readily consulted ; if too far back, the cards are almost as incon-
venient, hang loosely on the rod, bend down, with danger of tearing out,
and wear out much more rapidly. The common plan of thumb wedges to
hold the blocks in place is bad. If tight enough to hold the block they
spread the sides of the drawer at the same point and prevent its run-
ning readily. They are always liable to fall out of place with the con-
stant jar of the drawers, which are hurriedly opened and closed. Metal
spurs in the bottom of the blocks requires specially soft wood for the

\

40 Library Notes.

drawer bottom, which in time becomes torn to pieces with the holes, and
very ugly, and they are as likely to jar out then as the wedges. Or a.
series of holes may be bored at regular intervals for dowels. If these-
are long enough to hold the block, it can be moved only by removing the
guard or by springing it so much so as to bend it and to injure the
cards, which are lifted by the rod movement.

A better device is to put a small rod, half the size of a lead pencil,
back of the block, at about two-thirds its height, the ends of the rod
resting in holes or slots made in the sides of the drawer and in the
middle partition ; or a similar support can be made with a strip of wood
fitting in the same slots. The objection to this method is the irregular
sides of the drawer on which the ends of the cards catch, and the ex-
pense of cutting so many ;;rooves ; or if the rod is used and only a small
hole bored in the sides and partition, it can be moved only by lifting out
the middle partition and springing the rod. An improvement on the
last plan is to use in place of the rod a steel spring, stiff enough to hold
the rod in place and elastic enough to be sprung into the arc of the
circle, thus releasing both ends without removing the partition. After
many experiments over these various forms we have adopted as the
simplest and best the following plan : A hole is bored through the back
block as near the center as the guard wire allows and large enough
to take a straight metal pin with a large head. This fits loosely in the
block below which it projects into one of a series of holes in the center
of the drawer bottom, bored on a straight line 2 cm. apart. This pin
holds the block firmly in place. By lifting it by its head far enough to
clear the bottom, the block slides freely on the guard rod and can be set
at any point desired almost instantly. This avoids the objections to all
the other plans, and in use has given the best satisfaction.

CATALOG GUIDES.

Perhaps the most important feature of the card catalog is the system
of guides by which the labor of finding a particular reference may be
reduced tenfold.

First, every drawer should bear on its front, in a label holder that
will protect the card from injury and soiling, the subject, name, or title
that stands first in each side of the drawer. This enables the reader
to pull out exactly the right drawer and to know in which side of it to
look for his matter. Then the guides proper indicate, as closely as
practicable, in what part of the columns of cards he must look for the
one card he wishes to see. The old form of guide was literally a guide

Library Notes. 41

iaard with a bevelled edge on which was written the name or number,
sometimes lettered on the wood directly, oftener on paper, pasted over
the top. These boards seemed entirely satisfactory- in the beginning,
but as the catalogs grew and the importance of frequent guides was
more and more recognized, some librarians found to their dismay that
the boards were taking as much room as the cards and doubled the
cost of cases and the space required. Some at considerable expense
threw them away, others faced the cost of keeping up the cumbersome
system.

Another common form of guide was of bristol board proiecting a half
centimeter above the cards. This was compact and while new
answered the purpose admirably but inevitably was soon soiled and
the edges were broken, torn and unsightly. If card guides are adopted
it must be with the understanding that they must be replaced from
time to time with fresh ones. For ten years the standard guide has
been made of zinc which gave at once compatness and durability and
also allowed the 1-2 cm. projection at the top, to be bent at an angle so
as to be most easily read. The difficult problem how to letter these
zincs was solved by the use of platinic chloride with a gold or quill
pen. This gave a black mark and if neatly done looked very well.
This form has been more widely used than any other. To it there are
two objections, the zinc with age loses its brightness, grows dark and
the black of the chloride ink do not show very distinctly on its dark
surface. Then in many cases the lettering looks like the writing on a
pane of glass with a candle, thick and heavy. The second objection
was the great added weight where thousands of solid zinc guides were
inserted in the drawers. To overcome this wc tried many e.\peri-
ments, cutting away as much as possible of the body of the guide in
order to reduce the weight. Of the many patterns tried the best form
seems to be to cut out the center of each side of the guide leaving a
bar through the middle to stiffen and to allow space for the hole for
the guard. But so far, all these models have been unsatisfactory
because the cards caught in Che sides of holes cut out, and the frame
work left was so much less stiff than the original guide. It also added
to the cost. The present experiment which promises success is the
use of a zinc only half as thick as the old form heretofore used, the
only fear being that this may too readily bend in turning the cards, as
readers are sure to do by using the edge of the guide as a handle or
lever. The difficulty of the indistinct lettering has recently been very
satisfactorily overcome by covering the top of the zinc with a tinted
paper which shows the soiling of the fingers less readily than white.

42 Library Notes.

On this paper lettering shows to perfection, but the best results can
only be secured by using the printed guides which are one of the
results of recent cooperation. These can be had either on slips or
already mounted on the zinc. The guides as printed were carefully
selected for the average names of the author and title catalog and also
for the subject catalog where the Decimal Classification is in use.
Other forms of guides are promised as soon as libraries enough coop-
erate to meet the cost of production.

The difficulty in this last solution was to find a way of making the
paper stick to the zinc. We give below the receipt used by the Boston
Public Library as modified after experiments at Columbia.

Receipt for Glue to Cover with Paper Zinx Guides for Cata-
LO(i Cards. — Put one teaspoonful of gum tragacanth in a little hot
water over the fire. Add hot water till the gum is thoroughly dissolved.
Dissolve one teaspoonful of starch in water, smooth, and add to the dis-^
solved gum. Then boil a few minutes. Add a spoonful of glycerine.
This will be enough to cover 500 guides.

Even with this preparation it is necessary that skill be used
in carrying the paper over the guides and folding the ends something
in the style of a paper book-cover to give greater security against
peeling. These gides on the thin zincs are by far the most perfect yet
devised. But within a few weeks the Library Bureau has made a far-
ther modification now on trial in the Columbia catalogs with every in-
dication of being a great improvement. In the catalog four-fifths
of the half cm projection of the guide is cut away so that one inch
only projects above each guide, the first at the left, the fifth at the
extreme right, the others equally divided between. As the result
when standing before the catalog the names on five guides all close
together, show at one glance, while without the cutting away it would
be necessary to turn them in order to read any except the first.

Experiment proves that no extra labor and expense is more produc-
tive in improving the catalogue than a very, liberal supply of guides
and in some cases it has been proved wise to insert 1,000 guides where
the original plan provided for only 100.

There are many other practical points to be considered in making a
perfectly satisfactory card catalog and it is hoped to make them clear
in succeeding numbers of the Notes by the aid of cuts and diagrams
which could not be made in time for this hurriedly prepared number.

Library Notes. 43

THE LIBRARY AS AN EDUCATOR.

You must think of the library, whether popular or scholarly, circulating or
reference, as an essential part of our system of education. Whatever it has
been in the past, this is what it is to be in the future and, while it will still
do a great work in furnishing innocent recreation, even this feature will be
utilized to develop the taste for better books, thus making the main work of
-educating and elevating the more practicable.

Let us look first at the present machinery for general education.
Their most enthusiastic admirer does not claim that the public schools can do
more than teach the masses how to read intelligently and the mere rudi-
ments of arithmetic and writing, with possibly a little geography, hygiene and
training of hand and eye. Most children must become bread winners before
they are really taught to take the author's meaning readily from the printed
page; not merely to pronounce the words like a parrot or as a bright child
may be taught in an afternoon to pronounce a phonetically spelled language
like Italian. In fact, with all the millions we are spending on our public
schools and all the pride we take in them, we seem to be losing ground. In
1870 less than 15 per cent were unable to write, but in 1880 this ugly item
had grown to 17 per cent. Some reply that this illiteracy is caused by the
great tide of immigration ; but explaining the cause still leaves the fact that
we are each year falling behind. The man with an income of $1,000 and liv-
ing expenses of $1,100 is sure to find breakers ahead, unless he can somehow
reverse the relations. In a country where suffrage is universal and where it
is conceded that the ballot cannot be taken away from those who already
have it, this problem is the gravest, and thoughtful men familiar with
its details have studied it deeply.

There are two great obstacles in the way of elementary education, to the
removal of which earnest men and women are giving time and strength and
money. Those best qualified to judge tell us that at least a year of the
school-life of every child who passes through our public schools is worse than
wasted on compound numbers, our so-called "system " of weights and meas-
ures, and that this year would be saved by the complete adoption of the in-
ternational or metric system, which is merely our ordinary arithmetic applied
to all other measures as it now is to our currency. While there are the widest
international, commercial and economic reasons for this reform, the mem-
bers of the American Metric Bureau are chiefly interested in the question
from this educational side.

The second great obstacle is our absurd spelling, which scholars agree is the
worst on the planet. In trying to learn this, two or three years more are worse
than wasted. A few years ago it required some hardihood for an educated

This and the seven notes following are extracts from an address delivered before the Association of Collegiate
Alumnap, on March 13, 1886, by Melvil Dewey, Chief Librarian of Columbia College, on " Librarianship as a
Profession for College-Bred Women.*' These are reprinted in this initial number of the NOTES because the
points made arc exacilv those the Editor wishes to impress on his new constituency, and there was not time to
modify the form in which they were spoken. The pamphlet edition, with the address in full, can be had of the
publishers, Librar>' Bureau, 32 Hawley St., Boston, post paid, at loc. per copy.

44 Library Notes.

man to declare himself in favor of simplified spelling, but since the fcunding
of the Spelling Reform Association in 1876 every prominent student of Eng-
lish living, both American and foreign, has conceded that scholarship, as well
as common sense, requires the change v/hich is quietly but steadily going
forward. Each year the Philological Society of England and the American
Philological Association, the two fully representing the English scholarship of
the world, commit themselves anew to the reform and agree on a gradually
growing list of changes which they recommend for immediate adoption.*
Here, as in metric work, while there lire other weighty reasons for the re-
form, it is really carried on by those chiefly interested in the welfare of the
masses, freedmen, Indians, Chinese, immigrants, criminals, and all the un-
fortunates, who by the present system are shut out from the priceless privi-
lege of reading.

With these two great obstacles removed, we shall easily gain something
each year on illiteracy and, like the man who has reduced his expenses below
his fixed income, we can look forward to a brightening future.

But even then the masses can get from the public schools not much infor-
mation or culture, but only the simplest tools which if rightly used will en-
able them to educate themselves bv reading:.

THE EDUCATIONAL TRINITY.

Reading is a mighty engine, beside which steam and electricity sink into
insignificance. Four words of the five arc written : ** it will do infinite " : It
remains for us to add *' good " or "ill.'' What can we do? Good advice and
example, encouragement of the best, addresses, all these help, but no one
questions that the main work is possible only through the organization and
economy of the free public library. Many have practically accepted this fact
without clearly seeing the steps that have led to it. It is our high privilege
to live when the public is beginning to see more than the desirability, the ab-
solute necessity, of this modern, missionary, library work. With the founding
of New England it was recognized, though opposed to the traditions of great
powers in church and state, that the church alone, however great its pre-
eminence, could not do all that was necessary for the safety and uplifting of
the people. So side by side they built the meeting-house and the school-
house. The plan has had a long and thorough trial. None of us are likely
to question the wisdom of bringing the school into this prominence, but
thoughtful men are to-day, more than ever before, pointing out that a great
something is wanting and that the church and the school together have not
succeeded in doing all that was hoped or all that is necessary for the com-
mon safety and the common good. The school starts the education in
childhood ; we have come to a point where in some way we must carry it on.
The simplest figure cannot be bounded by less than three lines ; the lijjhtest
table cannot be firmly supported by less than a tripod. No more can the tri-

L

Library Notes. 45

angle of g^eat educational work now well begun be complete without the
church as a basis, the school as one side, the library the other. The pulpit
the press, and wide-awake educators everywhere are accepting this doc-
trine. There is a general awakening all along the line. The rration
is just providing in the congressional library a magnificent home
for our greatest collection of books ; the states are passing new and
more liberal laws to encourage the founding and proper support of free
libraries ; individuals are giving their means for the establishment of
these great educational forces, as never before ; as witness Walter New-
berry's three millions to Chicago, Mrs. Fiske's million and a half to Cor-
nell University, Enoch Pratt's million and a half to Baltimore, Judge Pack-
er's half million for the library of Lehigh, Andrew Carnegie's proffered
quarter million to Pittsburg, not to mention the hundreds of smaller gifts
which have marked the last few years. New and beautiful buildings are
being rapidly provided ; new libraries are being started at the rate of one to
three each week ; old ones are taking on new life and zeal , the Sunday
school and church libraries are organizing to enlarge and make their work
more effective, and a great field of usefulness at present hardly realized is
opening in this special direction ; the schools are being brought into direct
and active relations with the local public libraries. To one studying this
great problem, the air is full of the signs of the time. As with the free
school, so again. New England is leading in adopting the free library and thus
completing the triangle, but her example is being followed with constantly
increasing rapidity.

It is settled that this work is to go on. The problem is how to make the
money and effort given to it productive of the best results.

WHY A LIBRARY DOES OR DOES NOT SUCCEED.

To the success of any library various elements contribute : — location ; build-
ing, with its furniture, fittings, conveniences and attractions for readers ; reg-
ulations ; the books themselves. But the great element of success is the
earnest, moving spirit which supplies to the institution its life. This should
be the librarian, though often the one who bears that name is little more than
a clerk and the real librarian will be found as the active member of the
trustees or the committee, or possibly not officially connected with the library.
Such a librarian will shape the other factors very largely. Without him it is
unlikely that they will be all they ought to be.

It has been proved so often that it is an axiom among us, that under the
best management a given amount of money or number of volumes can be
made to do double the good that can be done by the same amount under the
old conditions and poorer methods. The old library had two things in com-
mon with this ideal library of which I am speaking. It was a collection of
books and it bore the name " library." Otherwise the two are as different as

46 Library Notes.

daylight and darkness^ but as these shade into each other at dawn so of
course there are libraries representing all the intermediate steps. But let us
take a type of the old and the new.

The old was located in an out-of-the-way street, specially inconvenient to
the majority who might want it ; the building was unattractive, dark, damp,
cold, unventilated and ingeniously inconvenient ; many of the books were on
shelves so high as to require a ladder, were covered with dust, in shabby
bindings, protected often with shabbier paper covers, soiled, torn and in gen-
eral discouraged in appearance ; unused public documents, old school-books,
etc., nearest the door ; the more attractive works in the attic or cellar ; the
shelves unlabeled ; the books without numbers on the back and possibly with
none inside, and put on the shelves haphazard as they had come in, or in a
classification so coarse that a reader seeking matter on a minute topic might
require a week to look over the disorganized mass of literature in which he
may, or may not find something that he wishes ; its catalogues and indexes
were chiefly conspicuous by their absence, or were so meager, unreliable, and
so destitute of clear grouping that the only way to find what was wanted was
to read the whole catalogue. The library was open an hour or two now and
then and closed evenings, holidays and vacations, for annual cleaning or for
almost any excuse — on busy days, because no one had time to come ; on holt-
days, because the librarians also wanted those days for rest ; finally and most
important the old type of librarian was a crabbed and unsympathetic fossil who
did what he was forced to do with an air that said plainly he wished you
had n't come, and a reader among his books was as unwelcome as the prover-
bial poor relation on a long visit. It is a sorry picture, but by no means
wholly fanciful. In many places those who knew would pronounce it a study
from life.

Contrast all this with the library as it should be and in many cases will be.
Placed centrally where it is most accessible to its readers ; the building and
rooms attractive, bright and thoroughly ventilated, lighted and warmed, and
finished and fitted to meet as fully as possible all reasonable demands of its
readers; the books all within reach, clean and in repair; those oftenest
needed nearest the delivery desk, labeled and numbered ; arranged on the
shelves so that each reader may see together the resources of the library on
the topic which he wishes to examine kept constantly ready for inspection ;
with simple and complete indexes and catalogues to tell almost instantly if any
book or pamphlet wished is in the building ; open day and evening through-
out the year and in charge of librarians as pleased to see a reader come to
ask for books or assistance as a merchant to welcome a new customer; anx-
ious to give as far as possible to each applicant at each visit that book which
will then, and to him, be most helpful.

These are the facts. The old library was passive, asleep, a reservoir or
cistern, getting in but not giving out, an arsenal in time of peace ; the libra-
rian a sentinel before the doors, a jailer to guard against the escape of the

Library Notes. 47

unfortunates under his caie. The new libran* is active, an aggressi\*e, edu-
cating force in the communiiy. a living fountain of gcod influences, an anny
in the field with all guns limbered : and the librarian occupies a field of active
usefulness second to none.

Is all this possible, practical, probable ? Or is it a day dream of an enthu-
siast ? Review with me very brieiiy the past ten years.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN LIBRARY IDEA. THC ASSOCI-
ATION, JOURNAL, BUREAU AND SCHOOL.

In every great movement there is a long, slow growth till the idea ripens
and some special step is taken which marks an epoch. We date the new li-
brary movement from August, 1876, when, taking advantage of the Centennial,
a hundred leading librarians were called together in a four da\-s convention
where it was found that the time w*as ripe and the American Libraiy Associa-
tion was founded to carry on that important part of the movement which
demanded national organization of librarians. Its work has been successful
beyond our expectations and we begin the second decade with the avowed
determination to double its great usefulness. Similar conventions followed
in New York, London, Boston and Cambridge, Washington and Baltimore,
Cincinnati, Buffalo, Lake George, and July 7, S, 9, and 10, 1SS6 we meet again
at Milwaukee. This Association, or as the busv librarian alwavs names it,
the A. L. A., has acquired a marked reputation for the large amount of hard
work done at its sessions, the profitable discussions and the admirable spirit
and earnestness which characterize its officers, members and woiking com-
mittees.

In summing up a long editorial on one of our meetings, the C/iristian L'nioft
gave the following deser\*ed compliment, which encourages us to cultivate at
each meeting the rare art of doing a great deal of profitable work in a short
time: "The discussions of the American Library' Association are notably
pointed and often lively. There is less formality and much less garrulity
than is commonly found in conventions. The librarians well understand
the value of moments, and many of them cultivate the art of expressing in
two minutes what it commonly lakes ten to get uttered."

At the Philadelphia meeting was received the first copy of the ** Public libra-
ries in the U. S. A., their histor}% condition and management, special report.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education." This was a cyclopedia of
library information, the best available at that time and the 1187 pages of the
first volume included the list of 5000 public libraries in the United States,
containing 300 volumes and upward. This was another evidence of the grow-
ing interest which had led the National Bureau of Education to recognize their
importance and to make libraries one of the most important sections of
the Bureau, which each year includes library statistics in its report and has
already published or has in hand, a number of valuable pamphlets concern-

48 Library Notes.

ing libraries. It has been proposed to create at Washington a special Bu-
reau in charge of library interests under a competent officer, who shall devote
himself wholly to promoting and guiding the founding of libraries and in-
creasing the usefulness of those already started. Without doubt, this work
will soon be done by the government or by an association employing a per-
manent, paid secretary.

The third significant beginning was the Library Journal, the first number
of which also came from the printers during the sessions of our firsjt conven-
tion. This was to give the means of monthly communication between those
most interested in library progress, or, as it has been sometimes called, "a
monthly conference in print." Twenty leading librarians made up its edito-
rial board and it was made the official organ of the American Library Asso-
ciation and, at the London meeting a year later, of the British libraries as
well. The Journal has been, like the Association, preeminently practical.
Ten volumes have been completed and minutely indexed and a set is the es-
sential foundation of every collection on libraries, and a work that even a
poor library finds it true economy to buy at the outset.

Thus in the Association and Journal two great library wants were at once
supplied. But some of the most important work was impracticable for either
a learned society or a magazine. The corner stone of all this modern library
movement has been cooperation, thus securing vastly better results at
greatly reduced cost. This work included the examination of the multitude
of blanks, records, and technical appliances and devices connected with books,
cataloguing, indexing, etc. The A. L. A. Cooperation committee gave much
time and labor in consolidating the general experience into tangible results,
so that each might stand on the shoulders of all his predecessors, utilizing
every valuable experiment and experience. To make all these practical, it was
necessary that these improved devices should be manufactured and distributed
in large enough quantity to secure low prices. Of some articles, perhaps a
hundred were made and sent out as called for to a hundred different libraries,
each understanding that it was to report to the makers any points in which it
seemed possible to improve it. These criticisms and suggestions were kept
together in numbered envelopes and as the time approached for making a
second supply the committee carefully considered them, making such changes
as this added experience had shown to be wise. In this way year by year
closer approximation has been made to perfecting all the technical machinery
which is vastly more extensive than any one unfamiliar with the subject would
dream. As a result a new library starting to-day, may send a postal card to
this Library Bureau in Boston asking for whatever it needs, e. g., for a com-
plete card catalogue outfit for their library, and secure at a great saving of
time and expense a more perfect set of appliances than would have been pos-
sible ten years ago had they given six months to the preparation of specifica-
tions and supervision of the work by mechanics who had never done the same
before. It was also necessary that there should be published many things val-

Library Notes. 49

uable to libraries but which no regular publisher would undertake ; that there
should be a headquarters or exchange where libraries and cataloguers, assist-
ants or librarians could be brought together to their mutual advantage. All
this work was started in the same offices with the Library Association and
Library Journal and is constantly increasing its field of activity and use-
fulness.

In the same offices in Boston were the headquarters of the American Met-
ric Bureau and the Spelling Reform Association and after the mere hint I
have given, you will understand that it was no accident that brought these
five interests into the same suite of rooms but that each was an essential part
in a clearly defined scheme for meeting the demands of popular education.

Thus the Association, the Journal and the Bureau divide the work ; but for
the fourth important factor we had to wait ten years, i. e. for the School for
the training of librarians.

LIBRARIES THE TRUE UNIVERSITIES FOR SCHOLARS AS WELL

AS PEOPLE.

I have spoken thus far of the missionary and popular side of libraries, but
there is another side as distinct as is the university from the common school.
To some of you this scholarly work will be more attractive than the popular.
The library is the real university of the future, not simply for the people but
for scholars. Paul sat at the feet of Gamaliel ; and in the Academy, the
Lyceum and the Porch, the pupil was continually with the master; but the
printing press has changed all this and to-day many an earnest disciple has
never seen the face nor heard the voice of his master, but has received his
teachings entirely through the printed page.

Of late years the college library has been taking an entirely new position.
Of old it was attached to the chair of some overworked professor or put in
charge of the janitor and opened four or five hours per week in term time
only. Now it is being raised to the rank of a distinct university department ;
there are professors of bibliography, of books and reading, and at Columbia
we have for the first time a chair of Library Economy. The libraries are
being made as accessible as the traditional college well, some of them open-
ing from 8 A. M. to 10 p.m., including all holidays and vacations; they are re-
ceiving endowments, e. g., the million and more to Cornell University, Prof.
Horsford's great gift to Wellesley, Judge Packer's half million to Lehigh,
and the long list of funds given to Harvard, the Phoenix gift to Columbia,
and so I might go on with hundreds of illustrations ; new and beautiful build-
ings, some fire-proof, all vast improvements over what was thought sufficient
in the last generation, are going up, e. g., Harvard, Amherst, Dartmouth, Uni-
versity of Vermont, Oberlin, University of Michigan and so on. In New York
City alone three splendid collegiate library buildings have just been finished;
for the General Theological Seminary, Union Theological Seminary, and our

50 Library Notes.

own at Columbia which has cost over $400,000 and already we plan for an
enlargement. The colleges are waking to the fact that the work of every
professor and every department is necessarily based on the library ; text
books are constantly yielding their exalted places to wiser and broader
methods ; professor after professor sends his classes, or goes with them, to
the library and teaches them to investigate for themselves and to us€ books,
getting beyond the method of the primary school with its parrot-like recita-
tions from a single text. With the reference librarians to counsel and guide
readers ; with the greatly improved catalogues and indexes, cross-references,
notes and printed guides, it is quite possible to make a great university of a
great library without professors. Valuable as they are in giving personal in-
spiration, they can do little in making a university without the librar}-. Just
as truly as we found in popular education that the real school for the mass of
people and for all their lives except early childhood, was the library, so in the
higher education the real university is a great library thoroughly organized
and liberally administered.

LIBRARY EMPLOYMENT rs. THE LIBRARY PROFESSION.

So library work offers to you two fields analogous to the work of the public
school teacher and the college professor. Many libraries largely combine
these functions. The types would however be, for the one the college library
or the reference library for the use of scholars; for the other the popular
circulating library among the people where the librarian is in hourly contact
with her constituency of readers, advising;, helping and elevating their lives
and exerting a far-reaching influence for good not to be exceeded in any pro-
fession open to women or to men.

Both the Scholars' and the People's Libraries offer to women both employ-
ment and a profession. Whether what is clone in the library is called merely
employment or a ** profession," depends less on the work than the spirit in
which it is done. The janitor does *' library work," yet I can conceive of
his doing it with so much intelligent interest in the results that he would bet-
ter deserve to rank as a member of the profession than some librarians. No
one questions that the best work, e. g. of the great libraries of Boston and
Cambridge, has already attained to the rank of a profession, and no one claims
that all the library work now being done deserves so dignified a name. We
will use the words " work " and " profession " to indicate the types, though
there is so large a middle ground where they merge into each other. The
professional work is also on two planes which 1 will call, for want of better
names, mental and moral, these again being combined in various proportions
in different persons. On the mental plane I put all those who do the work
from a personal ambition to make a reputation or to gain a higher salary. It
is the plane of most business men, lawyers, etc. On it librarianship is the

Library Notes. 51

business conducted primarily for the comfort and advancement of the libra-
rian. These motives are those of the great masses of laborers in all fields
and ambition and mere intellectual industry often secure much excellent
work of a high grade, but never of the highest. Very often they build better
than they know and do greater good than was intended, just as a man may
drain a tract of low land from purely selfish motives in making it available
for cultivation, but without having once thought or cared for it, he may by
so doing have improved the sanitary condition of a hundred neighboring cot-
tages. His credit is only for what he aimed to do.

In the library profession, the best work will always be done on the moral
plane, where the librarian puts his heart and life into his work with as
distinct a consecration as a minister or missionary and enters the profession
and does the work because it is his duty or privilege. It is his "vocation."
The selfish considerations of reputation, or personal comfort, or emolument
are all secondary.

In every library there is a class of mere routine work, physical and clerical,
copying, covering books, pasting in labels, giving out and taking in books,
replacing on the shelves and a hundred details that may be well done by
any intelligent and faithful clerk. This employment commands only the
very small pay of overcrowded clcrkdom, or even less, as there are always
those looking to the higher positions who are willing to do this work
temporarily at a merely nominal salary in order to get the needed experience
and as a stepping-stone to something better. In this side of the work we
are not specially interested except as it serves as a screen by which the best
material is sifted out for the real work. Yet in itself it is one of the
pleasantest avocations for a woman fond of books. As a result the supply
of this grade of help at low prices will always exceed the demand.

This great work is only fairly started. Its rapid growth needs to be
guided in the best channels. Leaders are wanted. Certainly in this pro-
fession there is most room at the top, but good privates are wanted as well
as officers, for if they have the natural ability and earnestness they may grow
into leaders ; if not, they are perhaps as well off here as anywhere in the rank
for which nature has fitted them.

THE ATTRACTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF LIBRARIANSHIP.

While library work is no sinecure it is peculiarly fascinating to almost
every person of culture that undertakes it, and it is common to hear of the
refusal of much higher pay for other work. The constant contact with the
best minds of the world as represented by their books, is at once a keen pleas-
ure and a direct profit as shown in the wide general culture which results.
While the hours of actual service seem longer and the vacations shorter, I
believe in something like a hundred cases where I have inquired, every
teacher who has also tried library work agrees that it avoids much of the

52 Library Notes.

nervous strain and the wear and tear of the class room and of the direct respon-
sibility for pupils and that physically the library is less exacting than the
shorter hours of the school. The librarian has no lessons to prepare out of
hours ; she escapes the bad air of crowded rooms and the anxiety for pupils
sent to school because unmanageable at home. In the library all the courses
are elective, for only those come to whom it is a pleasure. As many of yoii
know by experience, the strain of teaching is not in imparting information to
those eager to learn, but in trying to force it into the minds of those who
would gladly escape it. As compared with the work of the physician, the
librarian avoids the night work and contact with suffering and misery which
often exhausts the vital forces more than the direct professional duties. In
fact there is hardly any occupation that is so free from annoying surround-
ings or that has so much in the character of the work and of the people which
is grateful to a refined and educated woman.

Compare this work with that of the clerg}'man or teacher, whose fields of
usefulness are universally put in the first rank : The clergyman has before
him for one or two hours per week perhaps one-tenth or one-twentieth of the
people in his parish. Not so many indeed when we remember how there
are often little struggling churches of a half dozen denominations where
one strong church could do all the work much better. Beyond this very lim-
ited number for this very limited time the clergyman is dependent on the
slow process of personal parochial calls. I yield to none in my appreciation
of the great work which he does and do not forget the constant stream of
good influences coming from his daily life and the many direct efforts he puts

forth ; but I am speaking now of his work as a preacher and of the limits
which circumstances seem to set to it.

The teacher has a larger proportion of her constituency in the earlier
years, but only for a few hours a day and only in the months when schools
are in session. It constantly happens that just as the teacher becomes deeply
interested in a bright, promising boy or girl and feels that here is an oppor-
tunity to develop a strong character by patient work, the child comes and
says : " Teacher, I am not coming to school any more. I am going to work
in the factory," or, "I am going to help mother at home." For the great
majority the work of education is hardly begun before the necessities of
life take them away from the teacher's influence.

But the earnest librarian may have for a congregation almost the entire
community, regardless of denomination or political party. Her services are
continuous and in the wide reaching influences of the library there is no
vacation. When a bright boy or girl has been once found and interested
and started, he is almost sure to continue under these influences all his life.
It has been found entirely practicable for a skillful librarian thus to reach
and interest people who have never been in the habit of reading ; to lead
readers into new and more profitable fields, and to create a thirst for better
books. In fact the number of ways in which people can be helped is ouly

Library Notes. 53

equaled by the power and lasting character of this influence which comes
from good books. Recognizing these facts there are preachers who are
looking to the adoption of the library profession as a way to spread the Master's
word even more effectively than in the pulpit ; and there are teachers, whose
whole hearts have been given to the cause of popular education, who are
eager to enter this newer field, because they recognize in it a still wider
opportunity.

Is it not true that the ideal librarian fills a pulpit where there is service
every day during all the waking hours, with a large proportion of the com-
munity frequently in the congregation ? Has she not a school in which the
classes graduate only with death ?

BIBLIOTHECAL MUSEUM.

The American Library Association has for several years been col'
lecting everything bearing upon libraries ; catalogs, histories, circulars,
and blanks, illustrating methods of administration, and also, wherever
practicable, samples or models of anything used in connection with
library work. This collection has been permanently deposited in the
fire proof library of Columbia College where it will be kept together,
carefully arranged and minutely classified, labeled and indexed and open
always to inspection. Its great value to all interested in libraries is
self-evident, and the Association depends on hearty cooperation in en-
larging and perfecting the collection.

We urge each reader of this note to send for this A. L. A. Museum
anything not already sent, that is properly included in its field.

Address,

MELVIL DEWEY, Sec'y A. L. A.,

Columbia College, New York.

PLAN OF THE LABOR SAVING NOTES.

After years of experience, a reader or writer of any ingenuity learns
to accomplish the same results with much less hard work. He sys-
tematizes and simplifies every detail, and devises or adopts labor-
saving appliances and conveniences. These things that so much
increase the working capacity are not taught in the schools ; many are
not printed in the books. They spread by tradition or accident. Some
die with their originators.

The Labor-Saving Notes aim to focalize in one place all these
experiences and experiments, and, by comparison of results, to approxi-
mate to the best possible. The necessary differences in individuals

54 Library Notes.

and their requirements are fully regarded ; but there is still room to
assist literary workers a great deal, by enabling each to avail himself
of the experience of many of his fellow laborers.

The plan includes everything pertaining to reading and writing;
every object for the most completely equipped study or library room ;
every method to accomplish given results in literary work with less
expenditure of time, or strength, or money, or patience. We are
equally anxious to learn defects or special merits of methods other
than those printed in the Notes. Some other reader may know
how to remedy the defect, or may have overlooked the merit. In any
case, this information has a practical value to the office.

Some of the best methods or literary tools are never described in
print, because their originators do not care to ask attention to their
own work, and no one else is enough interested to hunt them up, edit,
and print the descriptions. Others find their way into a corner of one
or more papers, but reach only the merest fraction of those specially
interested. A very few are called widely to attention by owners of
patent or copy-rights. The latter class, the only one widely known, is
presented wholly from a commercial stand-point, and the weak points
are carefully concealed. There is, therefore, an open field for a peri-
odical giving a fair exposition of both the merits and defects of pro-
posed improvements, or labor-saving aids for readers and writers.
Limits of space will compel us to select topics, but we shall try to
choose what will best serve our readers. Contributors must study to
note all the points in the fewest possible words. Descriptions already
in print, if too long to be reprinted, will be referred to with a summary.

Though descriptions must be brief, wc shall make plain all the facts
that our unusual opportunities teach us. Making a specialty of these
things, and getting suggestions from all sides, we have perhaps the
widest experience ; yet we expect to make some mistakes. We expect
to recommend some methods that on more protracted trial will prove
less satisfactory, or that will be superseded by better. As fast as such
mistakes are discovered, they will be corrected, and we shall often
state the length of time or number of experiments on which our opin-
ion is based. In a word, we shall try to make the reader of our Notes
see all the merits and faults that we have been able to find in each
method or article.

For our matter we shall depend, even more than on our own careful
investigation, on the combined experiences, experiments, and obsen'a-
tions of the readers of the Notes. Cooperation is earnestly invited in
making these descriptions of better literary methods and tools the best

't.

Library Notes.

55

possible. All contributions and suggestions will receive careful atten-
tion. If you are pleased with the plan, show this prospectus to your
friends, and send us the addresses of others, likely to be interested, and

we will send samples of the Notes. Our success depends on the
efforts of those interested to acquaint others with the plan.

Labor-Savers for Readers and Writers.

We shall note any suggestion or method that promises to be of
service at the desk or in the study. Most of them we have tried and
found good. But we give all for what they are worth. A plan that
did not suit the editor would be inserted if there was a chance that it
might serve some other member. Criticisms and improvements on
these Notes will be specially welcome as will words of commendation
from those who have been helped by them. The last are wanted not
for printing but as a guide to the editor in choosing what will serve
the largest number. These Notes are numbered in one series for
more convenient reference.

I. forename abbreviations.

We give below a copy of the two sides of a card. It explains itself.
We add the strongest commendation of the plan which we have used
constantly since its publication. It is rapidly growing in use and is
worthy the adoption of every labor-saver. A fuller list of lOO names
as used by library catalogers appears in the new notes.

A

B
C
D
E
F
G

These abbreviations were devised by C : A. Cutter, the recognized
authority on cataloging, and author of the Rules published by the
Government. The American Library Association adopted and
recommended them for general use. They are used by the Publisher's
Weekly^ the official publication of the American Book Trade, by the
Library Journal y the official organ of the American Library Associ-
ation, and by numerous less important agencies for securing general
use. The colon takes no more space than a period and makes the full
name clear. G. H. Smith may have any names beginning with G. or

ABBREVIATIONS.

Augustus.

H: . .

. Henry.

O: . .

. Otto.

Benjamin.

I: .

. . Isaac.

P: . .

. Peter.

Charles.

J: .

John.

R: .

. . Richard.

David.

K: .

. . Karl.

S: .

. . Samuel.

Edward.

L: .

. . Louis.

T: .

. . Thomas.

Frederick.

M: .

. . Mark.

W: .

. . WiUiam.

George.

N: .

. . Nicholas.

56 Library Notes.

H., but G: H: Smith is George Henry, These 20 names are printed
for those beginning to use the system. Though devised specially for
catalogers, it is of great practical value to all who write many names,
and will doubtless grow in favor until as common as our most familiar
abbreviations. Those wishing to spread its use can obtain cards for
distribution.

2. EXACT REFERENCE.

We have used the following plan for ten years with constantly
increasing satisfaction. Memoranda made years ago are filled with
these references, and I can instantly put my eye on the exact sentence
which then interested me. The plan was adopted for indexing the
official publication of the libraries of this country and Great Britain,
the Library Journal, and many others have given it thorough trial and
always with complete success. \Vc cannot speak too highly of it.

The most accurate method is of course to give page, number of line
(counting from the top and omitting folio line), and number of the
words. Books much quoted often have every fifth or tenth line num-
bered in the margin. The great mass of references, however, are not
to special words, but to paragraphs or sentences. To refer to these, give
the page and a superior figure indicating approximately the place in
ninths. 37** refers to p. 37 and S of a page from the top. For pages
in columns prefix the number of the column ; e. g., 37** is p. 37, column
3, J from the top. Ninths are used so that the reference may always
be confined to a single figure. To be of any value above the actual
counting of lines, these numbers must be assigned at sight and without
computation or measurement. The eye judges nearly enough, so that
when reference is made from the number assigned, the paragraph wanted
will be seen at the first glance. A reference to 48^ might be called
48' or 48^ certainly not further than one ninth too high or too low, and
the eye in glancing at either of these places would include the sentence
wanted. In making references for printing, cut a strip of stiff paper
or cardboard the length of the page, and divide it into nine equal parts,
and number them i to 9. Apply this to the i)age and you gan instantly
give the exact reference. This accuracy pays for all careful work to
be printed and referred to very frequently.

This plan is of great utility. A reference to the page alone often
requires too much search, specially in larger books or finer types.
There is also an attendant risk of getting the wrong paragraph, which,
though bearing on the subject, may not be the one intended. To refer to
the exact line requires too much labor in counting, both in making and
using the reference, and guesswork in this case will not do, for the fact

Library Notes. 57

of giving the line implies perfect accuracy. The method described is
simple and compact.

In referring to books in more than one vohime never use Roman
numbers. Give the volume number followed by a colon, then the page,
then the superior figure or figures indicating the exact place, e, g., 34 :
429" is " volume thirty-four, page four hundred and twenty-nine and
three ninths of the way down the first column." The figures are just
as definite as this long clause. One has 8 types, the other 83.

MONTH AND DAY CONTRACTIONS.

Custom is divided as to the meaning of figures for dates. We have
many letters from various countries. Custom goes by sections. In
some places 3-5 means 5th of March, in others 3rk of May. No accurate
man knowing this would again trust such a record. It is so much
quicker than the common abbreviations for the month that it specially
appeals to our readers. Of course it would be hopeless to try to secure
uniformity, as each faction insists that its own way is the best. Beside
the extra labor of writing out the months there are many records {e. g,
in libraries) where only a narrow column is left for date entry which
must therefore be condensed. We solved this matter as follows and
long use of the plan has been very satisfactory. We adopted a still
shorter set of abbreviations than those commonly used, so that the let-
ters took little more room than the figures and line of separation. We
shortened each month to a single letter, unless more was necessary to
prevent ambiguity. O was as good as Oct. for no other month began
with that letter. The month should come between the day and the
year for logical order, and also because the eye wishes to catch first the
day, the current month being generally understood. The letter also
separates the day and year numbers, making both distinct. 9 O 78 is
definite enough for 9th of October 1878. The list is, Ja, F, Mr, Ap,
My, Je, Jl, Ag, S, O, N, D. Omit the period after the abbreviations.
The number system requires (for the year) 26 characters : that is, the
first twelve numbers each followed by a line or dash of separation from
the day of the month. This involves the constant danger of confusion
for all dates where the day number is not over 12. The ordinary Jan.
Feb. Mar. system requires 51 characters: that is, 39 letters and 12
periods. This is definite, but takes too much room for narrow columns
and too much time for the quickest work. Our system, arranged in logical
order, needs no line of separation and no period, and requires only 19
characters to write the 12 months. The same system applied to the
days of the week gives Sn, M, Tu, W, Th, F, St. After a day's use of
the system F 5 S 79 is just as clear and definite without possibility of

58 Lribrary Notes.

mistake as " Friday the fifth day of September in the year of our Lord
eighteen hundred and seventy-nine." No one would be stupid enough
to read the above Feb. 5 Sunday 1879, ^^^ ^^'y possible mistake. The
first takes 5 types : the second 75. The condensed plan allows of put-
ting the day of the week (often a great convenience) and dates in places
where they would most always be omitted for want of room.

4. MARKING MARGINS.

Side notes are often lost by being carelessly written in the inner mar-
gin. By putting them always on the outer margin, it is much easier to
find them in turning the leaves rapidly through the fingers. In double
column books the inner margin is better for the inner column.

5. MARKING PASSAGES.

One of the most useful little aids is a double colored pencil, at one
end blue, the other red, always kept by one when reading papers or
mss. All passages or items specially approved or strongly agreed with,
mark blue. Those disapproved or disagreed with, mark red. If in
doubt as to a passage imj^ortant enough to be marked, use a wavy line
of the color to which you lean, or else use a ? mark. It is astonishing
how much it helps in making an estimate of what has been read, e. g,^
in reviewing a book thus marked the whole gist of the volume can be
glanced (3vcr in a few minutes. We never get mixed between the two
colors, having assigned them on the common principle that red is the
canceling color, c. g.y libraries mark books returned in red, and issues
blue. Or remember that the '* true blue " is the color to stick by
while red is revolutionary ; trifles thus keep one from forgetting.

6. EXTEMPORE SHADE FOR READING LAMP.

The common white jjorcelain shade lets through too much light for
delicate eyes and one often wishes to read when nothing better is
available. An added shade can be made in a moment, as follows :
Take a half sheet of letter pai)er, or any similar piece of stiffish paper ;
turn down about 3cm. of one side, and emphasize the turn by a scrape
with thumb-nail or pai)er-cutter. Then open the turned strip })art way
and set the strip under the front c^X^^i:, of the shade of the lamp, between the
shade and the frame on which it rests. The rest of the sheet stands
up in front of the shade. The hold of the bent paper will keep the
sheet against the glass shade, and the paper agreeably modifies the
effect of the light on the eyes, without keeping any of it from the table.

L We regret that A. Lm A. Conference matter has crowded over several pages of Labor-Saving Notes. — Ed,\

kt^A -.- .^ >-■ ■.'• ■ • .

Library NotoB. 59

Publishers' Department.

The invariable prices for Advertising space in Library Notes are per page o/ioo
agate lines $20.00, one-half page $12.50, one-fifth page $6.00^ and one-tenth page $3.50.
Cover pages and facing reading matter^ are 25 per cent extra. Discounts for two in-
sertions 10 per cent; for three insertions 20 per cent; for four insertions^ i, e, by
the year, 2$ per cent. The right is reserved to limit the space or to reject any copy
not adopted to the special constituency of the Notes.

The publishers propose to make the Notes just as helpful and useful
as support will allow. If it is to do the work planned for it we must
have the hearty cooperation of all who bjelieve in the modern library
idea. Every sample number sent out must bring some response and
sooner or later a subscriber. If you cannot send us $1.00, you certainly
can send at least a postal card expressing your interest, and then can
pass on your sample Notes to some friend likely to subscribe. The
names of those, to whom we send our first number free because we
assume that they wish it, who neither subscribe nor express to us
interest in our work, will be dropped from our list of those interested
in library progress. If this number cannot secure some response, we
shall no longer waste money on that library in trying to develope an
interest where there is no foundation on which to build.

Those who are not fortunate enough to be at Milwaukee should all
the more send in their names and secure the printed Proceedings.
The annual fee of $2.00 should be sent to the Treasurer, J. L. Whit-
ney, Boston Public Library, but whenever it is more convenient we
will receive fees in connection with other remittances, and return the
Treasurer's own receipt. The Library Bureau was organized and
is carried on as an essential factor in the library movement, and its
services are always at the disposal of its co-workers, the Association,
the Journal and the School.

ESTABLISHED 1848.

B. WE8TEEMANN & CO.,

Foreign Booksellers and Importers,

838 Broadway, - New York.

The supplying of Libraries has been a specialty of our firm since it was established

thirty-eight years ago.

rWATER*S Newspaper YWo. is the favorite for Reading Rooms, Hotels, Libraries,
Offices ,&c. Lightest, Neatest, Cheapest. Sample postpaid 25c. Circulars free.
We also make to order a very neat P'ilc Rack, holding 30 Newspai)cr Files. It
can be taken down and easily set up again. Price ^5,

J. IL ATWATER. Providence, R. I.

6o Lribrary Notes.

Library Bnrean for Public and Private Libraries.

For years most itnportaftt aids to libraries luere impraetabl^t for want of such a Bureau,
Greatly needed^ it could be started only at a loss and }:[0 on only by hearty support. Some parts of
its 7vork lose money but are much needed and must be kept up : others barely pay expenses :
others a profit. It is not patronage to use the losina; and j;o elsewhere for the paying departments.
Prices will always be made as low as equal qualify can be had. We appeal to all friends of the
modern library nunrmentfor their orders for r^'erythiw;; we undertake to supply.

EMPLOYMENT DEPARTMENT.

To bring together libraries wishing help and those wishing positions, so as
to get the right man in the right place. No fee to those wishing librarians,
catalogers, or assistants. We also supply trained workers to catalog or index
libraries, books, periodicals, or niss. Utilizing improved methods and appli-
ances, they give better work at less cost, at the Bureau, or at the library or
residence. Xo charge except for the time of the catalogers.

CONSULTATION DEPARTMENT.

To give expert advice as to developing interest, raising funds, location, build-
ing, fixtures, heating, lighting, ventilation, care, selecting and buying books,
binding, cataloging, indexing, classification, circulation, rules, help, and all
the details of organization and administration, so as to secure the best results
at the lowest cost, profiting by the experiments and experience of the rest of
the library world. Such advice at a cost of perhaps $io to $ioo often saves
$i,ooo to the library, or to a less experienced board of trustees a series of
mortifying, discouraging, and expensive mistakes. Where desirable, the
library w-ill be visited, and local requirements studied. Fee for either mail or
personal consultation, $i upward, based on actual time used.

PUBLICATION DEPARTMENT.

To publish (from the stand point of usefulness to libraries, rather than profit
to publishers) manuals for administration, indexes, and tables of classification,
subject headings for shelves and catalogs, guides, labels and various needed
helps, practicable only through a cooperative agency like this Bureau.

SUPPLIES DEPARTMENT.

To furnish, of better models, materials, and workmanship, and at less cost
than otherwise obtainable, all articles recommended by the Cooperation Com-
mittee or the Library Association and to equip libraries, from smallest to larg-
est, with the best known devices for cheap, convenient and efficient use and
administration. We supply the best for each use, and, if selection is left to the
Bureau, the benefit of its unequaled experience and facilities is secured.

Except books and periodicals, these supplies include n^erythiug needed in the
best equipped public or private library, covering the whole field as if there
were no other source of supplies. The manager gives his personal attention
as an expert, to making or selecting and buying the best.

Many away from large cities, or not knowing where to go, or what prices to
pay, waste much time in getting an unsatisfactory article, and often pay more
than the best would cost, if bought with our facilities. To accommodate
libraries and librarians, we allow anything wanted to be ordered through us,
the cost never being more (it is often less) than if bought directly.

The Bureau aims to make itself indispensable to the libraries, and to prove
to them by experience that the most convenient, cheap, and satisfactory course
when any thing is wanted is to come or write at once to it. We mail our large
Illustrated Catalog free to any library wishing to preserve it.

LIBRARY BUREAU, 32 Hawley St., Boston.

Library Notes. 6

WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY

To the nun; other ToJiuble featnreaortheworii,
there «u added in 18§u

A Supplement of New Words

Ata> HEAJdNOS,

{ ncnrly tnOO) fncludingnudhMthc i>onBlant pioirtli

Wphaber !■ ataadard Antborltr with tl

A BiograpMcal Dictionary,

^' ** lu.iXW -Nolc.i PtTsonif ""'
Tho latest impnwoment (Just Add»d, IStS) and
oDi'tlmt i™vfBl™t liMJeto bo d,-Bln-d in tJis

gazetteS of Swobid,

ContainlnfioTer 26,000 Titles,
nyareftdlly inl-'lliiciWoByatem of nignaand «b-

preued in the 1D0 pag(>9 of this department

Omt PrlntlBS

9t aaprvme Court 41

XTOVT" IB XKE TiaJE lO STJBSOHIBE FOft

TPIE OEITIO.

ESTABLISHED Mt.

CONTRIBUTORS;

Prof. C. A. Young, Prof. W. D. Whitney, Walt Whitman, Charles Dudley Warner,

Edith M. Thomas, Prof. W. G. Sumner, R. H. Stoddard, E. C. Stedman, Dr. I'hilip SchafI,

Alice W. Rollins, W. J. Rolfe, I'rof. Ira Rcmacn, I'aul M. I'oltcr,

lames Herbert Morse, U. G. Mitchell, Brander Matthews, Emma \m
Howe. Dr. O. W. Holmes, Prof. J, A. I [arrison. Constance Cary I larriso
E. E. Hale, W. E. Griffis, CapL F. V. tlrecne. Edmund Gosse, R. W. Gilder. H. H. Fumess.
. Frothingham, Prof. Geo. P. P'isher, Edward Egglcston, George William Curtis,
" " ■ ■■ n, T'rof. H. H. I-

aru!., Julia Ward
[i,JocrC. Harris.

Marion Crawford, John liurroughs, Rev. Francis Krown, 1

[. Hoyesen.

At present a very interesting series of personal and critical .sketches is appearing under
the general title of " Aotbors at Home." John G. Whitiier, Oliver Wendell I lolmes, Georxe
Bancroft, George William Curtis, "Mark Twain." John Iturroughs, Walt Whitman, C. D.
Warner, Mrs. Jackson {"U. H.% T. K. Aldrich. J. C. Harris ("Uncle Remus"), E. C.
Stedman, Edward Everett Hale, Francis Parkman. Charles Godfrey Lelaud and James
Russell Lowell have already been written of In this series.

The CkriitiaH ^i«i(»( says that The CKiTic"has already made itself indispensable in all
American libraries and to all American readers of good literature, and deserves the most
generous support, not only on account of its admirable literary quality, but because of its
outspoken and thoroughly independent lone."

KttB -oeluwn bfginsjuly r.

THE CKinC COHPANT, 18 and 30 Aator Flue, nW TOBK.

62 Library Notes.

Foreign Publications for Libraries

Obtained Cheaper through a New York Firm than by

direct importation from abroad.

It is vcr)' natural for a Librarian, if he has an order for foreign publications, to try to get
his b(»oks, etc., the most direct way, and to save the commission which he supposes an agent
or dealer in America must charge. 'I'his calculation is correct, whenever the American im-
porter has to depend on an agent abroad, but it is not, if the importer is in direct com-
munication and account with the foreign i)id)lishers, and employs no agents.

Since I began business in 1872, I have made a specialty of supplying libraries with
foreign books and i)eriodicals, and soon found out that the employment of an agent was
a great hinderance to successful competition with the exporters abroad. Hence for a number
of years I have established branches abroad, viz :

At LONDON: 2(> King William St., Strand, W. C.
At LEIPZIG: Hospital St., No. lO.

Where my own clerks attend to my orders, and as I have accounts with all German
and the most of the Knglish publishers, I often obtain special discount for export, which

enables me to Compete with any foreign or domestic bouse.

The advantages I therefore can offer to Librarians are : —

1. Prices as low, or lower, than those charged abroad.

2. Unsuri)asscd facilities for i)rr)curing SCarce or second-liaild books, as I search for

them in I'.ngland, France, and (Germany at the same time.

J. Saving the Librarian the trouble of attending to Custom House business, or emplojing a
Custom House broker.

4. Obtaining desired information at once, and thus avoiding the delay of correspondence

to a foreign country.

5. Kvcn small orders can be filled in the shortest time, as the books can be included in my

regular shijMnenls.

Si)ccial attention is also given to Periodicals, which I import in bales, unfoldc^y
and deliver them to my customers jUSt aS quick and reg^ularly as if imported by mail.

For information I beg to refer to: —

Mr. Mki.vil Dkwky, Chief Librarian of Columbia College, New York.

Mr. \V. T. rKOi'LKs, Librarian of Mercantile Librar>', New York.

Mr. Addisu.n Van Name, Librarian of Yale College, New Haven, Conn.

Mr. Ci. \Vm. Harris, Librarian of Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Mk. W. L Flktciikr, Librarian of Amherst College, y\mherst, Mass.

Kkv. K. C. Richardson, Librarian of 'I'heological Seminary, Hartford, ('onn.

Trof. T. H. Satford, Librarian of Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., etc., etc.

GUSTAV E. STECHERT,

766 Broadway,

NEW YORK.

Nkw York, June iS, 1886.

Lribrary Notes.

■

SUPERIOR TO ALL OTHERS FOR LIBRARY USE.

63

KING'S "NONPAREIL" PENS

Patented July 31, 1883.

F»rice, per Gross $1.00.

" Nonpareil " Kxtra Fine, White.

Very fine and clastic. Supori<»r lor Professional Pen-
men, Ladies' use, and for hairlines and hciivy shading.

"Nonpareil" No. 3. Black.
Point ciir\'ed downward, and stiff.

"Nonpareil** Office. Whitk.

Medium fine. Easy writer. .Sui>erior to all otiiers
ff>r Banks, Colleges, Sdiools, and Mercantile use.

"Nonpareil** Stub. Black.

Droad point ; very smooth ; easy writer. EsiK-cially
adapted for Lawyers and bsuJc-haiid writers.

" Nonpareil *' No. 5. White.

A fine Stuu with short nib. A very pleasin.:.; pun for
fine engrossing.

G.r.KING 's
NONPAREJL

!>T( sTFD ^M'lY ->.t. I'^J

" Nonpareil ** No. 0. White.
Long nib, fine stub i>oint, free and easy writer.

"Nonpareil** No. 7. Black.

Medium fine, turncd-up point. An easy writer for
addressing.

GtO r.KING i

D«N ^' I IN

"Nonpareil'* Bank. White.
A good l)usincss pen : large and long points.

"Nonpareil'* Court. Black.

Tumed-up point, smooth and easy writer. Particu-
larly adapted for all rapid writing, addressing wrap-
lK*rs, etc.

" N<»nparell ** No. 8. Black.

Same as above, except in iwint. A very firm, smooth
and casv writer.

m0

^'■' GEO. r. KING'S

- '' TALCON

GO CENTS PER GBOS&
Kiii|;*s " Falcon ** l*en. White.

The staud.ird popular bu-sincss i)en, used largely by
Railroad and Exj)rehN offices.

** I furnish my staff of 30 any pens they prefer. We
have tried over 50, More Nonpareils are now called
for than of all oilier makes,"

Mulvil Dkwbv, Columbia College Library.

Hin.man's Bumnkss College.

Worcester, Feb. 9th, 'S6.
Dear Sirs : — Your " Nonpareil " Office Pen is one
of the best for buMiiess writin;; that I have ever used.
During twenty years as a professional i>enman I have
been very particular in the choice of i>cns, and I regard
your " Nonpaieil" a^ meriting si>ecial praise.

Y<»urs trulv, A. H. Hinma.v.

MANUFACTURED BY

GEO. F. KING & MERRILL,

BOSTON.

Sold by LIBRARY BUREAU, 32 Uawley Street, Boston.

64 Library Notes.

EVERY WELL-EQUIPPED LIBRARY SHOULD HAVE

METHODS OF TEACHING AND STUDYING HISTORY. Edited by Dr. G-
Stanley Hall, Johns Hopkins University. Which has not only gathered together in a
form of direct practical utility to students and readers of history, generally, the opinions of
eminent representative specialists in each department, but what is of great importance to
/iV^rar/W, has a very caretully selected and discriminated Bibliography of Historical
Literature, by Prof. Allen, of Wisconsin University, and authorities covering the
whole range of history ; and a Select Biuliography of Church History, by J. A.
Fisher, of Johns Hopkins University. Price, $1.30.

•' I do not think that you have ever printed a book on education that is not worthy to go on any * Teachers*
. Reading List/ and the best list." — Dr. William T. Hakris.

SHELDON'S STUDIES IN GENERAL HISTORY. A collection from original
sources of historical material hitherto inaccessible to most teachers. An exercise book in
history and politics. Price, $1.60.
" You have taken the decisive step, and I hope you will persuade many of your countrymen and countrywomen

to follow you." — J. R. Sbblkv, Pruf. of History, Cambridge Univ., England.

COMPAYRE'S HISTORY OF PEDAGOGY. Translated bv W. H. Payne, Profes-
sor of the Science and the Art of Teaching in the University of Michigan. Price, $1.60.
"The best and most comprehensive history of education in English." — Dr. G. Stanlsy Hall.

GILL'S SYSTEMS OF EDUCATION. An account of the systems advocated by emi-
nent educationists. Price, $1.00.
" I can say truly that I think it eminently worthy of a place on the Chautauqua Readinc List, because it treats

ably of the Lancaster and Bell movement in education, — a very important phase." — Dr. William T. Harris.

RADESTOCK'S HABIT IN EDUCATION. With an introduction by G. Stanley
Hai.l, Professor of Psychology and Pedagogy in Johns Hopkins University. Price, 6octs.
" It is a valuable contribution to both educational theory and practice." — Pres. Sxblvb, Amherst College.

ROUSSEAU'S EMILE. Price, Sects.

'* Nature's first gospel on education." — Gobthb. " There are fifty pages of the Emile that should be bound
in velvet and gold." — Voltairb. " Perhaps the most influential book ever written on the subject of education."

— R. H. Quick, in Educational Reformer s.

PESTALOZZI'S LEONARD AND GERTRUDE. With an introduction by G
Stanley Hall, Professor of Pedagogy in Johns Hopkins University. Price, Sects.
" If we except Rousseau's * Emile' only, no more important educational book has appeared for a century and

a half than Pestalo/.zi's ' I^onard and Gertrude.' " — The Nation.

RICHTER'S LEVANA ; The Doctrine of Education. A book that will tend to build
up that department of education which is most neglected, and yet needs most care — home
training. Price, $1.25.
" A spirited and scholarly book." — Prof. W. H. Payne, Univ. of Mich.

THE FOUNDATION OF DEATH. A study of the drink question. By Axel
GusTAFSON. The most complete work on the subject ever published — impartial, tearless,
accurate, and exhaustive. Price, $1.60.
** I wish they all would read it; it leaves nothing to be said." — John B. Guugh. (Dec. 23, 18S4).

THE TEMPERANCE TEACHINGS OF SCIENCE. By Professor A. B. Palmer,

of the College of Medicine, University of Michigan. Price, 50cts,

" It is just the book needed at this crisis, and ought to be in the hands of every teacher in the public schools."

— Mrs. Makv H. Hunt, of the W. C. T. U., Supt. Dept. f<»r Temin^rance Instruction.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PEDAGOGICAL LITERATURE, carefully selected and
annotated by Dr. G. Stanley Hall, Professor of Psychology and Pedagogics, Johns
Hopkins University.

THE CITIZEN. Devoted to the discussion of questions of popular interest relating to
CITIZENSHIP and government, and edited by members of the American Institute of
Civics. Is intended to be a useful auxiliary to the hopeful influences now at work for the
elevation of popular sentiment upon matters of public importance. We believe that its
purposes will especially commend it to the favorable attention of officers of public libra-
ries, school officers and teachers, and all others who appreciate the importance of suit-
able preparation for citizenship. Price, $1.50 per year. Specimen numbers free.

MAPS FOR LIBRARY READING-ROOMS. Trustees, librarians, and readers, will
recognize at once the desirability of a set of wall maps, for general reference, in the reading-
room. We put a most excellent series into a handsome, comi)act case, occupying only
the wall space of one map, and made to match the finish of the library.

LIBRARY GLOBE. A 16-inch globe, mounted on rotary tripod stand, 3 feet 6 inches in
height. Price, carefully i)acke(l in wooden box, $(yo.oo.

D. C. HEATH & CO., Fublisbers, - Boston, New York, and Chicago.

Library Notes. 65

A REVOLUTION IN CYCLOPEDIAS I

" Better than Appletoo's; Better than the Britannica; the Best of all, JOHNSON'S."

Every home should have a set of

"JOHNSON'S UNIVERSAL OYOLOP-fflDIA,"

which has just been revised in every department at a cost of over $60,000. It makes a most complete library at a
price which every one can afford. It costs less than half as much as either Appleton's or the Britannica,
and is much more satisfactory in every way. It is now regarded as the only

STANDARD CTCIiOPJEDIA

by scholars and all who use it. It was made for the people, and the PEOPLE are buying it at the

rate of 400 sets a week.

OTJK; OXjj^inNwdlS

FOR

JOHNSON'S CYCLOPEDIA

[RBVISBD EDITION.]

" IT IS YiSTLT MORE THAM YOU CAN CLiU FOR IT."-HON. CARROLL D. WRIGHT.

1. It is the only New Cyclopaedia now on the market.

2. It is the only cyclopaedia extant that has been made by a thoroughly organized body

of scholars.

3. It is the only cyclopxdia ever made from a thoroughly American point of view.

4. It excels all other cyclopaedias in its scope of titles treated.

5. It excels all other cyclopaedias in the compactness of its subject matter.

6. Its authority is higher than that of any other cyclopaedia.

7. Its subject matter is more accessible than the contents of any other cyclopaedia.

8. It is the cheapest cyclopaedia extant.

9. Critical scholars declare that it has no rival.
10. It is rapidly supplanting all other cyclopxdias.

What we ask, — We ask a fair chance to demonstrate the above propositions.

N. B. We do net claim (i) that there are not some omissions; we do claim that
they are few; (2) that there are not some errors in our work; we do claim that they are not
the rule, as in other cyclopaedias; (3) that we have not some enemies; wc do claim the body
of scholars as our supporters. \x\s\\ox\^ we claim emphatic superiority^ not absolute perfection.

FmR fARTICt'LARS AND TERMS ADDRESS

A. J. JOHNSON & CO., II Great Jones St., New York.

Library Notes.

ESPECIALLY FOR L[BKARIES.

ASTRONOMICAL ATLAS.

.H PaCK. F. R. A. S.

ilecnBpeeiilljfinrnMp.,

THE CONSTELLATIONS AND HOW TO FIND THEM.

lly WiLi

AIJ HudunK of AUronomy will \x glad tu Uarn t
I"r Eviicnl [elereno; ul bul liliic tiptnsc. Thj> ill»
of IhE ci.i.»ttI].niiMi» d<irinK uath moiTlh ol Ihc ycat. I , .,

Price, postpaid, 75 Cents.

SOMETHING NEW FOK I'UHLfC AND PKEVATE LIKRARIES.

An Ornamental, Compact Case for Wall Maps.

TheciMiih.imlsuiiKlyliiiiahcd in cherry. Mis nn ;1oublc hiiiKvi, o
rall«i.iuidyi;tiii.-i;iipiciJeBlhan Ihe will space at aii ordiiiary ina|>. When
■uppurUilun Micel Imckst^) when lIosh] (and iluii Ik lucked), it is an i>n
lung, IHrenly-fiiuraiiduiic-liall wide, iiid faurinclic> i]u|i.

Case cnntiiniin; rijilit nuiii complelc. fw,

Wb Hi ii Kith &e oilcbnti^ HTAK>-01tU MAI>N, size, ;i i (■> inc

ilknl mapi .«

M. T. ROGERS & CO,, 36 BROMFIELD ST., BOSTON.
After August I, SO Bromrield St.

Rubber and Metal Stamps

OF ALL KINDS,

For Libraries, ODlces and Business Uses.

German and American Band and Wheel
Numbering Machines.

IL C. DIMOM> & €0., 33 Milk HU, Boston, Mms.

;jp^ REPAIRING A SPECIALTY.

Columbia Bicycles.

Tbe ucnJK oi driving the tricydc on good roads is pmitively delightluJ, ud I find it a decided beneSt In
■uiJth. There u nothing Jikc it to bring back the ^eeful Eiperienna i9 boyiih spiriu, Then there it the *

asunlud run off amilc orlwoon ilin the timr: it wnuld ulic to hanieuahone.— 7. T. Tramiridgt.

THE LIBRARIAN'S HORSE.

Health, Business, Pleasure, Exercise.

COLUMBIA

BICYCLES AND TRICYCLES,

Highest Grnde of iVlachines Made.

The teat oC the roads lor eight years baa not worn out a alng-le Columbia.— Their

riders hold the best world's records. -In majority at every League

Meet.— Almost Invariably ridden by Ions-distance tour-

lats.— Every part iotercbanseable.

CAXALOQUE SEXT KKEE.

THE POPE MANUFACTURING CO.,

597 Washington Street, BOSTON.
Branch Houses : 1 3 Warren St., New York : 115 Wabash Ave., Chicago.

FOT I .uumur trip, "a luti^k- lri|."i;nci more rcjl s.>liri lil.-a.iir.' lo iK- >jimTe iiich th*n Jny ulhet r«-
rcJti.<ii. (Jn.der>L'i«l-..>nnci.lKror.ui,rt:^rri.<ge9. IK' is l>i~ own hurse Hs lie »L<:I- over hill ■»<& va)lty in ■

Common Sense Binder.

Coiniliou Sense Ililldur. This latest candidate for tirst place
has made friends «Iii:rcvcr tried, and grown into very large use with unexam-
pled rapidity. Its special merits are convenience and durability. After long
cxpc-rience, we njcommend it highly. Material and workmanship arc the
best. Two metal strips, hinges or stubs make a vise in which pamfiets ot
papers arc clampt as securely as if bound, by flexible, flat, steel fasteners
attacht to the riglil-hnnd stub. This fastener is slid enuf to perforate ihin
pamfiets without previous punching, so flexible that it can be bent at any
point with the fingers, and so strong thm it may be bent bacic and forth in
constant use for maTiy years without breaking. It breaks less often than any
other device, and can be replaced quicker than a common cord. We guaran-
tee all our binders against breaking nnd supply new fasteners free. This
fastener is passed thru the papers benveen the stubs, which are held firmly
together till it is bent nver as close as possible, thus clamping them together.
The free end of the fastener is then protected by sliding over it the brass
clasp shown in the cut. Compared with other binders, the whole operation
is quickest, and the result strongest. There are no springs, strings, needles,
cords, rubbers, slnqjs, linoks, ot pins. The biiuler is simple, durable, and
COMMON SENSE. ]'<ir eitiier temporary or 1'I:km.\\knt use it is the best. *

The steel fastener cannot stretch as do cords, thus cutting (he papers by a
saw-like action. They clamp by a right-angle bend in the steel, and so can't
slip in fastening, or work hmse in use, as coid :ind knots must do. The
quickness of the operation allows frequent removal of any pajier, piece of
music, etc., often a great convenience when a single sheet i.-? wanted, and a
whole volume cannot be c^irried. On this account many do not bind the
completed volume otherwise, but leave it in its liundsunie Common Sense
dress.

Uesides scveniy-HM> styles and si/es keiil conslantly in stock, we make any
size or material promptly to order.

ASA L. SHIPMAN'S SONS, Manufacturing Slaltoners, Printers, and Lithographers,

Ideal Fountain Pen.

69

Waterman's Ideal Fountain Pen.

\?. 3. Ta'-:- -cs s;t-i jire.

Nr- *. Ta:-:'- --5 i.t^a s ze.

No 24. TAC-ir."i:s actua s.ze.

WATCPMAA,-S (CEALPCH.

N:. .5. C-€--af a::-al »::e.

"The best vkTiting implement in the w.>rl.-.." — J* ir, > W:;.Cm.\. jcurna^ui, Xar Vork.

KKCAl>E

I. •' TIk- supjity of ink in tiiv h"'.dcr rcl:-. ve> :ri.ni :hc Af-.Tii'v.itiCi: nf ^^'ppi",;.** — ^V. L. Ai.i»en, X,-xv Vcrk Titner.

II. " It i^i alway«i ready (or instant ■.>- \\::h ;.: .my iv.<s '-r ■jhtkir^j." — K't.KSF G. HLArKiORD. Fish C'l-w-
miu toner, .Vrtv Vorl'.

III. It 1* made in a ztcat variety i^i -ryii - i::d -i/e- ^; ■ o-nveriiont for desk and mScc as »ull as ]^<kot use.
•• I use a half d«»zcn of them my>tlf." — Melvi:. IJL■w^.^ , iShi-f L:'^r,irLi;\ Co'tanbia <.V.Vf>;t-. .VtTf W^rk.

Send fi»r iihistratcd cat.ilogui.. price-list, anil testimonials. Mention Liiikary
Notes. Ai;ent> wanted.

L. E. WATERMAN, Sole Manufacturer,

l."i."» ISrimtln'ay. Ne%% Y(»rk.

HE IDEAL POCKET,

K<»r Peii«- ano Pencil- ■■! rC.. -i/c-. !. !.■:•. irfin -ne i- ?i\ j-ccnrcly. It f.istL-ns itself, and is c.<sil\
chan-fTeil f rrim ■■' u \-:-\ pi r.Jtct ?'■ a; r.:!.i.T. Price of I'cKktl, iiickil plated, 15 cents.

^-

a. ^v. Fj^Bj^R's

LEAD 1=*EXCILS.

Gold Pens.

Yv y^VIil'JIl'S

F^KNMOI^UEKS.

KUBI3EK 1 J AX US.

EBERHARD FABER,

TIM ]tronc1'«vn>'.

N'c'w YorlCi

70 Bibliographical Publications.

Bibliographical Publications

ISSUED FROM THE OFFICE OF THE PUBLISHERS' WEEKLY.

PUBLISHERS' WEEKLY.

The Purlishers' Weekly, established in 1S72, with which was incorporated the American
IJtt'rary Gazitte and Pitblislicrs' Circuliir (established in 1S52), by purchase from Mr. George
W. Childs, is recognized as the independent representative of the publishing and bookselling
interests in the United States.

The central feature of the i>aper, that makes it an indispensable aid to the trade, to
libraries, and to literary i)Cople, is its Bihlioi^mphiial Dtpartmcut. Every possible facilitj' of
reference is afforded by a combination of methods which records the books, by the week, the
month, the season, and the year, under the author, the jjublisher, the title, the subject, and
the class. It is acknowledged that no other journal, at home or abroad, supplies as practical
and satisfactory a record of the publications of its country.

The bibliograi)hical department includes:

1. A " Weekly Record^'* of all new American pulilications and repriiUs., giving their full titles (according to the
rules of American Library Association), witli place and date of publication, publisher's name, size, number of jiagcs,
and price ; and also descriptive notes of books received. This first and i)ractica)ly the official record is arranged
(dphid^ticaUy by the autliors or titles, and for ready reference is jilaced in the same accessible position in eacli
number.

2. A weekly **Order Lisi^'' bein^j brief-title entries, with prices of the •' Weekly Record," arranged alfkabet-
ictUly by the fmblisliers. The object of <his list i^^ to jnesent at a glance the simultaneous issues of certain publish-
ers, and to save time in the making up of orders.

3. A monthly " Index to the Weekly Rtiord,"^ being short-title entries, with the publisher's name and the size
and pnce, arranged alphabet iatlly by t/ieauthurs, -itu'th refer encei/rotn the titles or catchwords, and from the sub-
jects. With each entry is given also the numbtr of the " Weekly Record " containing the full-title entry and note.

4. A monthly '' Class Synopsis,^' grouping the works of the month under such heads as Biography, Description, *
Education, Fiction, Fine Arts, History, Law. Literature, Midical Science, Physical and Mathematical Saences,
Poetr>' and the Drama, Political and Social Science, Theology and Religion, etc.

5. A s>eini-annual clas^itied list of FortJuomitif^ Puhliatiom, given in the Spring and Fall Announcement num-
bers, in which also the announced books are more fully de>cribed under the name of the publishers, arranged alpha-
l>etically.

6. An annual Index to the book>« of the year, advertised by the more |)r()minent publishers in the so-called Annual
Summary Number, which generally i^ j.ubli--lied in llu- last week of January. In this number is also given a classi-
fied summary of the more prominent publiiations of the yt.ir.

7. Regular Lists of the Season, puhli>lKd as follow ^ : A complete j triced cat.ilogue of Educational Books in
July; .1 priced list of the Holiday K«joks ami nnuniiKut luvenile P.()oks of the year, in November; a supplementary
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8. Semi-monthly lists of the nioie prominent Xc:i' Etti;I:^h Ih>oks.

The Literary Depurttnciit includes c(>mi)rclicnsive intelligence as to books forthcoming and
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THE LITERARY NEWS.

An Eclectic Review of Current Literature. rubli>hed niontlily, and containing the freshest
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ments; characteristic extracts; sketches and aneccloies of authors; courses of reading;
bibliograi)hical references; j^roniinenl topics of the niaga/incs; pri/e (questions on choice
books and other literary subjects, etc., etc.

The Literary NcMs^ since its establishment under the name of The Literary Jyiillttitt^ in
186S, has ])assed through many transformations in aj^pearauce and method before acrpiiring
the distinctive features which have given it a charac ter of its own, and which have become .so
familiar to thousands of readers. In substance it ha^ been the ^ame sinccr its inception —
"a monthly record of current literature;" but while primarily fulfilling its mission in the
interests of the book trade, it has since the establishment of the ruia.lsHKRS' Wkekly,

Bibliographical Publications. 71

which now so thoroughly covers that ground, aimed more directly to meet the wants of readers
and students.

In its 32 pages monthly, it aims to give readers, in the briefest possible space, and in the
shortest possible time the widest possible information about all the new books. Among its
features for 1886 are :

1. Interesting reviews of the leading; books selected from the best critical authorities. The revieiK's and book-
nritices are confined to the best books of the day, and are quoted only from recognized literary journals. Their
selection is made with an aim not merely to guide by a praise of books, but to awaken an interest in subjects worth
studying and authors worth knowing, by giving what throws most light both on authors and books in their relation
to life and literature.

2. Brief, original papers on books and reading.

3. Reference lists of^l)ooks on the leading subjects of the day, hitherto issued as a separate perioilical, and " aies "
OTi timely topics. This department includes references to the latest authority, as soon as recognized, on any subject
of jieneral interest; also references to bibliographies of subjects of general interest, to approved reading-courses,
and to anything written in the interest of readmg and study.

4. Inaex to articles in the magazines of the month, arranged by subjects.

5. The •' Prtze Qtustians" in which two or more jmzes <if #5 or more worth of books are given each month by
I>opular vote for selected lists of books; a most entertaining feature.

6. Fresh literary news and gossip about writers.

7. The •' Book List*^ giving a survey of current literature in the sha]ie of titles of and descriptive notes upm
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History, Collected and Selectee! Works, Mental and Moral Philosophy, Physical and Mathematical Science, Politi-
cal ana Social Science, Religion and Philosophy, Sports and Amusements, etc. ; (t) books for the Voung, the latter
a most important feature for Parents zv\A for Sunday-ichool and oilier Teachers.

A complete index, by authors, titles, or subjects, makes the annual volumes accessible for
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THE LIBRARY JOURNAL.

Official Organ of the American Library Association. Edited by Charle.s A. CuTrF.R, Li-
brarian Boston Athenaeum.

The Library yournal was established in 1876 by the cooperative efforts of the leading libra-
rians on both sides of the Atlantic. Its chief object is to be a practical help to the evcry-day
administration of both large and small libraries, and to effect a saving by enabling library
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In refraining from doing imperfectly what is done so well by the several journals specially de-
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are included in this price as sui)plements.

INDEX TO PERIODICALS.

Quarterly Cooperative Index to Current Numbers of Leading Periodicals. Edited by \V. I.

Flktcher, Librarian Amherst College.

This periodical, which, with 1S85, became a separate quarterly, indexes in each issue the
leading periodicals, American and English, for the three months preceding, on the plan of
Poole's Index. It is edited by Mr. Pof)lc*s collaborator in that work, and has been planned
with Mr. Poole's sanction. The indexing to the periodicals is done by Librarians, on a
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believed it will be found of great service to librarians, students and readers in general. The
price is ^2 per year.

THE AMERICAN CATALOGUE

Of Books hi Print and for .Sale (including Rcjmnts and Importations), July 4, 1876.

The American Catalogue comi>iled by F. Leyi)oldt and Lynds E.Jones, aims to present,
for the first time, all the bibliograi)hical features of the books in the American market,
arranged in ihcjirst volume alphabetically iiy both aut/iors and ////<'j, and in the svcomi volume

72 Bibliographical Publications.

alphabetically by subji-cts. Over nine hiindrcd publishers are represented, among whom is a
great number of the smaller publishers and publication societies, of whose books it has
hitherto been almost impossible to keep trace; and the two volumes aggregate 1490 large
quarto double-column pages containing over 125,000 entries. A most valuable list of biblio-
graphies is prefixed to the second volume to assist the .student in prosecuting his researches
beyond the province of the catalogue proper.

The catalogue thus forms the only approximately complete guide in existence to the Ameri-
can books of the period, so arranged as to make reference easy from whatever direction the
inquiry may come, whether from that of the author, or the title, or' the subject. It not only
furnishes the desired information about any particular book of which the consultcr is in
search, but shows what others there arc by the same author, or on the same subject in which
he is interested. To the bookseller, therefore, it is valuable both in filling orders and in
stimulating business; to the librarian, in supplying gaps and proportioning his collection;
and to all who are practically concerned with books, in furnishing information which nowhere
else is obtainable by so convenient a method, if obtainable at all. Two volumes 4to, paper
(published at $25, now for the eleven remaining copies), ^40; half morocco, ^44.

THE AMERICAN CATALOGUE, 1876-1884,

Clovers all books recorded between July ist, iSjf), and June 30th, 1884, and includes titles of
over iS.ooo books. Its practical value as an every-day working tool will almost exceed that
of the original CArALOcuK. It is issued so as to be bound in two volumes, the first including
author and title-entries, the second, subject-entries, or in one volume, as maybe desired. The
edition is limited to 1250 coi)ies and no i)lates are made. Price, paper, $12.50; hf. mor., $15.

THE PUBLISHERS' TRADE-LIST ANNUAL.

This volume is indispensal)le to any one who has any interest in the purchase or sale of
books. It contains :

1. TiiR Puni.ism:K>' Traok-I.ist>. — These arc the latest catalogues of American publishers, arranged alpha-
l)Ctically by the uarms <>f the pulili^hers.

2. I'mk Kdi'i a rioNAi. Catai-ooik. - {Fiir ticicription sec f\i'tnv.)

y. ANNOTAri'i) Li^T "I" IMF. IJooKs OK TIIR ^'HAK. — A Complete reprint of tlic Pi'iilishbr's' Whbklv^^*^
tti/e kec<»rcls (inclusive of all tlie rloscriptive notes) from July 2. iSSi. to June 30, iSi$2.

1. ("oMi'i-iurc Iniirx to thk I'ooks oc thh N'uak. — In order to faiilitate icference to the <i1>otc list, it is
accompanied liy a fnll index by which every book on record can be found, whether it is looked for wwAcr ant hi»r,
titU <»r subjeit. Nuincron^ cross-references are also added to facilitate the tindinj; of books on similar subjects.

Large Octavo. Trice, $1.50; postpaid, 52.00. With " Duplex Index," 67 cents <'jr/rd.

BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.

A (iuidc for Parents and Children, compiled by C. M. Uewins, Librarian of Hartford Li-
brary Association. New edition, containing books to 1884. 32mo. Trice, in paper, 25 cents.

" Meets most admirably the demand for carefully selected lists, and contains also valuable and interesting coun-
sel." — W. K. Foster.

COPYRIGHT: ITS LAW AND ITS LITERATURE.

A Summary of the Principles and Law of Copyright with especial reference to Hooks. By

R^ K. PuWKKR.

This volume briefly but conijirehensively summarizes the principles, history and present law of copyrijjht, domes.
tic and international. Tlie coi»yrij:ht laws of the United States and Great liritam arc printed in full, with a memo.
nal of American authors to Conj;re>.s and fac-similes of their sijinatures.

The second part of the volume is

A Pibliography of Literary Troperty : being a catalog of sixty pages of books and articles
on the Copyright Question. Compiled by TilORVALD SoLBERO. One vol., Svo, half leather.
Trice, ^3.00 net.

Address the Office of THE PUBLISHERS' WEEKLY,

\W and 3a Park ICow, N. Y.

Ginn & Company. 73

BOOKS FOR ALL LIBRARIES.

The Harvard Edition of

SHAKESPEARE'S COMPLETE WORKS.

Bv HENRY N. HUnsOX, LL. !>.,

/// 20 Va!s., i^mo^ tu.\^ //.irs in e-ich : .:.\\- .n T.k /V.V., ./.v;/r *.*.;;•.. ..:.-;.

From die AiAemtmm, London. England: '• Mr. H.:d^>r.*-. vo.-.'me- de>er\e to t.r.d a i^lacc in ..vcrv- IrVr.irv
tlevuted to Shakespeare, lo edidocs of hi5 w.-.rk?. t.' his b:..^ra:^hy. anc t- tlie work* of coinmcnuiors.

Hudson's "Life, Art, and Characters of Shakespeare"

Two Volume* uniform in size aiid l.»:nding with the IIAKVARI) LMTIOX, oniaining:

1 . TA^ Life of Skukesj^tare.

2. Am Historical SkcLh of t\c Origin .niJ Grcwth of i\c Df\:m: ;/; £n^.\:r.\:\ di>cus2.ing U!u1lT

this head Miracle- Plays, Moral Tlavs, a::d 0.mcd\ a:u: TraiiLdv.

3. Sha/:tstcarg's CoH//m/or.:riis.

4. ShaJuspeares /I r/, discussing under this head Nature and l'>c I't Art, Trinciplo v»f Art.

Dramatic Composition, Characterization, Hum r. Style. M.taI Spirit.
5- Skaketptisre' s Characters^ inciuding critical di<cour>es on twcnty-r.vL y:>i the play>.

SEISTD FOK. XER25wa:S.

CLASSICS FOR CHILDREN.

Choice Literature; Full Notes; Large Type; Firm Binding; Low Prices.

Kach of the volumes is priiueti in brjie tvf.v. .--v. s;i»^.-.: ; x\ -r. ai;c f.rrr^'.v L. -^-..t.. \ \C\\ is c« ::v,'i<;c : it .il»tii;.;«.i?.
where culling lias been nc<xs>aT-y, by a sk:;;':lI h^:.d. \\;::.-,-.: :::.; a::n.c:.: oi -::.'.>.• v-r >:wr>-. liiu-ir.uii.i:-, hIih;
desirable, are freely- used. The j>Hce- have ln:t-ii n;:..:c a- :, a a~ :■, s-:_:e. A:i Ld::.» i: l:.i> U^x; bo.iiii'. h; c".»ih.
omitting the headline '* Classics for CUil.Ircn." PncL.. ::. iKurils. i\K>'..\ 25 : 50 *..:.:»

Hans Andersen's Fair>- Tales .Ks. j.*.^ Kai:e>. K:iu :i.v^ \Va:er-r.i. cs.

The King of the Golden River; or. Iht Black l;rothcr<. Tist. Svs»s> F.i:n::> Ko'. .:.-or..

Kobinson Cni>oc. K:''..;>".Ly*= lirc.k Hcr.jcs. Lini-'- l\i!-> frvir. >;iakvs:<ar«..

Scott's Tales of a Grandfa'JitT. Scot:"> L; d. i :' :hc L.iki..

Stone* of the CKd World. >c.:t*s T .li'im.in. Sc^'::'> tjutiitrn Dur%sarJ.

Irving** Sketch I'.^Hik. Shak-.s t:?.^'^ Mcrol .'.:.: ■. i Vc:.i».c.

Scot:'< G.i\ Mat. Tier:.;:. >c.t:*- Ivai-i:- -.- L.inil'*- .Ai'.veiiturcs i»i L".y^^c^.

Johii-rfi:.*- ka*'-v.ia>. i!; :.iri.!".*> L-.vv.-i.

OTHERS ARE IN PREPARATION.

Hon. MbllbnCiiami eklain. L-i.-ra.iaT. I.-i ^t- •. VO. lie I. r -y: T!.=-e : i:h!;c.it'.c:,«i <eem t.' iiii-'.i'b^- <f ^tc.;!
v.nlue, whether regarded as h -inj re;u-i'.^- '-r :' r i:'^- ;i. :;:r :•".' 'x -^'■. •■!■<. 'I'e-e v« 'nii:* ar^ ;.;<.-«h; of :ht.n)"ie]\c^.
and seem to me tu be adniir.tb y t-i'.iiid. ;.:..:: «".:!. i.v, rt;>- refir.r cc :o .1 -;-.-(.::iv. p.:r; •■>>.■.

OUTLINES OF MEDIiEVAL AND MODERN HISTORY, liy 1. V. X. Mvkk>,
Pres. Bclmtmt Coilej^e. O. Ai:il.«»r «.t "Ain.ici.1 Hi>i«Ty,"etc- i::nn), xn. — 74:: pp. CuUtliI
maps. Hall niurocce; by n>a:!, 51.15; f-ir iiiiro./:uv.t;u::. 51.50.

A brief, clear, and attractive narrative of the i)r')gre>.-« of civiiizatii^n >ince the meeting of
Latin and Teuton in the tilth ce:.tury. . * .

It deals with the essential eieinerjt- <.f the liic ■•i the rACc. The L^roupinv; is bastvl upon
the laws of hi>toric development. 'I'iie facts >e^i:*.ted are si;:h a> i'.Iu>irate the jtrir.ciples in
the most striking and typical manner.

Prof. W. F. .Al'tn. *A \\,\i Univ. r-ir .• . 1 W.-C' : -'.: . >.iy> : ' Mr. MvLr-" Ui k >ee:ri.- tc me a work of hi^jh
excellence and to j;ivc a remarkably c ea: .i*. '. v;-.::i ; .c'..;re u: nKi.: «. v:.. l.::,;.ir;. .

THE LEADING FACTS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. I'y D. H. .Mo.n niuMKRV.

l2mo, cloth, xx.xiv. — 25; ;.p. wii. map. IJy mail, 5i.rc: lor iiitr...'.vKtion. 51.0c. Trc-
>ents very briedv, yet cle-ariv and ac< iirait. iy. ;!:c !':"ai.l, \\\\\ i.icl-* i»f Iii5..;ii-1) Ili>:Mrv
in their connection with the ..lea: :a\\> ul r.at:>»::a'. _r<A\::..

From Pre»«t. P. V. N M\t.r>. !!• >.:• •.: (>.;:<.-..c: "I. c- at:!' ■ ',•■*- Ii- a t-- '^..-i -..u i; i iv.l.L:.*. Vi :nt^ if
hi<i -"ubicct and ht»w to thrr.w the I'-.at i.^i.: u; *.\. \\.-c I'e.iturc- lie wriuvt- :■ < \li:i. i:.""

GINN & COMPANY, Publishers,

liuston, >'ew York, aud C'liica^.

74 ^' Appleton & Co.

D. APPLETON & CO.

Have just Published

I.
The Rear Guard of the Revolution.

15y Kdmum) Kirkk, aiithnr of '* Among the Pines," etc. With Portrait and
■ Maj). i2ino, clotli. Price, $1.50.

"The Ke.ir CiiMrd of the Ki;%Mlutii>ii *' is a narrative of the .idventures of the piuneers that first croAScd the
AIle.v;li.iiiie> .iml ^..-tiled in \\ li.it is nnw Teimcsoee, under the Icadursliip f»f iwu rciiiarkable men, Jarnen RubcttaoD
anil John Suvin. Sevier is iint.ibly the hrniof ihu narrative. Hi.s career w.i> certainly remarkable, as much ao
a> ih.it of Dinu-I Iti^tnc. Th-: title i)f the b*)o\i. '\> derived fnun the fact that u btKly of hardy volunteers, under thtt
leadiT^hit) *>! St.-vier, crossed tliL nmunuiins in uplmld the patriutic cause, and by their timely arrival secursd the
defeat iit^ the Iliitl^Ii army at Kin>;\ Mountain. All who have read " .-Vniou); the Pines," by the same author,
pu1jii>lied during the war, and recall ita ^l>irited and ur.iphic delineatiuiu of life in the South, will welcome this
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II.

Earthquakes and other Earth Movements.

P»y Joiix MiLNK, i>rufcss()r in the Imperiiil Collei^e of Engineering, Tokio, Japan.
International Scientific Series. With 3.S lihistralions. i2nio, doth. Price, $1.75.

^ \n .ittenipt it iiiaik in iliis volume t<>^ive a -iy'^t( in.itic account of v.irious Karih Muvenieuts.
Eiirthi/ihtki s^ or ilie sudden \ ioli.nl movenl•:llt:^ itf the ground; Earth TrtrmorSy <ir minute i
escape oni aiii.ntion hy the smallne-i;> of ihcir amplitude : Earth PtiUatiotis^ or movement* whic

Hiese comprise

movements which

wliich are overlooked

ou acujunt of the len^^ih of ihelr ]>erii>d; ami Earth 0.uMi/io/;j,, or movenieiitb of long period and larse am|ditud«.

III.

Shaftesbury (the First Earl).

liy H. I). Tk.vill. Vol. III. of ]On(.lisii \V« )RTI 11 r.s, edited by Andrew Lang.

12 mo, cloth. Price. 75 cents. Previous volumes in the series:

CIl.XKLKS DAKWIX. Hv Ckant Ai.lkn.

M.\KLli(;KOUc;iI. liv (iK()K(ii: S \in tsi;i:kv.

" Kn.:li-»Ii Worthier " is a new -etlr- of -m.ill volume'-, lon^i^till>; oi '^hori lives of En;;li'^hn1en of influence and
distinttion, |mvi and pr-.-^'.-nt, military, naval, lii-rary, ^ci-nillie. ici;.il, «jcile.^i.i.>ilic:d. ^«H.ial, etc. Each biography
will Ik- iiiiniNied to a writt-r ^p<.cia'ly .uqiaiuii.'l uiili the hi.ioncal pi.rio:l in which hi> hem lived, and in special
sympathy, a:- it were, %\ilh his snlijecl.

IV.

Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman.

New edition, revised, and with .\ildi lions. With numerous Maps and Portraits.
Two vols., 8vo, dolli. I'rice, S5.0U.

This I'dition of (iener.d Sh.-rmin':; m.-moli-. lla•^ been thoroughly levjoiil. .md (-ontain'> two new ch.iptcrs and
impoitani .ippendicc**. l"'ifi<en map- and sevi.i.ii portr:iit:>. i:oi e.ivt-n in ilu- i:isi eilitinii. tniuh ihe pre^i-nt iKsnc.
The |>ortrait' ton^ir-l of eii;.;tavMi.L;.-* on ^ii-i.i of (Jeni.j.iK >hirniaii. Ihoniat. .*5« hoiii-lil, .unl Mcl'lurson. and a
phototvp'* ■^loiil'oi ctiips romirj.mdei:-. Tin- ihw cliapt.r at the i-t-il nl ihe woik. entitl« il "Aficr ilie War,'*
throw-« lii;hl on ret I nt Conli"V' r-ii:.-. Ml n iaifl to j'ri- i^I-iit jidin-.m" pmpo .e in wi-hiii^' to .end ( ieneial i^nint to
Mexiciv The .ippiml :*.>.■.- innia'.ii niiiiuwm- IiiIli^ fioiii a:mv ionini..Mi|i.r- liLarin;.; npoi: i.\inis of the war.

J , 3y urtcL €J Uuncl S/z-cc/, jVei^ y^or/z.

Library Notes.

SETS OF SCIENTIFIC PERIODICALS.

Zeit*>«.1irif t Je-r I>ciil^tlit*n (■«^tl*«i;i««*lirii C*f^-1Uili;il't. n.>. • •

Terli.tii«liuna:«fii «le» Biit.iui««-1icii Verein* »lt*r Pr«i\iii/ I'v.ir.il* n»»ir:i. - i

Abhaiitllnut:*-!! *l«** >'atiir«rl»si«fii»*h.»tftlicln-n \fri'in* tin r.'f»nii;.
Jal»r»-*KeCt«' «!•-* lV«nfritriiil»erei!»chfii Wrt-in* fiu-r >.»lnrki"!il» . ...

Z«*it«4-f«Titt flier <lie Gr^titiiiiklfii \.«f iir%%i««fii!i« h.tftfii. ■:

I. . , ." ^r ..V •^••' ■••••, *-." " " .1". »

i .1- ". :-, -""rr-*; :;:'; :!-..*:. x*
likchrifttf^n «l<*r l*hy«ilL.iliM'Ii-«H-k«uii»ii!i«i-lii*ii (•t*«t>11^tli.iti .-ii K<tf Miv:*><»«-; u>

J.ilire'-Ijt'rit* littr dtr *»c1iIf<>i<M.<hrii •»i-*«*lN«h;il"f. . ... ^^ . '.

Slty«iii5*lH-ric-lite «l*rr I*hy«ika1i«cli-Mc-«1i(-iiii'<ichfii i«f*flU» li.»!t /u W i.v/i' I'-j^.

-: . H -. : i' •."•.. *? :•■
3Iirt1i**11iiiis;eii *IH* «lein N;itiirtvi«««-ii««'1i.iftlii1ifii \ crciii \i>ii \*-m\>>vi»iumui' n.

• -: •• -»= H" : c. •..:.>:; c
V«^rliKii«Iliiiitff 11 ilrr K. K. G«.*«»1iifei»i.>h«^ii Krii Ii«.in«ti«Il in Wum . -^

..^

Al»li:iii<11iinc**" *l*'r K. K. Cioo1os;{«vht*n i:«'U-h«.iii«t.«1t in M 'i m.
Julirl»ii«-lt tier K. K. <te«>1oi:iM-1ieii K«*i«-Ii«.in«l:ilt in Wt-iu.

• •, »

Archives* tin Mii*et» Tfvlfi". V '.

Verliiintlliiiisreii (lt»r Natnrfi>ro<*henilfn itv^t-lU* li.ift in I". i*»'i. \ \

•^ ...._••• ..... ......

Verli<iii<Iltiiii£en «!«*<« >':iTur1ii«lori«c1i«'n-in«Mli«ini«('li*ii \ i-it'ii « /m 1]< iiN Ii>t • c.

: *---*s; . Ha : c-.-' - * ;-
•IfMiriittl (ier Ku«f>l»c*h*'ii Clii^niiM'1)i*n nnd riiy^ik.ili^clu'n («i »« :N( li ii; /n *»*. Ti'ti i «1mii u;-

Ir. K --.ar. tr. :-:.■ :* .-■» . 1 . - .-. ;•.. ■ ■ ■ * .• . •■

j£if7itiitj^«t»«>riclite fler MiifhiMnati»«-1i-n:ilni'\\ io«rnM-li:it'tlii hen K!-«oi' il> i- W ii'i!i i \Ui-
•lemie. .\.''' .:.^I-IiI.. I :• ; i-i; , -* -i •; :\-. -:. ; •• ^

V . . . ; •-■'.■=. :r. r. ar ■•*. V * -• ;. :::• :■ "1 : . .'■-;i

The r^t::^ vr.i! ?c> Arc i" » :^: c :■ .';:••. .1 "', i""e :. \ ' ■ ■. . ' "i" . •

E. ST1:h;EK cV < O., •-»."> l\irk Plarr, Now York.

NIMS e^ KXIGHT.

TROV. X. v..

Publishers, Eccksellef.s .-.::: Gl:be

manufacturers.

Wc desire Im oa" the .ittc.ti r. ••: Ll.»' .•,:•. jr. < .wd '• ■ U-' ".■ ■.■-'•>•.. t ■ ;..:• : >._^^ w' . ■■
we offer. Wc have 'k--.:. : r -'..:r.<: ye.K< l.ii.t: '-isei- ■■: RliMAINDKK BOOKS. ..•
aUci carry a very lu-^x: ^t ck .f BOOKS PUBLISHED BY SUBSCRIPTION, .i"
of which wc ...Iter at SPECIALLY LOW PRICES.

^Vc have iu<t :---.'.d .i New Clearance Catalogue ;i: . Caia!ci;i:c of Si:b*'cr:pi:on
Books, which \\\\ be :i..i!"'.'-.I to an;. .t'.!>:r».^« on a;»p;ii;ati'«!'..
Correspundcnce -o-i«:ilcd.

THE Hamkons Type wsjter go.,

i<f3 Cmm Siir»t, New 1

Library Notes

TMrNOl'EH METIiOns A\n l.AIU)R.S WERS Ei^R I iHR \I^I WS

I 1.1 I I I- IN \[ KI.V II Ml W I \

Vol. I — No. 2

October 1886

^ontfiit'j

F.xj't'rinient .inri lAjWTir'jM' * - -

Kilii<Mt':fi:i !»y Kc.ulin.",

I'iiWti of ;i MntliTii Iltirik

Scl'.mil t'f I ibi;ir\ l.r. iiimuv - - •

Wuhk'H iii 1 .iliraii(-<N ; ll<i\\ x\n\ .in

Iiun<lira|>pc<1 • - •
J .lliKirians* (Jii.ililii :iti'iii-%, Il<*:i:<:. ;ii.'l

S;ilar\

American Library Association

Miiwankt e M' « tin;.-, ...

Mihv.iukci.- I'l'ttirciiiji;.'-

\**y<l CiMif*. rt.-iir»* I .\i iii.<i<i5t

< it«»'4rai»tit< .il Summarv
A. L. A. Publishing Section

( Minii)

<'«in>iitniii»ii • • ...

I 'I Alls foi \V«.»ik ....

Fir>t Mitt!ii!» - - •
School of L,ibrary Kcononiy

K\tTa I.i.utiHvs

Catalogs and Classification • ■

C'>n«!<nscd K".il«.'< l«»r a <\u«l t'.ii H--.'.
r < IicrJ. M.«i*s: i, M.iu: Ki.irv. • li< i..: i.'
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^, Ca|iit.il-<. >|».«« in.:. arJ I '1. W-i .(<■•.■■:•
'-, Ariaiiifuiiieii't : •», Mi^<< '.•.ii'C-i.n •

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Sani|>ic Title P.iifc^. <lKtk iii.is !.•.<'

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I-ibrary Kconomy

r«!:i il. I Mill, and <'li< i k • - -
l:«v<»:\ in:' Sli'it" I'iii • • •

Proj^rcss

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Literary Methods and Labor-Savers, i ;S

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KditorS Notes • - ... . . jjn

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• : . I ! :: • M \ . .V .1 .■ I- I .1 : I .' I

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N -1

BOSTON: LIBRARY BUREAU

LONDON : Triibner & Co.

Quarterly

LKIPZIG: G. K. StiUurt. 10 Hospital St.

$• - :>■. Y

I .«

T.. F ror--: 4

Kiitt:**?'! Pt thi- f...«l<il1it- i«i I'.i-toii, M:'-' . .1 •..-r-i

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'•* I.)* ; •:*• I; III- III.

78

Library Notes.

New Princeton Review, 1887.

Occupying a New Field, Covered by No Other Periodical of Europe or America.

Partial List of

CONTRIBUTORS.

George Bancroft.
James Russell Lowell.
Charles Dudley Warner.
Preset Noah Porter.
Pres't Julius H. Seelye.
Preset James McCosh.
Edmund C. Stedman.
John Bach McMaster.
George P. Fisher.
Wm. M. Taylor.
Charles A. Young.

Sam'l L. Clemens Mark Twain'

John Hall.
William H. Bishop.
Archibald Alexander.
Henry W. Farnam.
Arthur Hadley.
Charles H. Parkhurst.
Stanley Hall.
J. B. Harrison.
T. A. Janvier.
Alexander Johnston.
T. R. Lounsbury.
Alland Marquand.
James 0. Murray.
Charles Eliot Norton.
Francis L. Patton.
William C. Prime.
R. H. Stoddard.
Gen. 0. 0. Howard.
R. Watson Gilder.

H T. A X

«»r TOK

NEW PUBLICATION.

Amopiran Qnhiortc *^ ^*'" nToril ami i'iii|ilia*>i/.»\ rn»in an
AUlCllUaU OUUJCOlO. iiii|i:iitiaI:iiHliintn>itirM:uiil|ioiiit,uliat
i«> \h">i ill .Xiiii'ric.in iiatiniialiry, iiolitii".. anil in<*titut|im8. in-
rliiilin;r till';: real pliila at hropif anil ocunoniici'fTorts of thetinM^.

In PhilnQnnhv '* ««llili'l«Miilatlioront:h-goinp:UeaHsm ji-^op-
lU ruilUdU|luj |„immI to Mralinni "in theoiiolianil. :inil Ai;no*>.
tiri«*ni I'M thi' othiT. whilo it will ^wo i-ritiral nutiro*. <»! utlier
M-Hf* ni»: - .tiiricMi nntl UMiilcrn. It will liavi* arlicif* on iiliysitF

In Pftlifir^ ^'"' '**''*""' will lnnii<h (liMMHHifins of the uio-t
lU rUllllud ini|Miitani ovonts at home an<l abrouil. It will
l)i-Iiiii^- to u<i|>ari>, lint will iMiiloavot* to chii'idate tlmsi* ]irinoi>
pu> \\lii<'li an* iiiiiilaincntal to onr I'xisti'nei* ami profi;ri*?>H a** a
n.itioii .mil uniltTlii* all ri>iiiv«ontativi> uovi'rnnifnt.

In ^ripnrp *^ ^^'" '^'^'' •'" :»«''•'"•»'• '^ poimjlar lakotaoe,

111 ilulullUu of iiTi'ii! inv<>«>ijfr:,ti(iii ami ilisi'ovrrj, |>ayin{;
-piM'ial ati<-iiti<>ii to tin- ni'w MMi'nri's <o fnll of promi^^e.

Religion and Morality. n,!:";i,,^;z;a'r„r!i', "^^;:^"^i:::i

will >iri\i* a- :i prihi>i|ial aim to promote hijjii nioralitv ami

i«'lii:ion.

In PiptiAfi it" pnipii-»r will III- to »'m»)nrau;o ami foster the In-st
lU 1 IbllUU .iiort-* of natixi- wrili-r^. It will uftVr. in addition.
clii.ji-i- >i-i*<-iioii-> ii-ini loicimM>iinti>iiipiirar\ literature.

In Ipf *'"' '*' '" " ^*'" ' ''" 'dtiMUitin to till' lH*«*t work In every
111 All ii4-|i.irtiiii*nt wliirli nia\ lia\i' 'jii'ni'ral interest. In par-
tniilai it wiM ilixdii- -p.!!*!- ami th«* he*t labor t«» iXM-ord the
pi'M-.m--^ oi .urli:« iilo-j .!< tiii> mi'.it interpret^T ot lil.^toric art
:iii<l I ill- m-ir-->,n \ iiitniilufiioii tn m.mmI work in all nniderii art.

In Hi^frtPV ""' '''''""' ^*''" "••* atliMnpt to rival the irreat

111 niolUlj j.i'ri«'«litMU ilt-voii'tl to that M*ii.'jii*e, but it n •»;-

m/« - tin' l.Hi 111 it til*- lii^iorii' niiMliod ]> .jn<«t nowiip|M»rnioM In

a'l *i : r^. :iM«l Will, tlniftiin'. hmmII to' present renicmbranee

wli it>-\iM iii:i\ li i\«- a i>i- inn.: oil iSu* work ot our day or <ierve tu
pi oiiiiitc ili«' .i«lv .IIP i'> ••! ]iliilo>.M|i|i|i' history.

In li'HilPafiAn ^'"' ''' '" " ^^'" -i^'" ••n»'«»"rairement to the b««st
111 DUUtailUU rjioiiv i,. all .liii-rtiii),^. f^pri'lally fl

('■liii .li i<-i. Ill I -III li*::!'^ .Dili iniiv risit i«

the hitiher

Tlie World's Progress and Events. t.i». "ii-atunf iS'Kui

/,' .-.,•, x\i\\ Im- ii<> i-i|iI(ii lai ill p iMiiifi.!. whii'h is to Contain
f|.u..i ■ - .•! ihi- Ml. 1*1 imp 11 1, 1 111 iiiii-llci'tiril wmk and di«i<"«»vi»rv.
• tiii-i- fiiiiiMl. lull ■siiiiiiii.iM'in-.. at liM«'t in part, vhat

IP I I.

li,. •!■ ,

A New System of Indexing. ,.,',',..',: i;',:"':v:,';;!,',';,r;\""i':!a?;

I.. I iM«li •• ir .mil .It i'\ri\ mti, \.ai ..| pnhlicition t«» prt'pun*
.III iiiil* \ ■■! tin* pifM'ihin;- tiM* >i;ii-.. Tliiis indextMl. it is
!Mlii'\«"ii ti.it tin- /:>'•/. ir wii! ii;,\i' a p'l-iili.ir and {H^rmaiient
valiu' for n:nK ii'ii'ii-iMi-. Imi-.iiiiiii.:. mi a < i>rtain iniporiaiit
•«i'ii*» , -iipph-iii'-iiliiN t" aM ••III \i|iip.i ili.i-.

■fill" /;• rh '/• wi'l Im' piii>!i««iif I -.i\ tiiiie«<.t \iMi. i"«':iiminu; \\itli .laininy, 1"^.. Wlii'n no time is
-iMMiiiitl. oiili>>i'i iplioii* \\ 11' •••HiiiiHiKi' Willi tli«* •■■u I'i't II II III I «••!•.

'I'l. ;:)!•»: ^ . «M :i \«-.i. in .<"l . aii'-**. |u»~f i-j** Im"i* I.'i-miii :.iif i > iii.i\ In- iii.hIi- in I'. <). or e\pre«.S
iiioni'N •»r«li-r-». i»r in di.ii';-, «'lif«'K<. i»i ifi-i-.|i-ifil ii *:.•!-. M'n" >i in l«'ii«-i.-. i* it -••!iih'i'.>< ri«»k.

>\'V* i.\ I I Hi IK. I •• ->iil»-i rilifi- \\ i-lniiii !•• *•••• "•'■■ tin* l'.i«k iiiiiiilMr., \\#» in.ik«- tin* •"lu'cjal offer
• •I tin* /.'••■»• " ill! i*»'m; .iiiil I"".". / •' #1 \ I .i"«» III on «ii I "-I n I >■ loll, I'M- '>«*•. nil.

A. C. ARMSTRONG & SON, Publishers, 714 Broadway, New York.

Library Notes.

Vol. I. OCTOBER, 1 886. Xo. 2.

EXPERIMENT AND EXPERIENCE.

The success of recent libran" effort thus far, and the much greater

success towards which we confidently look, depends on each ones doing

his or her part. We must focalize in a central office the results of the

experience and experiments of the entire library world. From that

office, chiefly through the Notes, the results can be given out as

wdely. Every reader of the Notes owes it to those who are giving so

much labor to this work to send in whatever his experience may teach

him from month to month. A postal card is often sufficient to give a

result valuable to scores of other libraries.

" I have tried such or such a plan, recommended in such or such a
place, and it failed because .... or it succeeded because . . . ."
Such a sentence may save some fellow-worker months of study and
experiment. If each will do his part, every one will have the expe-
rience both of his own library and of every other library, and will be
able to learn practically more each year than he could otherwise in a
lifetime. In this way we shall rapidly approximate to the most j^erfect
methods of doing all our work. The man or woman who fails to do his
or her part is not treating the rest fairly. We propose a pledge bind-
ing every reader to send at least a postal card each quarter reporting
what he has learned about library manaLrement. Boiled into the fewest
possible words, these would be most interesting and profitable reading.
The Boston Public Library, with its ten branches, has, we all think, a
wonderful opportunity to study all questions of library economy. But
each of our readers may have, not ten but hundreds of branches, all
laying their experience at his feet for him to study, if he will also be a
branch and lay his experience at the feet of the rest.

We protest stoutly against the selfishness with which some get all
they can from the rest, but never give anything in return, and we divide
non-reporting librarians into two classes : i The vnan men, who have

8o Library Notes.

learned thin;;"s but don't tell the rest of us ; 2 the j/w//^/ men, who have
jiever learned anything about libraries.

We don't want long articles, or a word from any one who has nothing
to say. We don't care for articles at all, unless you feel like writing
them. We want the results of your work, to divide with all your
fellow-workers. Send it to us in the briefest possible form, and we
will ser\'e it out as wanted.

Probably most of those who read this note of appeal will agree that
nothing is asked that they ought not to give gladly. When in this
frame of mind resolve to do as follows : When you see a question in
the Notes to which you know the answer, send it by return mail.
When you read an article or note on which you can throw additional
light by correcting a mistake, adding a new experience, or suggesting
what appears to be a better way, do it then and there. If you think
that some one else will do the same thing, don't risk his failing. There
is n't the least harm in sending the same matter twice, and it is a loss if
neither sends, as will probably be the case if you neglect your duty.
Don't put off writing till you have leisure to write a long letter or
an article, but send in your point on a postal card or letter at once. It
is all the better for being short and written while the matter is fresh in
your mind.

Is this any more than your share ? Can you not profit by these ex-
periment and experience columns } Are you willing to draw from it
number after number without contributing what may come in your
way .^

After reading this, sit down and write your first card, and on it say,
** I accept the proposed pledge, and will send at least a card after reading
each issue of the Notes." Four cards per year cannot be a great bur-
den to any earnest library worker. It takes little time editorially
to read them all, and the sentiment of all our readers can be known as
well almost as if we had a quarterly conference. The practical value
must be veryiigrcat, and the brevity will not be the least of the advan-
tages.

Its success depends on each one pledging his part promptly. Do
you approve the plan ? If so, write your first card and say so.

We have many friends who have many times sent many things ; but
the majority of our readers adopt the plan of give and take, in which
one docs all the giving and the other all the taking. Library manage-
ment, like society, ** is a grand scheme of service and return — we give
and take, and he who gives the most in ways directest, wins the best
reward."

Library Notes. 8i

EDUCATION BY READING.

Of old it was only the learned few who could read ; most of the world were
limited to conversation. Now, we are told this is an art more rare than mu-
sic, and only the educated few are able to converse ; but, except the illiter-
ates, everybody reads. Less and less from the living voice, from pulpit or
rostrum, and more and more from the printed page are people getting their
ideas and ideals, their motives and inspiration. As we study the question, it
becomes clear that the difficulty and expense of reaching the people by the
voice, and the cheapness and permanence of print make it necessary, if
we are to educate and elevate the masses and make their lives better
worth living, that we should in some way put in their hands the best reading.
I say the best, for reading is not necessarily good or elevating, although it
will certainly average much higher than conversation, for much greater care
is taken in preparing matter for print. The labor and cost bring into activ-
ity the law of the survival of the fittest. But if good books average much
higher than good conversation, the same rule makes bad books more
powerful for evil ; i. e. when ideas good or bad get into book form they are
apt to become vastly more potent and we have thus a double reason for our
missionary work : to give the good reading for its own sake and also as the
best means to drive out and keep out the bad. To teach the masses to read and
then turn them out in early youth with this power and no guiding influence,
is only to invite the catastrophe. Human fashion they are quite as likely
to get the bad as the good and the down hill road is ever easiest to travel.

The world agrees that it is unwise to give sharp tools or powerful weapons
to the masses without some assurance of how they are to be used. Even
George Washington got into mischief with his first hatchet. You remember
the strong words of Carlyle : —

** Readers are not aware of the fact but a fact it is of daily increasing mag-
nitude, and already of terrible importance to readers, that their first, grand
necessity in reading is to be vigilantly, conscientiously select ; and to know
everywhere that books, like human souls, are actually divided into what we
may call sheep and goats — the latter put inexorably on the left hand of the
judge ; and tending, every goat of them, at all moments, whither we know,
and much to be avoided, and if possible, ignored by all sane creatures."

And this need of guidance is emphasized by the thoughtful words of Fred-
eric Harrison : —

" Every book that we take up without a purpose is an opportunity lost of
taking up a book with a purpose — every bit of stray information that we
cram into our head without any sense of its importance, is for the most part a
bit of the most useful information driven out of our heads and choked off
from our minds. It is so certain that information, that is, the knowledge, the

This and the four notes following are extracts from an address before the Association of Colleciate Alumns, on
March 13, i8fl6. by Melyil Dewey, on " Librarianship as a Profes^sion for College-Bred Women." The address in
full is publisht by the Library Bureau, 3a Hawley St., Boston, post paid, at loc. per copy.

82 Library Notes.

stored thoughts and observations of mankind, is now grown to proportions so
utterly incalculable and prodigious, that even the learned whose lives are
given to study can but pick up some crumbs that fall from the table of truth.
They delve and tend but a plot in that vast and teeming kingdom, whilst
those whom active life leaves with but a few cramped hours of study can
hardly come to know the very vastness of the field before them, or how infini-
tesimally small is the corner they can traverse at the best. We know all is
not of equal value. We know that books differ in value as much as diamonds
differ from sand on the sea shore, as much as our living friend differs from a
dead rat. We know that much in the myriad-peopled world of books — very
much in all kinds — is trivial, enervating, inane, even noxious. And thus,
where we have infinite opportunities of wasting our efforts to no end, of
fatiguing our minds without enriching them, of clogging the spirit without satis-
fying it, there, I cannot but think, that the very infinity of opportunities is
robbing us of the actual power of using them. And thus I come often, in my
less hopeful moods, to watch the remorseless cataract of daily literature which
thunders over the remnants of the past, as if it were a fresh impedimenf tothe
men of our day in the way of systematic knowledge and consistent powers of
thought : as if it were destined one day to overwhelm the great inheritance of
mankind in prose and verse."

THE POWER OF A MODERN BOOK.

The children of another generation will see nothing specially wonderful
about the telephone or electric light. So we, born to the constant sight and
use of books, seldom stop to think what a miracle they are. As distinguished
from the brute the savage has the divine gift of speech. And when we think
that the vibrations of the air started by the vocal chords, convey to another
the workings of the human soul, we no longer wonder that speech has been
looked upon as the direct gift of the Almighty, a power too wonderful to have
been invented by man. And when a step higher the image of his Maker
learned to make the spoken word permanent on wood or stone or clay, that
is, had discovered the art of writing, we do not wonder that the savage was
ready to worship the chip that could talk or the bit of paper that unaided
made a complete communication. To one who had never known of writing,
has there been anything in the history of the world so wonderful as a modern
book ?

To communicate our ideas we use the voice ; to send them farther than the
voice will reach or to preserve them for future reference, we write ; to multi-
ply them so that we may speak to many people in different places at the same
time, we print. But mere printed matter is not a book in the best sense, any
more than mere talk is an address. The name book seems to imply that its
contents were worthy of communication and multiplication and of carrying to
a distance and above all, of preservation. You recall how well Ruskin says
this : —

Library Notes. 83

" But a book is written, not to multiply the voice merely, not to carry it
merely, but to preserve it. The author has something to say which he per-
ceives to be true and useful, or helpfully beautiful. So far as he knows, no
one has yet said it ; so far as he knows, no one else can say it ; he is bound to
say it, clearly and melodiously if he may, clearly, at all events. In the sum of
his life he finds this to be the thing, or group of things, manifest to him; this
the piece of true knowledge, or sight which his share of sunshine and earth
has permitted him to seize. He would fain set it down forever ; engrave it on
rock, if he could ; saying, * this is the best of me ; for the rest, I ate and drank,
and slept, loved, and hated, like another; my life was as the vapor and is
not ; but this I saw and knew : this if anything of mine is worth your memory.'
That is his * writing; ' it is, in his small human way, and with whatever degree
of true inspiration is in him, his inscription, or scripture. That is a *book.*"
And remember that of late years the printing press has called to its aid
graphic methods, color, form, the curves and coordinates of geometry and the
many photographic processes, so that in many cases the book makes the
author's meaning clearer and more easily understood than would be possible
for a score of authors with the living voice. In proof of this consult some
recent statistical atlas or the profusely illustrated volumes in science. Or
take this very point of illiteracy: — here is a map of the countr}- in which is
indicated by the darkness of the shading the amount of illiteracy in each sec-
tion. Or to be more exact, here is a page with the list of all the states at
the left, followed by columns representing each decade of this century, with
the dates at the top of the page. Running across this page, opposite each
state, is a curved line indicating by its height above the ruling, the percent-
age in that state that cannot write ; for each year the rise and fall of the lines
show the fluctuations geometrically. A similar line in red opposite the
same state in the same way shows the percentage that cannot read. Thus
on this single page, at a glance, is told with geometrical accuracy, conveying
to the mind a clearer idea than would figures (in some such charts, indeed
the figures are also inserted), the amount of illiteracy for the whole country ;
or for any given year, by reading down the proper column ; or by reading
across, the condition of any given state during the whole century; or, by con-
sulting the intersections of these columns as on a railroad time table, the con-
dition of any place, at any time. No amount of oral statement could begin
to give so clear an idea as a few minutes' study of these two pages. Similar
methods are being applied to almost every subject of human interest. Simi-
larly the recent photographic processes have made exact pictures and all
kinds of illustrations so cheap that a modern book, as compared wiih those of
the last century, is like a modern lecture on science in which every point is
illustrated by experiments performed before the listener or by pictures thrown
upon the screen with a lantern, when compared with a mere oral statement
which, however skillful the word painting itself and however clearly defined
in the mind of the speaker were all the ideas of objects .referred to, sim-
ply could not reproduce them as clearly in the mind cf the listener.

84 Library Notes.

Let me add a few brief sentences from men whose opinion of the value of
books will have infinitely more weight than any words of mine : Emerson says :

" Consider what you have in the smallest chosen library. A company of
the wisest and wittiest men that could be picked out of all civil countries, in
a thousand years, have set in best order the results of their learning and wis-
dom. The men themselves were hid and inaccessible, solitary, impatient of
interruption, fenced by etiquette ; but the thought which they did not uncover
to their bosom friend is here written out to us, the strangers of another age."

And his friend Carlyle adds :

" Of the things which man can do or make here below, by far the most
momentous, wonderful, and worthy, are the things we call books."

Cicero says : — " Books are the food of youth, the delight of old age ; the
ornament of prosperity ; the refuge and comfort of adversity ; a delight at
home, and no hindrance abroad ; companions by night, in traveling, in the
country."

Let me also quote from Lord Macaulay's review of Montagu's Bacon : — "The
great minds of former ages. The debt which he owes to them is incalculable.
They have guided him to truth. They have filled his mind with noble and
graceful images. They have stood by him in all vicissitudes ; comforters in
sorrow, nurses in sickness, companions in solitude. Their friendships are
exposed to no danger from the occurrences by which other attachments are
weakened or dissolved ; time glides on ; fortune is inconstant ; tempers are
soured ; bonds which seemed indissoluble are daily sundered by interest, by
emulation, or by caprice. But no such cause can affect the silent converse
which we hold with the highest of human intellects. That placid intercourse
is disturbed by no jealousies or resentments. There are the old friends who
are never seen with new faces, who are the same in wealth and poverty, in
glory and in obscurity. With the dead there is no rivalry. In the dead there
is no change. Plato is never sullen. Cervantes is never petulant. Demos-
thenes never comes unseasonably. Dante never stays too long. No differ-
ence of political opinion can alienate Cicero. No heresy can excite the horror
of Bossuet."

To this testimony of orator and historian I add that of science in the words
of Sir John Herschel : " If I were to pray for a taste which should stand me
in stead under every variety of circumstances, and be a source of happiness
and cheerfulness to me through life, and a shield against its ills, however
things might go amiss, and the world frown upon nie, it would be a taste for
reading. Give a man this taste, and the means of gratifying it, and you can
hardly fail of making a happy man, unless, indeed, you put into his hands a
most perverse selection of books. You place him in contact with the best
society in every period of history — with the wisest, the tenderest, the bravest,
and the purest characters who have adorned humanity. You make him a
denizen of all nations, acotemporary of all «iges."

And how happily does William Ellery Channing express his appreciation :

Library Notes. 85

" In the best books, great men talk to us, with us, and give us their most
precious thoughts. Books are the voices of the distant and the dead. Books
are the true levelers. They give to all who will faithfully use them, the soci-
ety andtthe presence of the best and greatest of our race. No matter how
poor I am ; no matter though the prosperous of my own time will not enter my
obscure dwelling, if learned men and poets will enter and take up their
abode under my roof, — if Milton will cross my threshold to ,sing to me of
paradise; and Shakspere open to me the world of imagination and the work-
ings of the human heart, and Franklin enrich me with his practical wisdom,
— I shall not pine for want of intellectual companionship, and 1 may become
a cultivated man, though excluded from what is called the best society in the
place where I live. . . . Nothing can supply the place of books. They are
cheering and soothing companions in solitude, illness, or affliction. The
wealth of both continents could not compensate for the good they impart.
Let every man if possible, gather some good books under his roof, and obtain
access for himself and family to some social library. Almost any luxury
should be sacpficed to this."

And so I might go on quoting these pregnant paragraphs till all our lime
was gone, but these few suggestive words will be to you as good as many.
We shall not get our estimate of the value of good reading too high.

SCHOOL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY.

At the present, though recognizing fully the importance of librariansliip
and its rank as a profession and the fact that with the best methods and
profiting by the sum of previous experience at least double the good may be
accomplished, and that it is possible to secure this advantage only by a tech-
nical training, one is confronted by the fact that there is absolutely no provision
for such training or instruction in either the science or art of librarianship.
The demand is only for experienced librarians and the candidate is met by
exactly the old and famous condition of keeping out of the water till he is an
expert swimmer. If he tries to secure his training by joining the staff of
some library, a series of lions are in the way.

1. No library sufficiently combines in itself the many things the learner
needs. To get any breadth of views and to avoid the ruts to which an appren-
ticeship in a single library is so subject he must manage to spend his time in
a series of the best institutions.

2. Being untrained, he has to begin at the bottom of the ladder at little or
no salary. If he is able and willing to make such a beginning, when he learns
this department well it is impossible to advance him till some one above him
dies, resigns, or is discharged and while deserving promotion it may be years
before the most appreciative trustees can grant it. Again, it is directly
against the interests of the library itself to change the work just vhen the

86 Library Notes.

learner has mastered one subject and made himself specially valuable. As a
result, the learner absorbs not a little about librarianship but receives real
training in only one of the many departments. In all libraries of sufficient
life to make their teachings of value, the librarian and experienced assistants
and cataloguers are too crowded with their regular work to give time to im-
proving the education of their help and training assistants for other libraries.

If one stays long enough and carefully observes everything that goes on
about him and improves every opportunity to see something of other depart-
ments, he comes in time to quite a familiarity with most of them, but is exactly
in the position of a man who has worked about a single engine for years and
has come to know it well but has never had opportunity for comparative study
nor has received systematic instruction in mechanical engineering. A libra-
rian who should attempt not only to explain but to give the reasons for all his
methods would require much more than twenty-four hours per day to answer
the applicants that continually come to all prominent librarians for help.
The most courteous librarian can not find time for more than a trip through
his departments with a running commentary on his methods. # To an expe-
rienced fellow worker this has great value, for he has the necessary technical
knowledge to understand what he sees and profit by it, but to a beginner is
like educating an engineer by walking through machine shops. Even if one
can command the time and money to make extensive travels, visiting all the
better libraries here and abroad, he still finds the great want of technical
training unsupplied.

We have looked these grave difficulties in the face for ten years and the
one solution possible is about to become a fact.

At the Buffalo meeting of the American Library Association it was
announced that Columbia College had directed a Committee of seven
Trustees to consider the establishment of such a school. From the ensuing
discussion I will read a few extracts which will make clearer the views of
leading librarians as to the need of such training and may suggest some
other means of getting started in the profession to those who cannot attend
this school.

Dr. Wm. F. Poole of Chicago, whom you all know as the author of the
famous Poole's Index to Periodical Literature and who has probably helped
start more libraries large and small than any other American, opened the
discussion. 1 quote only part of the summary.

'* New libraries are springing up all over the Western states, and librarians
are appointed from the local candidates, who have had no library experience
of any sort. Scarcely a day passes in which one or more of these tyros does
not c )me to my library for information; and I am always glad to give them
such help as I can — but how little they can take! They have the impres-
sion that they can learn in one day all they need to know. I have spent an
hour in explaining the simplest details of library management, and then
found, by putting some test question, that the person I had been trying to

Library Notes. 87

instruct had understood little or nothing of what I had been talking about.

I usually tell these people frankly, at the start, that they will not understand

the explanations I should make until they have some practical experience in

library work. If they will come to the library and work for a month, reading

up in the meantime the theory of the subject, they will be in a condition to

receive some oral instruction. Several persons have accepted this proposal

and have worked without pay in our regular corps of attendants. At the

end of a month they have begun to appreciate how much there is to learn

in order to be a competent librarian, and are put in a way of making some

progress by themselves. There is no training school for educating librarians

like a well managed library. There is a dearth at present of trained

librarlais, who, at moderate salaries, are willing to take charge of small

libraries, and grow up with them. 05 trained cataloguers there is a still

greater dearth. I am constantly receiving applications for them, and they

are not to be found. The few persons in the country who follow this work

as a specialty are constantly engaged. It is a duty, I think, which the larger

libraries owe to the profession, to attach to their cataloguing departments a

corps of competent young persons to learn the art of cataloguing ; for the

work can be learned no where else than in a large librar}'. The service they

would render would be sufficient to pay for their instruction. We can

scarcely blame the managers of libraries for appointing as their librarians

persons who have had no experience in library work, when there are not

trained librarians enough to supply the demand. We cannot blame them

for not having their libraries catalogued, when there are not cataloguers

enough to do the work."

Mr. B. Pickman Mann said of present facilities: — "I have lived in Cam-
bridge and Boston fourteen years and have tried to learn all the details of
library work in vain."

Mr. J. L. Whitney, assistant librarian of the Boston Public Library and for
many years in charge of its great catalogue department, said : — " It is an
endless trouble to instruct volunteers one at a time. I have found it a weari-
ness and a loss."

Mr. C. A. Cutter, author of the famous " Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue,"
now editor of the Library Journal, said: — "Undoubtedly it is well that a
librarian should have worked in a library ; there are some things which he will
never understand unless he has. But any one merely employed as assistant
in a large library is likely to be assigned to one particular department, and
to understand that only. And, even if his chief takes care that he shall have
variety of work, he only learns the methods of one establishment ; and as
those are probably all determined upon before he goes there, he only learns
them by rote, and, unless he is unusually philosophic, never thinks of the
reasons for them. No one is thoroughly fit to have charge of a library who has
not pursued some comparative study and learned to reason about what he does.
This discussion reminds me of something that occurred lately in our town.

88 Library Notes.

" A young man in Winchester wished to become a civil engineer. When he
left the High School he was advised by his uncle, who was himself a civil
engineer in Buffalo, to come here and begin at the bottom of the profession,
that is, as chainman, and gradually work up, if he could. He did so. At the
end of a year his uncle said to him, * You know now what engineering is ;
you have become familiar with the practical details, and you have begun to
find out how little you know and what you need to know. Now go to a pro-
fessional school and study the theory. There are men of both sorts among
us, — those who have learned only by practicing the profession, and those
who have been taught in the schools ; and I have always noticed that the reg-
ularly educated men get the best positions and the best salaries.' "

Mr. C. W. Merrill, librarian of the great Cincinnati Public Librar}% said : —
" I should have been glad to have been told things I have had to learn by
experience. Our teachers are taught in Normal schools ; let us have libra-
rians taught in a Library school." To this Mr. S. S. Green of Worcester
one of the best known and most successful librarians added: — "I remem-
ber that the matter of trying to have facilities provided for training and
educating persons wishing to become librarians was talked over at length
by the gentlemen and ladies who went to the conference of librarians
in London in 1877. They held long conversations on shipboard regarding
the subject, and it was generally considered very important that such facili-
ties should be somewhere provided. On our return I wrote to Professor
Winsor, urging him to try to make use of the opportunities afforded by his
connection with Harvard College to interest that great institution in under-
taking such a work, and his connection with librarians to interest in the
scheme the managers of libraries in Boston and its neighborhood, thus secur-
ing the means to seekers after information of getting at the experiences of
librarians through lectures, etc., and practical training in libraries.

The matter now under consideration has been frequently discussed at
meetings of this Association ; if not publicly, certainly in the conversation of
librarians attending them, and by librarians when they have met on other
occasions than these meetings. It is very desirable that there should be
some such school as that the establishment of which is contemplated by
Columbia College. There certainly can be no doubt that it would be of solid
advantage to persons wishing to become librarians to have the opportunity of
listening to the experiences of the best librarians, speaking on their special-
ties. It is better that their instruction should come from several rather than
from one librarian, and that they should be protected from narrow views
which would follow instruction in a single library.

*' Columbia College, one of the greatest universities of the country, can cer-
tainly be trusted if it undertakes to give instruction, to give good instruction."

In 18S4 Columbia College, at a full meeting of its Trustees, and after
considering the subject a year, voted to establish as one of the regular
courses of the University, a School of Library Economy. We will not lake

Library Notes. 89

time to give you the details of the plan which has been worked out in con-
sultation with many of our ablest librarians who are deeply interested in the
success of the new school. It aims to give to its pupils, during either its
short three months' course of active instruction or the full two years which in-
cludes actual library work under the daily supervision of the teachers, what-
ever will do most to fit them for successful librarians, cataloguers or assistants.
It is wholly practical and includes no more of the historical and antiquarian
than is necessary to illustrate modern methods. The school is also technical
and duplicates no part of the college course and attempts no instruction in
languages, literatures', science or art except as its bibliographical lectures dis-
cuss the side of each subject that the librarian most needs to know. Those
who are interested can get a pamphlet with full information by sending their
address to the School of Library Economy, Columbia College, N. Y., and I
will not attempt even to summarize the matter so easily obtainable in print.

WOMEN IN LIBRARIES: HOW THEY ARE HANDICAPPED.

There is a large field of work for college-bred women in promoting the
founding of new libraries, infusing new life into old ones, or serving on
committees or boards of trustees where their education and training will tell
powerfully for the common good. Active interest of this kind may fairly be
expected of every college graduate.

In the more direct work for which salaries are paid there is an unusually
promising field for college girls and in few lines of work have women so
nearly an equal chance with men. There is almost nothing in the higher
branches which she cannot do quite as well as a man of equal training and
experience ; and in much of library work woman's quick mind and deft
fingers do many things with a neatness and despatch seldom equaled by
her brothers.

My experience is that an increasing number of libraries are willing to pay
for given work the same price, whether done by men or women. Yet why
are the salaries of women lower ? In all my business and professional life I
have tried to give woman more than a fair chance at all work which I had to
offer. Experience has taught me why the fairest employers, in simple justice,
usually pay men more for what seems at first sight the same work. Perhaps
these reasons may help you to avoid some of the difficulties.

I. Women have usually poorer health and as a result lose more time from ill-
ness and are more crippled by physical weakness when on duty. The diffi-
culty is most common to women, as are bright ribbons and thin shoes and
long hair, but it is a question of health, not of sex. A strong, healthy woman
is worth more than a feeble man for the same reason that a strong man gets
more than a weak woman.

go Library Notes.

2. Usually women lack business and executive training. Her brothers
have been about the shops and stores and in the streets or on the farm hear-
ing business matters discussed and seeing business transacted from earliest
childhood. The boys have been trading jack knives and developing the busi-
ness bumps whife the girls were absorbed with their dolls. It would be a mir-
acle at present if girls were not greatly inferior in this respect and it is this
fact which accounts for so few prominent chief librarianships being held by
women. But this is the fault of circumstances, not necessarily of sex, and
women wJio have somehow got the business ideas and training and have
executive force are getting the salaries that such work commands. When
girls have as good a chance to learn these things, I doubt not that they will
quite equal their brothers and will keep cash and bank accounts and double
entry books for their private affairs. A man brought up girl-fashion, as not
a few are, proves just as helpless on trial and as a resuU gets only a
"woman's salary."

3. Lack of permanence in her plans is one of the gravest difficulties with
women. A young man who enters library work and later thinks of a home
of his own, is stimulated to fresh endeavors to make his services more val-
uable. Many a young man's success in life dates from the new earnestness
which took possession of him on his engagement. But with women the prob-
ability or even the possibility that her position is only temporary and that
she will soon leave it for home life does more than an)rthing else to keep her
value down. Neither man or woman can do the best work except when it is
felt to be the life work. This lack of permanence in the plans of women is
more serious than you are apt to realize. If woman wishes to be as valuable
as man she must contrive to feel that she has chosen a profession for life and
work accordingly. Then she will do the best that is in her to do as long as
she is in the service and if at any time it seems best to change her state, the
work already done has not been crippled by this "temporary" evil.

4. With equal health, business training and permanence of plans, women will
still usually have to accept something less than men because of the consider-
ation which she exacts and deserves on account of her sex. If a man can do
all the other work just as well as the woman and in addition can in an emer-
gency lift a heavy case, or climb a ladder to the roof or in case of accident or
disorder can act as fireman or do police duty, he adds something to his direct
value just as a saddle horse that is safe in harness and not afraid of the cars
will bring more in nine markets out of ten than the equally good horse that
can be used only in the saddle. So in justice to those who wish to be fair to
women, remember that she almost always receives, whether she exacts it or
not, much more waiting on and minor assistance than a man in the same
place and therefore, with sentiment aside, hard business judgment cannot
award her quite as much salary. There are many uses for which a stout cor-
duroy is really worth more than the finest silk.

Library Notes. gi

THE LIBRARIAN'S QUALIFICATIONS, HOURS, AND SALARY.

The natural qualities most important in a library are accuracy, order (or
what we call the housekeeping instinct), executive ability, and above all ear-
nestness and enthusiasm.

Library work is of two kinds, though both are often done by the same person
in smaller libraries. The Reference and Loan work requires chiefly skill in
meeting people, finding out exactly what they wish (or often better what they
need) and tact and skill in answering their infinite variety of questions. Some
do admirable work of this kind and lack th^ qualities essential to a good cat-
aloguer, while some quiet, shy women who would be simply worthless in
meeting the public are invaluable in the accession and catalogue departments
where patient, scholarly accuracy and rapid, steady work are more important
than tact and affability. In the smaller libraries the successful candidate must
combine the qualities needed in the reference and catalogue departments, but
in the larger organizations there is room for those strong on either side
though lacking on the other.

The education needed is the best attainable ; a college training to begin
with if possible; the wider reading and study in addition the better, for
absolutely every item of information comes in play. It is specially important
in most reference libraries to know German and French. Italian, Spanish^ .
Latin and Greek are valuable but in most cases much less important than Ger-
man. A general acquaintance with history and literature, specially English
and American, and with literary history, is essential and at least a smattering
of the sciences is important. Trifling as it may seem, a very legible hand-
writing, free from flourishes, shading and fashionable "individualities" is
practically more important to most applicants for library positions than a
half dozen sciences ; but in most cases the library hand has to be acquired
as a part of the technical library education which includes bibliography and
library economy. I havl already given you a hint as to this technical field
in speaking of our Library School.

We greatly prefer college-bred women in selecting new librarians: i.
Because they are a picked class selected from the best material throughout
the country. 2. Because the college training has given them a wider
culture and broader view with a considerable fund of information all of
which will be valuable working material in a library as almost nowhere else.
3. Because a four years* course successfully completed is the strongest
voucher for persistent purpose and mental and physical capacity for pro-
tracted intellectual work. 4. Chiefly because we find that the training of
the course enables the mind to work with a quick precision and steady
application rarely found in one who has not had this thorough college drill.
Therefore we find it pays to give higher salaries for college women.

I said that this great work is in its infancy; that our great need is
workers. At the same time one of our constant trials is the number of appli-
cants to whom we can wisely give no position. Shall I mention some of the

92 Library Notes.

people we do not want ? There is no room for those who wish to take up
library work simply because they fancy it to be easier and more agreeable to
one who is fond of books and cultivated society ; because it will give such a
good chance to read ; or because there seems to be nothing else to do and so
they try to get in a library. In fact, the work is not easy except in some
small libraries where the pay is still easier, and though surrounded constantly by
thousands of books which are handled during all the working hours there
is hardly any occupation which gives so little opportunity to read. Our tra-
ditional motto is : " The librarian who reads is lost." Of course I am speak-
ing now of working hours. The librarian who does not read at other times is
certainly lost to growth. There is no place for those who are seeking chiefly
for good salaries. The average pay of librarians is much too small, though
happily it is increasing year by year as the importance of the work is more
generally recognized and as workers dcscr-cing more pay are increasing. But
the people who command the highest salaries are exactly the ones who do
that higher grade of work which is done for its own sake and not for pecu-
niary reward. So fortunately the better pay is attainable only after one has
done the better work and there is absolutely no attraction for salary hunters.

While there is great difference among libraries the average hours of ser-
vice are about eight per day. Our own rule is that 2,000 hours of actual
library work or ten months of 200 hours each make the year, leaving two
months vacation. Many small libraries are open only part of the day but the
salary is usually cut down even more than the hours. Libraries that are open
on holidays and evenings usually close all the routine departments so that
only a part of the staff need be on duty.

The salary to women for the first year is seldom more than $500 and at
present few have grown to over $1,000, though here and there $1,200 to $1,500
are paid to women of experience. But there is no reason why a woman can-
not do the same work for which our leading librarians receive $3,000 to $5,000
and I have no doubt that as women of education, thorough technical training
and experience come forward the salaries will rapidly increase. For this high-
est grade work the demand exceeds the supply and will grow steadily with
the new development of the library system. If one finds many more well paid
positions for teachers, there are vastly more competitors for each of these pla-
ces than for that of the trained librarian. After careful study it seems to me
that to an earnest woman of superior ability the library field already offers in
its present period of rapid growth as good an opening financially as teaching.

Library Notes. 93

American Libran' Association.

THE MILWAUKEE MEETING.

In our first issue we spoke rather glowingly of the coming Library
Conference, but the event proved that the half had not been told. The
meeting was the largest yet held, tho so far from what had been consid-
ered preeminently the librar)' states. The tables of attendance given
below are an interesting study in libran.' geography.

Those who mist the meeting will never know how great was their
loss. The next best thing is to get the official proceedings, to which
every member of the A. L. A. who has paid the annual fee of S2.00 is
entitled, and read its 193 quarto pages. Subscribers to the Library
jourfial also get the proceedings in full as the August and September
number of our official organ. Readers of the Notes who are neither mem-
bers or subscribers will do well to make the wish for this handsome vol-
ume the excuse for becoming one or both without delay, remitting the
$2.00 for membership to the new Treasurer, H: J. Carr, Librarian,
Grand Rapids, Mich., and the $5.(X) for the yi^z/fv/^/ either to it, or bet-
ter, to the office of the Notes, in order that our publishers may have
the pleasure of knowing that they have thus done both the subscriber
and the Journal a service.

The program laid out on p. 15-19 of our last number was more than
carried out. The New York party entirely filled the private sleeper
which the West Shore road put at our disposal. At midnight the Bos-
ton sleeper joined us near Albany, and the Eastern delegation, except
some dozen stragglers who were a day behind, met together at early
breakfast at the International Hotel, Niagara. A delightful day was
well improved, and Monday morning we took two private day coaches
fumisht by the Grand Trunk, which took us to Chicago without
cl]ange. President Poole of the A. L. A. met us after breakfast at the
Clifton House and showed us some of the many great things of which
Chicago is proud. Perhaps nothing more interested the party than the
Wheat Pit and the outlook from the tall tower of the magnificent Board
of Trade building. Here, as everywhere, the librarians were treated as

94 Library Notes.

specially honored guests. At the City Hall the President of the Chicago
Libran' Board, Mayor Carter Harrison, Superintendent of Schools
George Howland, and a number of prominent Chicago gentlemen wel-
comed the A. L. A. in brief speeches, responded to by Messrs Winsor,
Van Name and Dewey.

The elegant new quarters of the Chicago Public Library, which were
on that day opened for inspection for the first time, were examined in
detail.

In the evening carriages from the hotel and a special car, all with the
compliments of our host, took us to Evanston, the home of Pres't Poole.
The evening was divided between the homes of Dr. Poole and his son-
in-law, Mr. Holbrook, the houses vieing in cordial hospitality, and mak-
ing the trip a delightful memory.

Early Wednesday we again had private coaches to Milwaukee, arriving
for dinner at our headquarters for the week, the Plankinton House, of
which Milwaukee is justly so proud. The week was filled with hard
work and delightful attentions from the citizens.

A half day was given to a carriage drive in which the most beautiful
and interesting parts of the city and its suburbs were seen.

During the drive the Mayor made three exceedingly interesting and
satisfactory exhibitions of the fire and police departments, bringing to
his side by telephone signal the police patrol-wagons and the engines
and hook-and-ladder companies in time which seemed almost incredibly
brief. At the general alarm, when engines came from all directions
with a crowd sure of a big fire, a youngster, seeing it was a " show "
alarm, remarked to Prof. Davis, " Yer having lots of fun, aint yer? Be
ye all aldermans ? "

An evening was given to a charming out of door reception at the
famous Schiltz Park, where refreshments were followed by a concert by
the Bach-Luening Orchestra, which even the admirers of Theodore
Thomas were fain to admit of the highest degree of excellence.

With all the more formal entertainment there was the constant inter-
course in the hotel parlors and corridors, with little parties made up
for meals together, and the close of the week came all too soon for we
were combining in a rare degree pleasure and profit. Indeed it is a
question whether a librarian does not often reap as much direct benefit
from the informal discussions that take place in cars, hotels and excur-
sions as from the formal meetings and papers.

We left Milwaukee with a keen appreciation of its beauty and hos-
pitality.

Library Notes. 95

THE MILWAUKEE PROCEEDINGS.

The program as given on page 19 was enlarged by seven items :

Harvard College Library subject index, W: C. Lane of Harv^ard
College.

Close classification vs. bibliography, W: I. Fletcher, Amherst College,

Unbound volumes on library shelves, H: A. Homes of New York
State Library.

The new Astor catalog, F : Vinton of Princeton College.

Cooperation of the Newton Free Library with the Public Schools,
Miss H. P. James, Librarian.

Some thoughts on bibliography, especially of science, as exemplified
in "Psyche," B: Pickman Mann, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Bibliography, Thorwold Solberg, Library of Congress.

Four papers were passed — Mr. Soldan being absent in Europe, Mrs.
Maxwell detained at Des Moines by state business, Mr. Nelson by the
final illness of his mother, and our genial friend and favorite, the veteran
librarian of Philadelphia, went over to the majority only the day before
he was to start for Milwaukee.

Tho the Notes leaves to the Journal the biographical and historical

side of library interests, we may at least record here the tribute to a

representative man, which we passed with deep feeling by a rising vote.

Whereas^ in the death of Lloyd P. Smith, of the Philadelphia library,
the American Library Association has lost one of its oldest members,
who was endeared to us by many sympathies, and held in remembrance
by traits singularly uniting repose of mind and response to personal
contact, with an eagerness for knowledge and a love for the venerable :
Therefore resolved, That we closely join with the family of our late
associate in a sense of that bereavement which has deprived them of a
husband and father, and left us only the remembrance of a kind and
cordial spirit, and the associations of a friend constant in attachments
and helpful in his beneficent promptings.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to his family.

Justin Winsor,
Melvil Dew^ev,
Edw. J. Nolan,

Covimittee.

Oi the papers themselves we are forced to defer mention till the next
Notes, when we shall give a brief indication of the scope of each paper
as a guide to those looking up special topics, and hoping thereby to in-
duce our readers to join the A. L. A. and get the full proceedings.

A. L. A. POST-CONFERENCE EXCURSION.

The Notes does not attempt to record the social features ; but, as a
part of its mission is to lead readers to join the A. L. A. and attend its

g6 Library Notes.

meetings, it seems fitting to outline the doings, tho this year a half

dozen articles would not be too much for the material.

Under the leadership of Hon. Alex. Mitchell, Pres't. C, M. & St. P.
R. R., the other leading railroads of the state joined in tendering to

the A. L. A. an eight days* trip covering nearly i,5Cxd miles. Thruout,
every courtesy was extended. We had private coaches and baggage-car
all the way, and wherever it was more convenient a private train. It
was an enjoyable feature to be able at any time to get at the trunks
ranged round the sides of the baggage car, and the two hammocks
swung above them were in strange contrast to our conventional notions.
The first stop was at the state capital, where a large committee of lead-
ing citizens and officers of the University of Wisconsin met us with car-
riages. We drove about what more than one visitor has declared the
most beautiful city in the Union ; but, with our memories of Milwaukee
and St. Paul and Minneapolis fresh, we dare not say which shall be
greatest or most beautiful. A reception by Gov. Rusk and by Mayor
Keyes, visits to the libraries of the State, Historical Society, State Uni-
versity, and city, a delightful steam yacht excursion on Mendota, one of
Madison's four beautiful lakes, dinner and supper, and at dusk our train
carried us on thoroly convinced of the great success of our first day.

Monday and Tuesday nights were spent at Kilbourn City at the Finch
House and cottages, for 90 librarians proved a large party for a small
hotel. Tuesday in the Dells of the Wisconsin River proved that nature
unaided still had much to boast. The day was given to the Upper
Dells, going to the head on the Dell Queen and floating back in row
boats that went thru the caves and explored many romantic spots not
visible from the larger boat. At the extreme limit of the Witch's
Gulch, after a wild climb thru the Caflon, we found a dinner of trout,
fresh from the brook, with abundant accompaniment brought from the
hotel and served out of doors to ravenous appetites. With full hearts
(not to say jackets) we voted our appreciation again to Dr. Linderfelt,
whose forethought and labor had provided for us in such a place. Then
he went a step farther and produced one of the best artists in the state,
who took an excellent photograph of the entire party except a sprink-
ling that in excess of spirits had strayed back into the cafton or woods
before they learned the program. Copies of this admirable group can
be had at the Library Bureau for 60c. each.

The party had their revenge on Dr. Linderfelt later. With a purse
made up on the train (and on the sly) there was made a solid 18 k. gold
book, 2x3 cm in size and 6 mm thick. On one side was inscribed,
'*From the A. L. A. to K. A: Linderfelt." On the other, "In grate-
ful recognition. Milwaukee, 1886." On the back, "L'd'f't | Tour |

Library Notes. 97

thro* \ N. W. I M. '86." WTiich, being interpreted, means, "Linder-
felt*s Tour thru the Northwest,'* and the M 86 may be a Cutter book
number meaning Milwaukee, i886, or "Made by 86,'* the number of
the happy party.

The Lower Dells by moonlight made a full day. Here the musical
element got control and we sung, as often afterwards, till all the choir
of nearly 20 were hoarse.

Wednesday our special train swept us along to the Father of Waters.
At La Crosse we stopt quietly for dinner, but hospitality is indige-
nous in Wisconsin and before we could get away the Mayor appeared
and gave us a cordial welcome and apparently felt almost hurt that we
had not announced our coming, so he could have had opportunity to re-
ceive us more formally.

Up the bank of the Mississippi was a revelation to most of us, in the
beauty and grandeur of the scenery. It was another Hudson-by-day-
light with which we had started our trip ten days before. At St. Paul,
Mr. Jackson, formerly of the Library Bureau and Treasurer of the
A. L. A., but now a leading wholesale hardware merchant of the North-
west, gave us welcome. The main party staid at the Windsor, with the
rest at the Ryan House. Thursday was crowded with hospitality again.
The St. Paul committee drove us over their beautiful city and to the
bluffs over the Mississippi, where the view is one never to be forgotten.

At noon our special train took us out to Fort Snelling, where the post
band furnished music while we inspected the neatly kept Post Library
and the grounds with their magnificent view over the country below.

On again to the Falls of Minnehaha, where Mr. Jackson had arranged
for another out door lunch. There was water enough, so that we at least
were not disappointed in the beautiful fall of which Longfellow has
made the fame world-wide.

At Minneapolis our train was met by the committee with carriages,
and we were driven over this beautiful city, as we had been in the morn-
ing over its great twin and rival ten miles south. The intensity of in-
terest with which the inhabitants watch the neck and neck race be-
tween these twin centers of the Northwest was a study in itself. Even
Chicago must look to its laurels when they grow together, as they must
within the decade. Governor Pilsbury with a staff of attendants
escorted us thru his flouring mills, the largest in the world, and ex-
plained the methods and machinery. A library supper at the magnificent
West Hotel was followed by a pilgrimage to the present Athenaeum
Library and with more pleasure to the splendid new building just fairly
started. Returning to St Paul we bade good bye to a dozen whose en-

g8 Library Notes.

gagements compelled them to return east. Their regret at leaving was
abundant testimony to the success and enjoyment of the trip. Taking
our train of three Pullman sleepers, Friday morning found us on Lake
Superior. Headquarters were established at the fine hotel built by the
railroad, the Chequamegon, and after breakfast a day on the lake took
us round the Apostle Islands, with stops at Bayfield and La Pointe,
where much interest was shown in Father Marquette's old church and
its church yard. Not a few note books were in requisition to copy the
inscription from the stone "erected to the memory of , acci-
dentally shot as a mark of affection by his brother.*' The Paleographic
members found abundant game in quaint signs and notices in this sec-
tion and at the little mining town Bessemer in the Gogebic range in
Northern Michigan, where our cars took us for Saturday to see the
Colby Iron Mines. Sunday found a dozen of the librarians out at the
Chippewa village 12 miles away, attending service in native American.
In the evening there was a great A. L. A. sing, when we found that
there were about 40 available voices in the party, and a praise meeting
such as the hotel had not heard before was the result. Monday we
headed toward home and spent a delightful day making " calls." In divid-
ing the Pullmans a "stag party" had the first car, while the third was
given up to an "Old Maid's Paradise," as the bachelors revenged them-
selves by calling the traveling home of the single ladies. During wak-
ing hours, however, the combinations were kaleidoscopic, for every mile-
post registered some change.

In the evening, the last we were all to be together, word was passed
for the choir to assemble in the middle car, and our repertoire was per-
formed with a zeal that made the music audible in neighboring cars
above the roar of the wheels. The good bye sing over, 10 of the 80
stopt off at Oshkosh on their way to Green Lake for a post conference
rest. As the three car loads of sleepy librarians drew by, the A. L. A.
cheer was heard from the platform for the last time. A part of the
delegates woke in Milwaukee, the rest in Chicago, and the Conference
was over.

And all this means much more than a pic-nic for hardworkers who
had earned the rest. It means that the library profession has won
recognition from the public and the railroads. It means that an esprit
du corps has grown up of the utmost practical value to the libraries
coming under its influence. The friendships made at these annual
meetings bear practical fruit that saves money, improves methods, and
widens influence in many a library. We have noticed for several years
that the valuable progress and the best work over which trustees and

Library Notes. 99

committees have congratulated themselves, have come from the men
and women who attend these meetings. As a selfish investment we
have proved that it pays the libraries. From the standpoint of the in-
dividual we need not say that it pays in new health and strength and
inspiration for work, and more than one has also found his account in
the opening of a wider field of usefulness, sometimes at home — some-
times at a substantial advance of salary in a place to which he has been
called by those who learned of his abilities and work thru the A. L. A.
meeting.

A GEOGRAPHICAL A. L. A. SUMMARY.

Mrs Dewey contributes below an interesting study of the registers at
the eight A. L. A. meetings and of the American party to the London
meeting in 1877. The attendance by states is given in groups rather
than alphabetically, to show the library centres of interest. Thus the
nine North Atlantic States have a total attendance of 510, and the
Northwestern or Lake States of 157; but the South Atlantic States
from Delaware to Florida, have only 45, the Southern or Gulf States
only I, the Western or Mountain States only 9, Canada 5, and England
2, while the Pacific States have never been represented. Further
examination of the table will show a widening interest in the later years.

For the first six years Mass. led all other states very largely. Three
years ago the new interest in New York City, with the large Columbia
delegations, put New York in the first place. There is, of course, a
local attendance wherever the meetings are held that swells the figures
for that state that year.

In the classification by position Mrs Dewey has counted as chief
librarians all those at the head of libraries under whatever title. Assist-
ants include catalogers and all assistants employed in the library.
Officers include trustees, members of committees, and others oflScially
connected with libraries, but not on the staff of active service. Pub-
lishers and book-sellers include also journalists, book-binders, and those
connected with the book-arts outside libraries. The last group " Others "
includes ex-librarians and others with special interest in our work, with
some wives and friends of librarians who have attended the meetings.
A librarian temporarily off duty is counted, the same as a clergyman
without a charge, as still belonging to us if his interests are alive.

A little over one quarter of the attendance has been from the fair
sex, and the proportion of late years is happily increasing. Some of
the best work is being done and is destined to be done by women.
At the first meeting the ratio was 13 to 90. At the last it is 54 to JT,

lOO

Library Notes.

Probably no register of attendance has been complete, for some always
forget to sign. These figures are the best it is possible to make. A
total of 1 60 papers in 728 quarto pages, accompanied by 373 pages of
discussion, is not a bad showing up to date.

Maine I 2

New Hampshire . . . j i

Vermont ' i

Massachusetts ■ 21

Rhode Island j 3

Connecticut ! 4

New York | 16

Pennsylvania j 29

New Jersey I 5

II

61

23i
3l

3!

2

II
I

I
3

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c

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A

■^

c .

•^

«

<>

g"-

B c^

0*

•^?

■is

« •"

3"

c •*

^

'0

3

I

2

I

2

I

94

i>

6

5

3

2

5

2

10

8

3

3

5

I

4

2

ft **>

n

17

3

3

19
6

1 «r

,

Georg
885.

Iwaukee,
1886.

*

« **

H

M

»*«

2
I

s

I

10

I

5

2

2

II

26

20

226

4

2

23

4

II

35

31

22

133

I

I

52

I

15

o
H

e

o

Total for nine North Atlantic States (all represented) 510

Delaware

Maryland

District of Columbia
Georgia

2

I

3

3

2

2

5

12

3

3

2

14

I

2

3

I

29

I

I

Total for nine South Atlantic States (W. Va., Va., N. Car., S. Car.,

Fla., not represented) 45

Tennessee 1 1 | 1 i

Total for seven Gulf States (Ala., Miss., La., Texas, Indian Ten, Ark.,

Ky., not represented) i

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

4

2

I

3

22

5

4

7

48

I

I

I

I

3

4

II

2

I

I

2

2

I

5

2

12

28

2

2

2

I

I

2

7

17

I

3

2

I

28

35

2

4

6

2

I

I

2

6

I

I

I

I

I

I

6

Total for eight Lake States, all represented 157

Kansas. .
Nebraska

2
4

2

7

Total for seven Mountain States (Da., Mon., \Vy., Col., New Mex.,

not represented) 9

Canada

England

Total I 103

I

I

I

103

60

22

141

70

5|

2!

45I 72 85! I31I 729 729

None of the eight Pacific States Ariz., Utah, Nev., Cal., Or., Idaho,)
Washington, Alaska,) have been represented.

lOI

K£y EtOISTXilD AT WZFTINS?.

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Z

= C -1 * *

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Jill

lilt

I02 Library Notes.

member earnest cooperation in making the new Publishing Section the
success it deserves to be, and that our selfish as well as unselfish inter-
ests demand that we make it."

In the report of the main Committee of the A. L. A., the Coopera-
tion, the Chairman, W: I. Fletcher, of Amherst College, said : "The
cataloging of our library reached a point where it became desirable to
make some new plans for further work. I had an interview with Presi-
dent Seelye, and it was as a result of my talk with him, and of the
readiness, the heartiness, even, with which he approved of the sugges-
tions I made, — and made even more advanced suggestions of his
own, — that I came to feel that something had been offered me which
the Cooperation Committee might suitably and hopefully undertake
to do.

" Our catalog had reached this point : We had practically completed our
alphabetical catalog under authors, and also under subjects, to the extent
of treating books as individuals, but almost wholly without analytical sub-
ject-entries. The question raised was, should we proceed to run in an-
alytical references, especially to essays and to scientific transactions and
periodicals not included in * Poole's Index,' or should we stop where we
were without professing to have our catalog complete in any such sense ?
This question at once involved the other question of the probability of
the publication, before very long, of works which should do for these
fields what * Poole's Index' had done for that of general periodicals.
We agreed with perfect readiness that the best policy to be pursued
by any and by all libraries now coming to that point was to stop this sort
of ms work, and to combine in some practical effort to get the neces-
sary work done, once for all, in print. As I have said, our new and
special interest in this matter seemed to me to be a call on the Cooi>-
eration Committee to see what could be done. Addressing a letter to
each of the other members of the committee, I found them heartily re-
sponsive to the suggestion, and the result was the meeting of the com-
mittee in New York in the spring, a report of which appeared in the
Library jour^ial.

** At that meeting a circular was drawn up, which you have all seen,
and later this circular was sent to about 4CXD leading libraries. Postal
cards were enclosed for replies, and of these seventy-eight have been
returned. Sixty-seven of these are favorable without reservation, six
are favorable with reservation, and five are, on the whole, unfavorable.
Four specially favor the printing of cards, six express special interest in
the essay index, and three in the scientific index.

[ Here several letters were read.]

Library Notes. 103

"The committee feel that the number and character of these replies
to their circular justify the assured belief that an organized effort for
cooperative cataloging or bibliographical or indexing work, or all three
combined, is entirely feasible, and that the interest in it is such that it
will certainly be undertaken. The first question is this : Shall the
A. L. A., as such, take steps for such an organization within itself, or
shall it be left to those who aie interested to organize an entirely sepa-
rate association or company? The feeling of the committee is very
strongly in favor of the first of these methods ; and this after quite a free
discussion of the matter at our New York meeting, at which some ten
or twelve librarians were present, and expressed by vote their concur-
rence with this view.

" The committee feel, however, that the importance of the movement,
and its novelty (as far as the proposed financial basis of cooperation is
concerned), demand its deliberate and careful consideration. They would
deprecate a random discussion of the matter in open conference at its
present stage. It has already been discussed by correspondence much
more effectively.*'

After some discussion, Mr. Dewey's motions were unanimously
passed as follows :

Voted, That a special committee of five be appointed by the Chair, to
consider so much of the report of the Cooperation Committee as refers
to a proposed organization for cooperation in cataloging, and that to
this committee be referred the correspondence on this subject sub-
mitted by the Cooperation Committee.

Voted, That this committee report before the close of the present
conference as definite a plan as practicable for the organization of an
A. L. A. publishing section, not involving the A. L. A. in any financial
responsibility.

The committee was W: I. Fletcher of Amherst College, Miss E. M.
Coe of the New York Free Library, W. S. Biscoe of Columbia College,
W: C. Lane of Harvard College, and J. N. Lamed of the Buffalo Li-
brary.

As the result of their deliberations a meeting was called of A. L. A.
members interested in the new organization. Professor Justin Winsor of
Harvard acting as Chairman, J. L. Whitney of the Boston Public
Library, Secretary. The result of an enthusiastic meeting was the
adoption of the Constitution and the election of officers as given below,
and the expression of opinions which are voiced in the communication
of the Chairman of the Executive Board, are printed below.

We have given this brief history of the new body, believing it one of

Z04 Library Notes.

the most important yet organized in the interests of libraries. We
stronf!;ly urge each library or individual interested to send the §1.00
subscription for the preliminary membership, and to share in the great
benefits which the new Section promises. We shall give in each issue
of the Notes record of any action by the Section which may interest
our readers.

CONSTITUTION OF THE A. L. A. PUBLISHING SECTION.

ARTICLE I. NAME.

This organization shall be called the American Library Association
Publishing Section.

ARTICLE 2. OBJECT.

Its object shall be to secure the preparation and publication of such
catalogs, indexes, and other bibliographical helps as may best be pro-
duced by cooperation.

ARTICLE 3. MEMBERS.

Any library, institution, or individual elected by the Executive Board
may become a member on payment of a fee of $10 for each calendar
year. Membership shall continue till resigned by the holder or with-
drawn by the Board.

ARTICLE 4. OFFICERS.

Section i. The officers of this section shall consist of a President,
a Secretary, a Treasurer, and an Executive Board of five members, of
whom the Secretary shall be one. The Chairman of the Executive
Board shall be regarded as the manager of the section, subject to the
approval of the entire Board.

Sect. 2. These officers shall be chosen at the regular meetings of
the section in connection with the annual meetings of the American
Library Association, and shall hold office until their successors are ap-
pointed.

Sect. 3. The Secretary shall keep a faithful record of all meetings
of the Section and of the E.xecutive Board ; shall give due notice of such
meetings and of any election or other business requiring the personal
attention of any member, and shall have charge of the books, papers,
and correspondence.

Sect. 4. The Treasurer shall keep a full and accurate record of all
receipts and disbursements, and of the membership of the Section ; and
shall pay no money without the written order of a majority of the Ex-
ecutive Board, and shall make an annual report.

Sect. S- The Executive Board shall be charged with the direction
and control of the work of the Section, and shall endeavor, in every way

Library Notes. 105

in their power, to further its objects. They shall make a full report in
writing at each regular meeting of the Section, and this report, with the
other proceedings of the Section, shall be submitted to the American
Library Association for publication with its proceedings.

ARTICLE 5. — AMENDMENTS.

This constitution may be amended by a three-fourths vote of those
present at any regular meeting of the Section, provided that the pro-
posed amendments shall have been specifically set forth in the call for
such meeting.

OFFICERS FOR 1 88/.

President : James L. Whitney, Boston Public Library.

Treasurer : W: C. Lane, Harvard College Library, Cambridge, Mass.

Executive Board: W: I. Hetcher, Amherst College, Mass.; Melvil
Dewey, Columbia College, New York; R: R. Bowker, Publishers'
Weekly^ New York; C: A. Cutter, Boston Athenxum; S: S. Green,
Worcester (Mass.) Free Library, Secretary.

PLANS OF THE A. L. A. PUBLISHING SECTION.

Mr. Hetcher has sent the following outline for this issue of the
Notes : —

As a result of the movement in that direction made by the Cooper-
ation Committee last spring, an organization for cooperative catalog and
index work was affected at the Milwaukee meeting of the American
Library Association, July 7-10, 1886, under the name of the A. L. A.
Publishing Section.

Membership in the section is to reside in libraries as such, or in in-
dividuals, and is to be constituted by a subscription of $10 annually, the
first year to begin with Jan. i, 1887. Before that time a circular will
be issued with definite plans for the first year's work and calling for the
annual subscription.

But in order to facilitate the preliminary work of the section and to
be prepared for its prompt and efficient action in 1887, a provisional
membership, to cover the remainder of the current year by a subscrip-
tion of $1, was agreed upon. All those interested, who have not done
so already, are requested to send that amount with their names to the
Treasurer, W. C. Lane, Harvard College Library, Cambridge, Mass.
Should the number of provisional subscribers be large, it is hoped that
some small publication of immediate value may be issued by the sec-
tion, as an offset to this subscription, and an earnest of what it will do
when fairly at work.

io6 Library Notes.

In anticipation of the formation of definite plans for the work of the
section in 1887, the following outline may be presented :

1. Printing of catalog cards of leading new publications. Assur-
ances have been received justifying the expectation that publishers of
new books will bear a considerable share of the expense of this work if
it be undertaken, so that its cost to the libraries receiving the cards
will be small.

2. The essay index. Preliminary work on this important undertak-
ing can be commenced at once, and liberal offers of cooperation have
been received.

3. Indexing of scientific serials, transactions, and monographs. No
call is more urgent than the one for some index, kept up by a period-
ical issue, to the enormous mass of scientific monographs constantly
being issued ; and this work, extensive as it is, can be accomplished by
organized cooperation. Much assistance in it can be hoped for from
the librarians of the technical libraries connected with educational in-
stitutions, scientific societies, and the government departments.

4. Index to bibliographical lists. Such an index based on that con-
tained in the Readers' Hand-book of the Boston Public Library would
be extremely useful everywhere, and, if kept within a reasonably limited
scope, can be prepared without great expense of time or money. •

5. One of the most important functions of the Publishing Section
will be the establishing of an understanding between the many libra-
rians who are engaged on one or another bibliographical undertaking,
often covering the same ground or at least overlapping, where a mutual
understanding would lead to an equitable division of the field. And
it is believed that more of this special work would be intelligently done
in one and another library if there were some central agency through
which a proper division of labor could be arranged.

As intimated before, this is but a hasty glance at the possibilities
before the publishing section. The certainty and the promptness with
which they may be made actualities will depend on the heartiness of
the support we now feceive from the librarians of the country.

No annual subscription will be called for until the details of the
scheme can be more definitely given. But it is hoped that a large
number of the provisional subscriptions at $1 will be sent in immedi-
ately.

Wm. I. Fletcher,

Chainnan of the Executive Board,

\

Library Notes. 107

FIRST MEETING OF THE A. L. A. PUBLISHING SECTION.

Just as we go to press the Executive Board of the Publishing Section
has held its first meeting at the Columbia Library. The results will be
officially given in our next number in another circular from the Board.
We can only note the substance of what was settled. It was agreed
that whatever was publisht by the Section should be made as widely
useful as possible ; i.e. should be sold to others than members at a fair
price; that members should have for their membership fee of $10.00
per year publications amounting to $12.00 per year, or 20 per cent
more than the fee ; that there should be taken in hand at once a little
manual on "How to use the Library" on 10 x 15 cm paper (about the
size of the Boston Public Library Handbook for Readers) and suitable
for general distribution in all libraries. This is to be supplied cheaply
in editions to be given away or sold at a merely nominal price to pre-
vent waste, and will contain such general reading notes as apply to all
libraries; e. g. how to use Poole's Index, the leading cyclopaedias and
reference books that all libraries have, and bits of general advice about
reading.

The most extended discussion was on printed cards. These are to be
on Psize [y}^ x 12^ cm] but with print kept as a rule in the upper 5 cm,
so that those wishing to put them in I size drawers [5 x 1254] can have
the bottom 2}^ cm cut off. Others will have this extra space for ms
additions.

Those interested should recall the discussions at the Lake George
Conference. on printed cards (Lib. jnl 10:313) and the Secretary's report
on the A. L. A. Catalog at Milwaukee (Lib jnl 11:345).

The figures before the Board indicated that cards could be supplied
for about 2 to 3c. per title for the first copy, with duplicates at half price,
and something like 250 cards a year should be tried to start the plan.
Those interested are askt to notify Mr. Fletcher whether they would
prefer these cards to be 250 selected works from the new publications of
the year, the cards to be sent out promptly after publication; or 250
selected works from all literature as likely to be in all libraries and
specially needing notes as guides to readers ; or 250 bibliographical cards
as proposed by the Secretary at the Milwaukee meeting. This last
plan proposes reading notes on topics rather than individual books, so
that the card may be put in any kind of catalog or classification. The
Board will doubtless try whichever form the largest number report as
likely to be most useful in their respective libraries.

io8 Library Notes.

School of Library Economy,

EXTRA LECTURES IN THE LIBRARY SCHOOL.

An entertaining and valuable feature of the Columbia College

Library School is the course of lectures of which the circular reads: —

''Advice from Leading Librarians. — A series of lectures entirely
independent of the course of instruction, and embodying what-
ever they think will be most helpful as their message to beginners,
will be given by a select list of those who have had the longest or
most fruitful experience in the profession. These will give opportunity
for the students to make the personal acquaintance of eminent librari-
ans, and to hear from their own lips what they choose as the most
helpful advice and suggestions resulting from their personal study and
experience. As this course is a series of favors from friends of the
school, each lecturer selects the date most convenient to himself during
the three months, and uses entire freedom in the choice of topics and
in the manner of treatment, thus securing unusual freshness and
variety."

The invitation from the College for this course has been extended
to 20 of the best known American librarians, most of whom have
already accepted, for, after the liberal spirit shown by the Columbia
trustees in starting the school, our best men have felt bound to
do something, to show their sympathy and appreciation. From
the first it has been clear that the sole motive of the College is to
advance general library interests, and the result of its efforts can but
be of direct advantage to every member of the profession. It will
tend to dignify the work, advance the salaries of the able men and
women, and increase the amount that can be accomplished with given
funds, by encouraging cooperation, improved and labor-saving methods,
and in general by reducing librarianship to a recognized science and
art.

Every experienced librarian knows that a corps of beginners can be
taken into a great library for training only at a serious loss to the
institution, for their labor is for some months practically worthless,
while they require the constant attention and efforts of the most

Library Notes. 109

valuable members of the staff. But such a school was greatly needed,
and the demand for admission from well-qualified candidates is already,
three months before its opening, over double what was expected or
planned for.

The College not only provides all the regular teachers, buildings,
and facilities for the School, but has voted that the receipts from the
tuition fee of $50.00 each, may be used by the Committee in the neces-
sary expenses of securing added assistance from eminent librarians and
specialists willing to help the School by active cooperation, though it
is unable at the present to offer weighty financial inducements for such
service. Our best men, however, have a deeper interest in Librarian-
ship, and in this School which will represent it, than mere money
returns for their efforts, and the best lectures will doubtless come from
those who think least of immediate and tangible returns.

The plan is for each of the invited speakers to report not later than
Nov. 15, on whftat topic or topics he will speak, unless he elects to
take the general topic, "From an old librarian to a new." This list
will be printed in the next Notes. Some of the lectures on more
popular topics will be given in a larger lecture-room, possibly in the
evening, with invitations extended to those interested to attend.
Those that are more technical will be given before the class and the
members of the Columbia staff. Some of the speakers, from pressure
of time, will probably devote the hour to a conversation or conference,
rather than a formal address. Some of the men whose experience and
advice will be most valued, are too crowded with other duties to give
time to rhetorical finish, and the students may not be less profited by
this informal presentation of many topics. The aim is not oratory, but
library economy and bibliography, and an hour's opportunity to ask
questions of an expert may be worth more than the most finished
production of his pen.

From those who give these extra lectures, it is probable that there
will be chosen the salaried lecturers which the growth of the School
will bye and bye demand.

Naturally, each man who undertakes to present a topic before the
school will set his intellectual nets to catch everything bearing on his
subject. At the time of his first lecture, he will give the best he has
caught to date. The next one will be improved by the catch of another
twelve months, and year by year his lecture or paper will approximate
more and more closely to the ideal. He will inevitably specialize this
topic in his reading, observation, and thoughts, thus giving results not
otherwise attainable.

izo Library Notes.

Closely allied to this course is that of which the circular says :

"Lectures by Specialists. — Outside the regular course of in-
struction by the directors and six teachers selected from the library
staff, lecturers who have made special studies in certain directions, and
are qualified to speak with authority, will supplement the discussion of
the same topics in the regular course, and where practicable will
address the class about the same time. The inventors or leading
advocates of various systems and theories in many departments of
librarianship will thus be heard in support of their own ideas. In this
course will be included lectures or conferences by experienced binders,
printers, publishers, book-sellers, and others, who, from allied interests,
may have something of value to impart."

This will insure a fairer consideration of each plan than will be
possible if any other than its champion presented it. To any ideas
worth serious attention fair play will be given, trusting to the sharp
examinations and discussions of the School for the survival of the
fittest.

The representative men invited to speak for the allied avocations of
publishing, book-making, book-selling, etc., will be likely to take pains
to justify the marked compliment of their selection from the many, not
oblivious of the business value of such a connection with the School
for training librarians ; for, though nothing that could be termed
advertising his own business would be introduced, every business man
would recognize the practical value of meeting as learners, if only for
an hour, a class that so soon will be among the most extensive patrons
of the book-arts.

Some eminent specialists and librarians abroad or at points so distant
as to make the annual journey to New York impracticable will prepare,
to be read by another, their contributions to the School. In such
cases the reader will give special study to the paper, so as properly to
represent the author, to whom, after each session, it will be returned,
thus giving opportunity during the year to revise for the following
session.

While these extra lectures are over and above the regular course, it
is expected that they will be esteemed one of the most useful features
of the School. Already nearly 20 of the most eminent American
librarians have accepted our invitations to deliver one or more lectures
in the course. The names and topics printed as a supplement to the
Circular of Information about the School can be had about Dec. ist,
by addressing, Library School, Columbia College, New York.

Library Notes. ziz

Catalogs and Classification.

Under this generic head we expect to group all notes, rules, tables,
etc., prepared for the catalog department. The demand for the rules as
used in our own library leads us to give them in this number, deferring
the article which points out the necessity for a code of rules, which
seem to any one who has not studied the question absurdly minute in
their specifications. Every reader interested is urged to examine the
rules below, and send promptly to the editor any criticisms, suggestions,
or questions that may aid in making them clearer. Dec. ist, a pam-
phlet edition is to be printed, interleaved for the use of catalogers, and
we wish to make any changes or additions that will make the rules more
useful.

These are the A, L. A. cataloging rules made clearer on many points
by rewording and adding illustrations. These rules are for a double
catalog. Authors and marked titles on small cards (5 x I2j^ cm.) and
subjects on standard P size {7j4 x 12^ cm). The changes are very
slight in changing the rules for a simple author catalog. For a diction-
•ary catalog, there must be a code of rules about subject headings, which
will be given later.

To save detailed comparison we note that except for the enlarge-
ments, these differ from the A. L. A. rules as printed some years ago,
only in :

le. We enter always under real name, omitting the exception that
some books may go under pseudonyms.

IS. We follow the rule recommended as best in Cutter*s rules No.
40, putting under the name of the place, local and municipal societies,
tAo the corporate name may not begin with that word.

2f. We give cities in their vernacular form instead of in English.

5m. We do not capitalize common nouns in German, but follow the
rule of the Library of Congress.

4c. We give edition in English rather than in the language of the
title.

9b. We use Arabic figures for all numerals, unless Roman are used,
on the title after names of rulers and popes.

112 Library Notes.

CONDENSED RULES FOR A CARD CATALOG.

Arranged in groups as follows :

0. Check Marks.

1. Main Entry.

2

3

4

S
6

7
8

Heading.

Title.

Imprint, Contents and Notes.

Capitals, Spacing and Underscoring.

Arrangement.

Miscellaneous.
S. C. refers to sample cards illustrating the rules. See at the end.

o. — Check Marks.

Put Order checks on inner margin of first recto after title of v. i.

a. "Not a duplicate.*' Initials of collator on order slip; or, if no

order slip, as first check on book itself.

b. Source and cost of book in cents without t sign (i. e. 145 not

$1.45) after initials of duplicate collator, or, if none, as first
check.

c. Pin hole in round part of last 9 in pagination shows that all

order department routine is finished.

d. Dot under first figure of accession number shows that all entries

except class numbers are made on the accession catalog.

Title-Page Checks. See sample title pages at end of S. C.

Checks under first letter of words mean :

e. ... main entry and joint authors.

/. — main entry for an anonymous book. Begins on second line of

card.
g, . . added entry under editor, translator, commentator, publisher,

title, etc.
k, . analytic author entry.

/. X cross reference from other forms of name, pseudonyms, initials,

etc.

Other checks mean :

j. f f omit on all cards.
k, ^ j^ omit on author card.
/. ( ) series note. To follow date of publication in ( ).

\

»

Library Notes. 113

fn. No checks are made for biographical and other subject entries.
Other processes are checked as follows :

n. "Cards written." Cataloger's initial and abbreviated date on first
recto, after cost, and initial with number of small and large cards
written on bottom of main author card, left and right of guard
hole. S. C. I and 2.

V. " Cards revised." . above first letter of title-page.

/. " Classified." Class number on book-plate.

q. "Shelf listed." Book numbers on plate ; and if for Loan depart-
ment, book card written and pocketed.

r. " For Inspection." Thread of proper color for each day. M. Blue.
Tu. Green. W. White. Th. Red. F. Black. St. Salmon.

s, "Gilded." Numbers on backs.

I. — Main Entry.
Enter books under :

a. Author's surnames if known. S. C. i and 2.

b. Editors of Collections, S. C. 4 (also cataloging each separate

item, if expedient). S. C. 24 and 25.

c. Countries, cities, societies, libraries, or other bodies responsi-

ble for their publication. S. C. 5-

d. Authors* initials, when these only are kno>yn, putting last initial

first. S. C. 18. Make also added entry under title. When
author's name is found fill it in on all cards and refer from initials
on new card. S. C. 19.

e. Pseudonyms when real names cannot be found. Add pseud, i cm

after, if sure the name is not real. S. C. 20. When the real
name is found write it above the pseudonym on the cards (or
re-write cards). S. C. 21. Refer from pseudonym to real name,
S. C. 22 and 23.

f. First word (not an article or serial number and omitting mottos or

designations of series, omit ; e. g. an, the, first or fifth when they
refer to the number of the volume, and International Scientific
series at the beginning of a title) of titles of anonymous books
whose authors are still unknown, S. C. 15, and of periodicals.
S. C. 28 and 29. (A book is anonymous when the author's name
is not on the title page, — see Cutter's Rules p. 10, — or in govern-
ment publications, on pages following the title page.) When
author's name is found, pencil it on title page and enter on au-
thor lines of cards, putting [ ] around the name, and anofi i
cm after, S. C. 16, making also a new card with added entry
under title followed by author's name in [ ]. S. C. 17.

ZI4 Library Notes.

Enter.

g. Commentaries with text, and translations, like the original, with
added entry under commentator or translator ; S. C. 6 and 7 and 8,
but commentaries without the text, under commentator only, the
classed with the original ; e. g., Coleridge's Notes and lectures
upon Shakspere are entered under Coleridge, tho classed with
Shakspere.

h. Bible, or any part of it, including the apocrypha, under editor,
translator, etc. ; e. g., Alford, H : ed. Greek Testament with re-
vised text ; entered under Alford in form of S. C. 4, or, if no
editor, under the first word of title, writing no author card ; e. g..
Das neue testament to be entered like an anonymous book. S. C.
15. Most libraries enter all bibles under the word Bible. This
would duplicate in the author catalog the group under Bible in
the subject catalog. If ofily an author catalog is made, it should
include all bibles under that word.

i. Talmud, Koran, Vedas, and other sacred books under those words
on author line, making added entries under editor, translator, &c.
S. C. 34.

j. Academical thesis under respondent or defender, unless praeses is
clearly the author.

k. Books having more than one author under the first named in
title, with added entries under each of the others. S. C. 13 and
14. If only two or three authors, include their names in the
main entry ; e. g., ** Roe, R :, Doe, J : and Smith, D : '* ; if more
than three, enter under the first "and others "; e. g., "Roe, R :
and others,'* and make an added entry under each of the others ;
e. g.. Doe, J : , Roe, R : and others. Write each author's full
name only once and that on his own author card. S. C. 13 and
14. Joint editors, translators, etc., have separate added entries.
S. C. 9. Parties in a debate are treated like joint authors.

/. Trials of crown and criminal cases under defendant; e. g., Burr,
Aaron, Trial for treason ; civil cases under the parties in the
suit, treated like joint authors ; e. g., Vanderbilt, Cornelius, vs.
Livingston, J. R.; marine cases under the ship; e. g., Blaireau
(ship) ; pleas, decisions, etc., under the author, with added en-
try under the trial. A pica printed separately goes under the
lawyer making the pica, with added entries under the party or
parties in the suit ; e. g., Smith's argument in case of prize
steamer Peterhoff, is entered under Smith, with added entry un-
der Peterhoff. Decisions published separately go under court,
with added entries for parties in the suit.

Library Notes. Z15

•

fft. Catalogs of private collections under owner ; catalogs of public
collections by rule i c. Make added entry under compiler, e. g.,
Daniel, G: Catalogueof [his] library, Boston Athenaeum Catalogue
of the library [by C: A. Cutter], with added entry under Cutter.

ft. Alumni proceedings, etc., and local college societies under the
college ; e. g., Yale College — Skull and bones society. Enter
their publications under heading above with Reference from
Skull and bones society. Chapters of fraternities under name,
with added entry under the college,* if necessary ; e. g., Psi up-
silon fraternity.

o. Noblemen under their titles with reference from family name. If
the family name is decidedly better known, enter under that
with reference from title; e. g., Romney, H: Sidney, ist earl
of ; S. C. 36, but (the only exception for Englishmen), Bacon,
Francis, baron Verulam.

/. Ecclesiastical dignitaries, unless popes or sovereigns, under
their surnames, e. g., Newman, J: H: card. Butler, Jos. bp.

q. Sovereigns, e. g.. Napoleon ist, (except Greek and Roman, e. g.,
Justinianus I. Flavins Anicius), ruling princes. Oriental writers,
popes, e. g., Leo 13th, friars, e. g., Hyacinthe, P^re (C: Loyson)
persons canonized, e. g., Ambrosius, St., and all others known
only by their first names, under the first name.

r. Married Women, and other persons who have changed their names,
under the last well-known form, with reference from other forms.
Enter Helen Hunt Jackson, under Jackson, with reference
from Hunt, and H. H.

s. A SOCIETY, under first word (not an article) of its corporate name,
with reference from any other name by which it is known, spec-
ially the place if it has head-quarters and is often called by
that name, e. g.. Statistical Society of London, with reference
from London Statistical Society : under place, local socie-
ties, e. g., N. Y. — Shakspere Society ; academies of the Eu-
ropean continent and South America, e. g., Berlin — Akade-
mie der wissenschaften ; municipal institutions, vis, libraries,
e. g., Boston — Public library ; galleries, e. g., N. Y. (city) —
Metropolitan museum of art ; public schools, e. g., Cincinnati
— Education board; and municipal corporations, e. g., Minne-
apolis — Board of health: under the state, state historical
societies and state colleges, e. g., Wisconsin historical society,
California university.

ii6 Library Notes.

/. CYCLOPi*:DiAS, DIRECTORIES and ALMANACS, Under title, like a peri-
odical, S. C. 28 and 29, making added entry for editor, pub-
lisher, partial title, or any form under.which they may be well
known, e. g., enter Appleton's cyclopoedia under American
encyclopaedia with added editor entry for Ripley and Dana,
and a similar one for Appleton, pub. But if it is an individual
work like Larousse, enter under author's name with added
entry under title.

u. A PERIODICAL which is the organ of a society or club, under its
name, like S. C. 28 and 29, with added entry under name of
society, unless it be the regular proceedings or transactions, in
which case enter it under the society,, with added entry under
title, like S. C. 1 1 ; e. g.. Library journal as periodical, with added
entry under A. L. A. ; but Quarterly journal of the Geological
soc. of London, under the society's name.

V. Series under editor, if known, S. C. 30, with added entry under
title ; if unknown, under title, e. g., Bampton lectures. For some
series a series card need not be written, e. g., Clarendon press
series. Give two lines to each item of contents on series card,
beginning with series number between red lines, thus giving
space for both class and book numbers. S. C. 30.

w. A BIOGRAPHY Under its author, putting the full name of its subject
on the upper line of the subject card, followed by the dates of
his birth and death. S. C. 26. If author's name is not known,
leave second line blank, and fill in if found later. An autobi-
ography, e. g., Grant's Memoirs, is written like a simple subject
and author card, like S. C. i and 2, except that the full name
and dates are added on the subject card ; e. g., Grant, Ulysses
Simpson, i8pres. of U. S. 1822-1885.

X, Make added entries, called analyticals, for distinct parts of books
not otherwise found in the catalog ; enter under author of part
analyzed, and give brief title of main work. S. C. 24 and 25.

j^. Analyze a life included in another work by an author card for
the author of the life and a subject card for its subject. S. C. 27.
The writer of an "included," who also edits the whole work, has
no author analytical, as the editor card shows all his work.

s. Make added entries under titles of all novels and plays, and all
other striking titles, S. C. 10 and 1 1, specially noticeable words in
titles, S. C. 12, translators, commentators, editors of books and
periodicals, S. C. 6, 7 and 8, and make referenxes from
pseudonyms, initials, and from an ecclesiastical title when that

Library Notes. 117

and not the family name appears on the title page. (e. g.,
[Andrews,] Lancelot bp. of Winchester. Since Andrews does
not appear on the title page, make reference from Winchester.)
Make added entry or reference in every other case when
needed for the ready finding of the book.

2. — Heading.

a. Give author's name in full, and in the vernacular, with refer-

ence from any other form by which it is commonly known ;
but give the Latin fonn when better known, with reference
from the vernacular; e. g., Esticnne, H:, with reference from
Stephanus, but Grotius, Hugo, with reference from Groot,
Hugo van, S. C. 35.
For full names and dates of Greek and Latin authors follow Smith's
Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography.

b. On subject cards write out author's fore-name if only one, e. g.,

Phillips, Wendell ; if more than one give simply initials, e. g.,
Beecher, H: W. The colon abbreviations are used for both full
name and initial, H: meaning Henry and being just as brief as
H. in giving initials. On author cards give author's full name
either written out or in the "Library abbreviations," e. g., Emer-
son, Ralph Waldo, Beecher, H: Ward, Allen, Jos. H:

c. Enter English and French surnames beginning with preflk (except

the French de and d') under the prefix ; in other languages under
the word following, e. g.. La Fontaine, Voltaire, F. M. A de,
Gothe, J: W. von, Lennep, Jac. van, but enter foreign names
Anglicized under prefix, e. g., De Peyster, Da Ponte, Van
Nostrand.

d. Enter English compound names under the last part, foreign under

the first, with reference from form not chosen, e. g., enter S. Bar-
ing-Gould, under Gould, with reference from Baring-Gould, but
E. P. Dubois-Guchan under Dubois-Guchan, with reference from
Guchan.

e. Add designations (such as titles of honor, dates of birth and

death, residence, etc.) to distinguish writers of the same name ;
also any titles that form part of the person's usual designation,
as Rev., M. D., D. D., Gen., e. g., Jackson, T: Jonathan, called
Stonewall. Stewart, J: called Walking. Do not bracket such
added titles. Distinguishing dates follow title affixes, and pre-
cede the affixes, ed., tr., etc., e. g.. Smith, W: ll.d. 18 14- tr.
f. Give names of cities and towns in the vernacular, but larger polit-
ical divisions in English, e. g., Wien, not Vienna, (with reference

zi8 Library Notes.

from English form), but Austria, not Osterreich.

g. When author's name is not in title of first volume, but is in that of
any other, make both author and title entries, but do not enclose
author's name in [ ] nor add anon, S. C. lO and 1 1.

h. To avoid confusion with author's initials, etc., letter to resemble
print (2-3 size) titles of honor and similar distinguishing words
when they precede the fore-name, also letter titles affixed, as D. D.
S. C. 23.

I. Omit added title entries for anonymous biographies, except for strik-
ing titles.

3. — Title.

a. Make title an exact copy of title page, neither corrected, trans-

lated, nor in any way altered ; but omit mottos, honorary titles,
repetitions, and any matter not essential. Indicate all omissions
on main cards (except initial article in English, and author's name
and titles in usual position), by three dots (...). S. C. 5, 6, 13,
etc. Titles of books specially valuable for antiquity or rarity
give in full, with all practicable precision. Copy exactly the
phraseology and spelling, but not necessarily the punctuation of
the title. S. C. 5, 6, 13, etc.

b. Indicate misprints, or odd spellings, by three dots underneath, or by

[sic], e. g., Kanzas or Kanzas [sic].

c. Follow old interchange of u and v, i and j, only in books before

1600, A. D. S. C. 6 and 7.
^/. Punctuate by Cutter's Rules No. 163, and Bigelow's Punctuation.

e. Supply in [ ], in Eng. any additions needed to make the title clear,

e. g., Examination of the president's [T : Jefferson] message.

f. Do not translate into the vernacular proper names occurring in

FOREIGN FORMS in the title, e. g., ed. a Joanne Gu. Amesio, not
ed. a J : W : Ames, but give the vernacular form on the reference
card. S. C. 8.

g. Transliterate by A. L. A. rules, titles in foreign characters, ex-

cept Greek. If the title does not show it, state language of the
book in [ ]. S. C. 32.

//. When a book has both Greek and Latin titles, give the Latin.
Accent words in Greek, French, etc., regularly though the title-
page be all in capitals without accents. S. C. 10 and 11.

/. After title specify appendix of single volumes, e. g., [apx. p. 320-

346.], but only in exact work.
j\ Mention frequency of publication of periodicals, e. g., Contempo-

Library Notes. 119

rary review [Monthly]. Do not repeat if mentioned in the
title. S. C. 2S and 29.
k. g Begin periodicals on author cards at left hand red line for first
two lines using full lines for rest ; on subject cards, begin at
right-hand red line for first line and left hand red line for the
rest. In both cases begin at top line. S. C. 28 and 29. Anon,
books are to be entered on second line, filling in author's name
when found on first line. S. C. 15 and 16.

4. — Imprint.

a. Order, edition (in English).

series (in English).

pages (or volumes if more than one).

illustrations.

group of portraits.

portrait of a group.

portraits.

plates.

photographs.

maps.

fac-similes.

tables.

size (by letter ; maps broadsides, etc., in centimeters, e. g.,

91x71 ).
no title-page (if there never was any),
place,
publisher's last name, in books before 1600, A. D. S. C.

6 and 7.
date,
copyright date, if differing more than a year from date of

publication. S. C. i and 2.
For full illustration of imprint. S. C. 3.

b. Give initial capital to first word of imprint unless the imprint begins

with an abbreviation or number. S. C. 26 and 34.

c. Give EDITION in English in all cases, and omit all adjectives except

enlarged ; e. g., not 2te durchgesehene, vermehrte und verbesserte
auflage but 2 ed. enl. Give extremes of various editions, e. g.,
I — 4 ed.

d. Give numbers of pages, connecting the last number of each paging

with the sign -h and adding unpaged matter in [ ] ; but where
there are over three pagings, add so as not to have more than

lao Library Notes.

three groups of figures, or if the paging is irregular do not
count, but write v. p. [various paging], except in exact work. If the
book is unpaged^ write unp. Give paging of IcLSt recto when its
verso is unpaged, but last recto unpaged, if printed is 4- [i].
S. C. 3.

Disregard advertising pages except when paged in consecu-
tively. Do not specify folded leaves paged with the rest, except
in exact work.

Accept the paging of the book unless there is an obvious
misprint, e. g., the first page may be numbered 5, but do
not deduct the four omitted pages. In books which are only por-
tions of other books give inclusive pages ; e. g., p. 633 — 742.

Write f. instead of p. where the book is foliody i. e. num-
bered by leaves instead of pages ; e. g., 7S-|-26o f. ^
e, — ^When volumes of a set are missing, give number of volumes in
complete set ; and specify missing volumes in pencil note, which
can be erased as fast as they are secured. S. C. 28 and 29.

f. In CURRENT PERIODICALS and continuations, give exact statement of

volumes in library if the library contains less than half that has
been published; e. g.*, Atlantic Monthly, 1858-75, f88o-8i,
1884-date V. 21-36, V. 45-48, v. 53-date; if it contains more than
half, give in imprint, statement of entire work and missing vol-
umes in note. S. C. 28 and 29. Of a set published at inter-
vals, like Stephen's Dictionary of national biography, give in
imprint in pencil exact statement of what is in the library, cor-
recting pencil entry on receipt of each new volume, and entering
in ink when complete.

g. If a book is incomplete and no more will be published, give in the

imprint what has appeared, adding in a note "no more pub-
lished." e. g., American Archives.

h. Disregard engraved and illustrated title-pages except in
exact work. If no title-page was published, write in imprint n.
t-p. [no title-page]. S. C. 3. If the title-page is otherwise miss-
ing, add in note t-p. w. [title-page wanting]. S. C. 13.

L Do not give number of plates, portraits, illustrations, eta,
unless it is given on the title-page, except in exact work.

Portraits, plates, maps, etc., included in the regular paging are
simply illustrations.

j. If there is an atlas or volumes of plates, write, e. g., v. i — 12
O. and Atlas F, or if they are of the same size, v. I — 12 and
Atlas O.

\

Library Notes. lai

k. If volumes of a set have different sizes specify volumes of each

size ; e. g., 12 v. [v. 1-4 O, v. 5-12 Q].

If a bound volume of pamphlets has parts of different sizes,

give actual size of each part on its own cards ; in accession book

give size of outside of bound book.
/. Give first place of publicatiGxN, unless another is known to be the

true place, or the book actually was printed in more than one

place, when both are to be given.
tn. Give extreme dates where the volumes of a set differ, and also

date of V. i. if later than first date ; e. g., 1834 — '49 [v. i. '38].
If the copyright dates also differ, write, e. g., 1834 — 49» [v. i.

'38] [c. 1824 — 31]. Give all these peculiarities of date only on

the main author and subject cards.
n. Give place and publisher's name in language of title. S. C. 6

and others ; corrections and additions in English, enclosed in

[ ] ; e. g., Camb., [Eng.] or Camb., [Mass]. Give publisher's

name for Bibles.
o. Use ^;//|/ the abbreviations in the printed "Library abbreviations

compiled by Melvil Dewey."
p. In case of joint authors, write full imprint only once, and that on

main cards.

Contents and Notes.

q. Give notes (in English) and contents of volumes in smaller letters
(generally only on subject card), when necessary properly to de-
scribe the work. Notes about the author and on imperfections in
the copy go on both cards, other notes only on subject card.
Begin notes, except note abbreviations, with capitals, starting on
second line after imprint and indenting like title.

r. In ANALYTICAL REFERENCES when the article is independently
paged, give full imprint of the analyzed part, and in ( ) write
"in" and title of main work. S. C. 24. If paging is not dis-
tinct, write in ( ) see, and title, and date of main work, with
pages where analyzed matter is found. S. C. 25.

s. Series note follows date on main cards in ( ). Always specify
volume of series if known.

5. — Capitals.

These are substantially the rules adopted by the Harvard College Library :

I In titles, notes, and whatever goes on the body of a card, capi-
talize as follows:

a. The first word of every sentence, of every title quoted, S. C. 15
and of every alternative title introduced by or, S. C. 10. In

laa Library Notes.

quoting titles like the Nation, the Times, etc., capitalize the
word following the article and not the article, and do this even
in defiance of quotation marks ; e. g., extracted from the Times,
extracted from "the Nation." This rule allows capitals to the
Bible, the Scriptures, the Book of Mormon, etc.

b. Names of persons.

<, Epithets standing as substitutes for personal names : e. g., the
Pretender. The epithets. His Majesty, Sa Majesty, His Excel-
lency, etc., when not followed by the personal name or by the
titles king, president, etc., are substitutes for a personal name,
and should be capitalized. But when followed by the personal
name, or by the title, such epithets should usually be omitted ;
e. g., " the presence of His Majesty at that time," " the coronation
of . . . George HI.," "the favor of . . . the king." When these
epithets occur with superfluous adjectives the latter should be
omitted ; e. g., not "His Most Glorious Majesty," but "His. . .
Majesty." The rule allows capitals to Trinity, the Deity, the
Creator, etc., but do not capitalize holy, sacred, divine, etc., ex-
cept in Holy Ghost, Holy Spirit.

d, Mr., Mrs., Miss, Dr., Sir, Lord, Lady, Monsieur, Madame, Mademoi-

selle, Signer, Don, Herr, Frau, used as prefixes to names of
persons.

e. The Great, the Lion-Hearted, le Grand, der Grosse, etc., used as

AFFIXES to names of persons.

f. Names of places. These often consist of an individual name joined
to a generic name. In such cases capitalize only the former;
e. g., state of Connecticut, Berkshire county, city of Boston, Sus-
quehanna river, Catskill mountains, Arctic ocean, south Pacific,
east Tennessee, tropic of Cancer, Arctic regions, equator. But
there are some cases in which the generic name has come to be
so closely united with the individual name that both should be
capitalized ; e. g., Niagara Falls, White Mountains, Mont Blanc,
Lake Erie, Zuyder Zee, North Carolina, Lundy's Lane, Van
Diemen's Land, North Pole, Bull Run, Fall River, Mound City,
the steamer " City of Boston," etc. It is not generally difficult
to distinguish between these two cases. Ability to use the
individual name by itself will usually afford a safe criterion ; e. g.,
we can say "the Catskills," but not " the Whites."

^. Epithets standing as substitutes for names of places ; e. g., the
South, the Orient, United Kingdom, etc.

k. Arbitrary, undescriptive, fanciful, outlandish, or otherwise purely

Library Notes. 123

individual epithets occurring in the name of a society, corpora-
tion, or building; e. g.. Vulture insurance company. Pi Eta soci-
ety. Globe bank, Star and Garter inn, Adelphi, Star chamber,
Excelsior mine, court of Oyer and Terminer, Chrestomathic day-
school, Old Bailey. Capitalize names of societies or collective
bodies, and write Royal sociey, Board of trade, House of repre-
sentatives, First congregational church. Harvard college, Ameri-
can academy of arts and sciences, State department, Oxford
university. Parliament, College of physicians and surgeons, etc.

i. The pronoun I ; the interjection O ; A. D., B. C, in dates ; D. D.,
M. D., etc. ; but not ms., mss.
2. In English, but not in any other language, capitalize also — :
J, Adjectives derived from names of PERSONS and places; e.g., English,
Platonic, etc. This rule allows the capitalization of many names,
of parties and sects which may be regarded as adjectival nouns
derived from proper names, as Lutheran, Arminian, Jesuit,
Christian, Buddhist, etc. Otherwise do not capitalize such words ;
e. g., catholic, episcopal, puritan, whig, democrat, quaker, unita-
rian, etc.

k. Name of the months, days of the week, and holidays, but only the
individual part of the name ; e. g., Shrove Tuesday, Candlemas,
. 4th of July, Fast day. Capitalize also Advent, Lent, Lord's
Supper.

/. Pope, Saint, Bp., King, Earl, Capt., Rev., Hon., Prof., Judge, Gov.,
etc., used as prefixs to names of persons ; e. g., King George HL,
Earl Russell, Bp. Colenso, Secretary Fish. Otherwise do not
capitalize such words ; e. g., the king of England, the earl of
Derby, the Bishop of Lincoln, the secretary of war.

m. Except in the cases specified above, use small letters exclusively*
tho local usage requires capitals, e. g., nouns in German. But
do not use capitals if local usage is small letters, e. g., names of
months in French.

SPACING AND UNDERSCORING.

n. Leave space of one centimeter in headings between author's name
and words or dates affixed, but write dates on biographical cards
at the end of the line. S. C. 26 and 27.

0. Leave also one centimeter between title and edition, between edition
and the rest of the imprint, and between sise and place,

p. On main cards singly underscore secondary entries and refer-
ences ; on secondary cards doubly underscore main entry, but
do not underscore secondary entries or references. S. C. 13

124 Library Notes.

and 14. For joint authors of series singly underscore the first
in series note on main cards, and the others on series card.

6. — Arrangement.

a. Surnames when used alone precede the same names with fore-

names ; initials of fore-names precede fully written fore-names
beginning with the same initials, (e. g., Brown; Brown, J. L.;
Brown, Ja.).

b. Prefixes M* and Mc. S., St., Ste., Messrs., Mr. and Mrs., arrange

as if written in full, Mac, Sanctus, Saint, Sainte, Messieurs,
Mister, and Mistress.

c. Works of an author arrange thus : —

1. Collected works.

2. Partial collections.

3. Single works, alphabetically by first word of title.

d. Alphabet in order of English alphabet.

e. German ae, oe, ue always write a, o, ii, and arrange as a, o, u, e. g.,

Gothe, not Goethe.

/. Names of persons precede similar names of places, and places
precede titles, e. g.,
Washington, G :
Washington, D. C,
Washington Adams in England. (Title of book.)

See also Cutter's Rules, No. 169-196.

9. — Miscellaneous.

a. In adding another entry to a card, — indicates omission of heading,

of heading and title. Add later to earlier editions in this

way, giving full imprint of second and part of title if it differs
from the earlier edition. S. C. 32 and 33.

b. Use Arabic figures for all numbers, but in the title follow the form

given after names of rulers and popes. S. C. 26. Thus, use
figures for numeral adjectives and nouns in any language ; but
not for numeral ^^7/^r^.f, e. g., "printed for the ist time,*' but
** now first printed."

c. Confine author, and subject entry if possible, without omitting im-

portant information, to one card each.

Library Notes. 125

SAMPLE CARDS ILLUSTRATING THE CATALOG RULES.

I. Simple subject card. Rules xa, 2 — 6,9.

,34 Longfellow, H: W.

Song of Hiawatha. 4 + 316p.D. B. 1860, f55j.

O

3. Simple author card. Rules la, a — 6,9.

.34 Longfellow, H: Wadsworth.

Song of Hiawatha. 4 + 316p.D. B. 1860,f 56j.

aO

3. Order of imprint. Imaginary book. Rule 4a.

Smith, J :

Works.

2ed.

enl.

34(

)+ fljp. il.

. of por.

por. of gr. 1

por.

pi. ]

Dhot.

7maps,

fac. sim.

). 0.

n. t.-p.

N.Y.

1879. [P753.

126 Library Notes.

4. Main entry under editor. Rules xb,zh.

973 Winsor, Justin, ed.

"'*' Narrative & critical history of America. t;.2-^.

il. pi. maps, Q. B.^^lSSBj.

5. Official body made author. Rules zc,xf,zm,in,2f.

027.073 U. S. — Interior dept. — Education bureau.

" Public libraries in the U. S.; . . . their history, condi-

tion & management. Special report. pt.i.O. W.1876.

6. Subject card with editor. Rules ig,xk,im,it,iy,iz,4m.

875.1 Cicero, M. T.
10

^^ Opera omnia qvae extant, a Dionysio Lambino . . .

emendata & avcta: . . . eiusdem D.Lambini annotationes.
2v. in 1, F. P. in aedibus Rouillij, 1665-66,fV.l'66j.

V.2 apud Bernardum Turrisanum.

7. Author card with editor. Rules ig,ik,im,zt,iy,iz,4m.

875.1 Cicero, M^arcuS] Tullius.

^^ Opera omnia qvae extant, a Dionysio Lambino . . .

emendata & avcta: . . . eiusdem D. Lambini annotationes. 2v.

in 1, F. P. in aedibus Rouillij, 1565-66,^v.l'663.

V. 2 apud Bernardum Turrisanum.

8. Editor card. Rules igfik,im,it,iy,iz,4m,9a.

875.1 Lambin, Denis, ed. & comnt.

J2

Cicero, M. T.

Opera omnia. 1565-66.

9. Partial translator card. Rule ik.

872.3 Warner, R: tr.

^ Plautus, T. M.

Comedies. 1769-74. v. 3-5.

I T N

Library Notes. 127

__^ 10^^ Author card with title entry. Rules iu,iv,iz,2g.

370.1 Rousseau, Jl Jtacquesj.
R7R '

"'*' Emile; ou, De Teducation. 2v.sq.Q. Geneve

1780.

XI. Title Card. Rules iu,iv,xz,2g,4m,9a.

370.1 Emile; ou, De I'education. 1780.

"^ Rousseau, Ji J.

P817.39 Biglow papers.

^ Lowell, J. R.

12. Partial title card. Rules iz,4m.

Meliboeus-Hipponax ; the Biglow papers. 1848-67.

13. Joint author card. Rules ik,il,4p,5p.

832.62 Schiller, [J; Christoph P; voii] & Gothe, [J;
^ W. voii].

Briefwechsel in . . . 1794-1805. 6v. in 3, S.

Stut. 1828-29.

V.4 has t.-p.w.

14. Joint author card. Rules ik,il,4p,5p.

832.62 Gothe, [J; Wolfgang von, & Schiller, [J; C.
^ P; vonj.

Briefwechsel. 1828-29.

15. Anonymous title card. Author not found. Rules if,3k.

823.8a

"•'^ Whitecross & the bench ; a reminiscence of the past,

by the author of Five years penal servitude. • . . 10 + 282p.D.
L. 1879.

128 • Library Notes.

i6. Anonymous author card. Author found. Rules xf,2g,3k.

P560 iChambers, Rob.] anon.

* Vestiges of the natural history of creation. iOed.

enl. 12 + 3254-67p.il.O. L. 1853.

See Athenaeum y. 8o,Ap.l884,p.535.

17. Anonymous title card. Author found. Rules xff2g,3k.

P560 Vestiges of the natural history of creation. 1853.

'^ fChambers, Rob.j

18. Anonymous card under initials. Rule id.

811.49 O, G. K

0t4

Thurid & other poems. •123p.O. B. 1874.

19. Anonymous book under initials. Reference Card. Rule zd.

O, G. E. see

Otis, G: Edmund.

20. Pseudonym card. Real name unknown. Rule le.

320.1 Coverdale, Sir H: Standish, pseud.

C83 Fall of the great republic, 1886-88. 226p. S.

N.Y.1895,["B.1885j.

21. Pseudonym card. Real name found. Rule ze.

P823.82 [Thackeray, W: Makepeace]. ,

" Mrs. Perkin's ball, l)y M. A. Titmarsh. 46p.il.pl. '

sq.O. [L.^n.d. ,

22. Pseudonymous book. Real name found. Reference card. Rule ze.

P823.82 Titmarsh, Michael Angelo, pseud.

^2 Thackeray, W: M.

Mrs. Perkin's ball. n.d.

Library Notes. 129

23. Several books under same pseudonym. Reference card. Rule le.

Eliot, G: pseud, of

Cross, Mrs. M. . A. . (Evans) Lewes.

24. Analytical *' in " card. Rules ix,4r.

330.8 Hasbach, W;

^''"" Das englische arbeiterversicheriingswesen, geschichte

seiner entwickekmg & gesetzgebung. 16 + 447p.O. Lpz.

1883. (in Schmoller, Gustav. Staats & social wissenschaftliche forsch-
ungen. 1878 — v,5 pt.l.)

25. Analytical " see " card. Rules ix,4r.

827.7 Milton, J:

Mb

'"'' Mask of Comus . . . (see Deverell, Rob. Discoveries in

hieroglyphics. 1813. v.6 p.81-230.)

26. Bioc^raphical card. Rules iw.5n.

P923.144 Loms 14, king of France. 1638-1715.

** James, G: P. R.

Life & times of Louis the fourteenth. New ed.

2v. 2por. D. L. 1851.

27. Biographical analytical card. Rules iy,5n.

833.62 Richter, Jean Paul F; 1763-1825.

Oarlylie, T:

Biographical sketch of . . . Eichter. (see Richter, J. P. F;
Flower, fruit & thorn pieces. 1863. v.l p.1-67.)

28. Periodical subject card. Rules if,it,iu,iz,3J,3k,4f.

Q51 Harper's new monthly magazine. lS50-date.

H v.i-date. il.O. N.Y. 1850-rfa/e.

V.1-J&16 wantmg.

I30 Library Notes.

29. Periodical author card. Rules if,xt,xu,xz,3J,3k,4f.

051 Harper's new monthly magazine. 1850-dafe.

H v.i-date, il.O. N.Y. 1850-cZafe.

V.1-J&16 wanting.

30. Series card. Rules if,iv,4S,5p.

'- 1

Van Nostrand, D. ed.

Science ser. .
628 8 v-5 Butler, W. F. Ventilation of buildings. 1873.

N3' —

322.41 ^-14 Atkinson, J. J, Friction of air in mines. 1875.

No See next card.

2

Van Nostrand, D. ed. Science ser.
621,5 ^-^^ Zahner R. Transmission of power by compressed

N8 air7~i878.

621,5 ^-^6 Ledoux, Cf Ice-making machines. 1879.

N9 —

31. Author card with series note. Rules if,48,5p.

621.5 Ledoux, [CI]

"*' Ice-making machines, theory of [theipj action ; . . . tr.

fr. the French. . . . 150p. il.S. N.Y. 1879. (Van Nostrand,

D. Science ser. v.46,).

32. Author card showing added edition. Rtile ga.

888.5 Aristoteles.

x" Ethics, [Greek] il. with essays & notes by Sir Alex.

Grant, bart. 2 ed. 2v. 0. L. 1866.

Q7 3ed. 2v.O. L. 1874.

V.2 of J ed. wanting.

Library Notes. 131

33. Editor card show ing added edition. R ule 9a.

888.5 Grant, Sir Alex. bart. ed.

"^ Aristoteles,

EthicsT 1866.
Q7 1874.

34. Author card for sacred books. Rule li.

P297 Koran.
B

Koran, . . . tr. into English ... by G: Sale New ed.

with a memoir of the translator. 16 + 51 Op. pi. maps. 0.

L. 18*50.

35. Reference card. Rule 2a.

Groot, Hugo van. see
Grotius, Hugo.

36. Reference card. Rule 10.

Sidney, H: see
Romney, H: Sidney, 1st earl of.

SAMPLB^TITLE PAGES ILLUSTRATING CATALOG CHECK MARKS.

MRS. PERKINS BALL flower, fruit, and thorn

PIECES

^ jP 'or thb

BY M.^A.*^ TITMARSH married ufe, death, and weddinq

OF

THE ADVOCATE OF THE POOR,

X

>7v t^^la^eAeaee ^/lac^eiau Ftrmian StanUaus Si£b€nlMS.i

Jban Paul Fribdrich Richter.
CHAPMAN &. HALL, 186 STRAND. XrantUtcd f rom th« Oenn.n

^

n. a.

NoTB ON PiKST TiTLB. The CBtaloger supplies in
liard pencil on the title page lines 3, 5 and 6. Also the
'"iduef and "pfcelo" written at an angle for lack of
room between initials. Line 3 gives the author's real
name. L is the regular sign for Londoii, and n. d. for
m9 dait of publication.

By Edward Henry Nobl,

With a Memoir of th« Author,

By Thomas Carlylb.

''in two volumes.
It

BOSTON :
TICK50B AXD Fields.

133 Library Notes.

Library Economy.

SHBLP LABELS.

Perhaps no one thing we have done has pleased us so much by its
practical value as the labeling of the shelves. We first decided that
labels were essential to the highest convenience of all who workt at
the shelves and specially to our staff of over 20 assistants. The
numbers and the topics in large bold type on the edge of the shelves
added greatly to the rapidity and ease of finding and replacing books.
Not only did the greater size and legibility aid, but, being all in a
straight line, the eye was saved dodging up and down for different sized
books to find the titles, which were often hardly legible when found.
Qranted that we should have labels and we at once found several kinds
that we did not want. Those that were tackt on the shelves marred
them and looked cheap and botchy. Those that had label holders
which were screwed to the shelf edge markt the shelf even worse, and
were still more difficult to move as subjects grew. We tried many ex-
periments, and finally found the simple solution which the cut illus-
trates.

A thin plate of heavy tin neatly japanned is cut by dies made for this
special use, and bent at right angles so as to fit snugly the front edge
and top of the shelf. On three sides of the front a narrow flange is

turned up, so that a bristol card may be readily inserted, removed or
reverst. The plate being perfectly fiat clings closely to the wood and
holds its place. This holder is sHpt under the first books on each
topic. As the subject grows and new books are inserted, it is slid alongt
always marking the beginning of each subject.

There are two difficulties to be guarded against. If shelves have
round instead of square edges, the plate is in some danger of being

Library Notes. 133

pulled off on the floor by careless handling of the books. By having a
second plate fastened to the under side so that the holder becomes a
clip, this was successfully remedied.

The other trouble was using a label too wide, so that the upper edge
came so near the top that in drawing books carelessly off the shelves
the edge of the label was broken and soiled. To avoid this narrower
labels must be used.

Finally these workt so well that we wisht the highest possible legi-
bility in the labels ; and the Library Bureau was induced, by the probable
demand that would follow, to print several thousand labels in a selected
type of which the cut gives a reduced sample. These labels include all
the 1000 sections of the Decimal Classification, which is so much more
widely used than any other, and about 1000 of the sub-sections, which
are printed on the smaller she, 2x5 cm. Then there are labels for all
the states and territories, days of the week, leading periodicals, and
for something like 100 different things that the librarian is liable to
wish to use about the building to mark groups of books ; e. g.. Do not
handle, Reserve, Card, Binder, Accession, Private Books, Classify,
Revise, Duplicates, etc., etc.

For convenience in separating generic and specific subjects and to
meet various requirements the holders are made to fit cards 2x I2j4
cm and 2x5 cm.

Several libraries who have already tried these seem to regard the
expense one of the wisest investments yet made.

PENCIL, DATER, AND CHECK.
There seems to be a real want for some-
thing of this kind, for so many have tried to
fill it. Some years ago A. P. Massey, the in-
genious librarian of the Case Library, Cleve-
land, O., sent us a sample similar to the cut,
except that it had a spring-cover, and was
self-inking. A year ago W : H. Brett of the
Cleveland Public Library sent a similar device
which he had workt out for their use, includ-
ing the owner's initial with the date, so that all entries could be readily
traced to the person making them. H : J. Carr, Public Librarian, Grand
Rapids, had still another at the Milwaukee meeting, and K. A : Linder-
felt. Pub. Libn. of Milwaukee, has the fourth, as shown in the cut. The
great use is at the loan desk, where books must be charged rapidly. A
single motion gives a complete date much plainer than it can be written.

134 Library Notes.

and also, by setting in an initial or letter assigned to each assistant,
shows exactly who issued or returned each book.

Everywhere about library work it is important to know when and by
whom it was done, and this check-stamp gives such a record neat, com-
pact, and legible.

The form of which we have made a cut must be used at the desk, or
where access can be had now and then to an inking-pad. The more
costly self inkers do not require this.

REVOLVING SHELF PIN.

In a chapter on shelving, soon to appear,
we shall discuss various devices for sup-
porting movable shelves. We give now a
cut to make clear what many people have
been unable to understand from our ms
directions. The ordinary metal pin has
the round part which fits in the hole in the
upright and the flat part on which the shelf
rests. In this pin the parts are connected
by a piece standing at right-angles to the
first, thus allowing the adjustment of the shelf to two bights, without
removing the pin from the hole. Simply revolve the pin half round
with the shoulder pointing up instead of down, and it supports a shelf
at the bight where the cut stops. If this pin were in the hole below,
as shown in the cut, its upper support would be a little higher than it
is now. Of course in practice, the lower hole would be further away
than the size of the cut allowed it to be shown. This standard pin in
the low position holds the bottom of the shelf I cm below the center
of the pin-hole. In the high position, it holds it i cm above, plus the
thickness of the horizontal plate, or about 1.2 cm. This gives an adjust-
ment of 2.2 cm, or about i in. to each hole. Therefore, to get adjust-
ment for each thickness of an inch shelf, the holes need be bored only
once in 5 cm [2 in.]. If closer adjustment is required, a pin should be
used with a shorter perpendicular piece, and the holes bored closer
together.

One prominent architect undertook to use these pins from a pencil
sketch we sent him, and made a sorry failure because he forgot to cut
in the upright the groove into which the perpendicular part sinks so
the shelf just fills the space between uprights

We have made this cut to make the working of the improved pin clear.

Library Notes. 135

Progress.

We solicit for this department notes of gifts, new buildings, new laws^ new
interest; in brief, of anything calculated specially to encourage and stimulate library
workers, and showing that the Modem Library Idea, which the Notes champion,
is making progress.

THE LIBRARY DEPARTMENT OF THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF

EDUCATION.

All familiar with library matters feel keenly how great service has
been rendered during the past ten years by the U. S. Bureau of Edu-
cation under Gen. John Eaton as commissioner. When he felt con-
strained to insist on his resignation being accepted, in order to accept
the presidency of Marietta (Ohio) College, we all felt grave apprehen-
sions lest there might "rise up a ruler who knew not Joseph " and
library interests might suffer, while he was being slowly educated to
the importance of the free library as an essential complement of the
public school.

But fate has been more kind. Last week the new Commissioner of
Education, Col. N. H. R. Dawson of Alabama, accompanied by the old
Chief Clerk, Dr. Charles Warren, well known and highly esteemed by
many librarians, paid the editor of the Notes a visit at Columbia. We
were delighted to find a breadth of view and active sympathy which
promises that any practical work will not lack his cordial support.
He will scrutinize carefully whatever is proposed, but is ready to be
convinced what the best interests of education require. Dr. Warren
remains as Statistician of the Bureau, where he will be more closely
identified with library matters.

The revised list of libraries and librarians combined on a single page
for more convenient reference is nearly in type, proof having come to
the letter P. As was expected a large number of little libraries reported
ten years ago have disappeared, being merged into others or hopelessly
scattered. Many of them ought never to have been reported, being, in
fact, dead in 1876. Their space has however more than been made
good, for the new list runs up to about 6,000 as against 3,647 in the
1876 report. Some interesting studies of these tables will appear in
the next Notes.

We make room as we go to press to congratulate the library interests

136 Library Notes.

that a gentleman of wide culture and earnest purpose is at the head of
the Bureau. The A. L. A. Catalog and some other practical helps
which will be very useful to the new libraries, will make fit companions
to the great library report which ten years ago helped so much in giv-
ing the new impetus to libraries as educators.

A People's Palace. — In England princely gifts to the public are
much rarer than here, but they are not nearly so rare as formerly. The
** People's Palace" recently founded among the poor to "provide intel-
lectual improvement and rational recreation and amusement " for the
inhabitants of East London, is the result of a fund started 40 years
ago by a Mr. Beaumont, who left ;£i2,cxxd for this object. Mr. Besant,
the novelist, presented the idea vividly to the popular imagination in
"All sorts and conditions of men," and several influential people have
labored that the novelist's vision of the " Palace of Delight " might be-
come a reality, and the fund will probably soon have grown to ;;^ioo,-
000. The " People's Palace " will not only contain technical schools
and a fine library, but also winter and summer gardens, a concert -hall,
swimming baths, and gymnasia for both sexes, and any other amuse-
ments which it may be found possible to add. The generous subscrip-
tions now being received indicate how rapidly English public opinion
is advancing in its recognition of the rights of the poor. It has long
acknowledged that the souls of the poor should be cared for, and, in case
of accident and t isease, their bodies ; but during the past 20 years the
cultivation of their minds has been recognized as a public duty. Money
is now given, not only to improve them, but to make their lives pleas-
anter.

Knoxville, Ten'x. — Charles M. McGhee has given the Library Asso-
ciation a fine building costing $30,000 to $40,000. The Library has
now about 4,000 v. ; for increase there will be an annual income, from
rent of lower rooms in the new building, of $1,000, and also, a few
hundred dollars (if the effort to add to the membership prove success-
ful) from dues.

National Medical Lihrarv. The fine new building is now being
roofed, and Dr. Billings expects to get in about next May. With
the Library of Congress building, which is to be the finest on the
Continent, Washington is making progress in library architecture.
The ground is being cleared for the foundations of the great library.

Library Notes. 137

The N. Y. Free Circulating Library has just received another
gift from the Ottendorfer family, this time a check for g 10,000, to
be added to the permanent funds.

Pratt Library, Brooklyn. Mr. Charles Pratt, of astral oil fame, is
emulating his relative in Baltimore in the wise use he is making of his
wealth. A fine new building is approaching completion on "the hill'*
in Brooklyn, and the books are already being cataloged, in readiness
for opening a free circulating library of high grade, together with refer-
ence, periodical, and reading rooms. Mr. G: W. Cole, who has just
completed the hJndsome catalog of the Fitchburg (Mass.) Public
Library, has taken office as librarian, and the great city of Brooklyn will
soon have from the modest munificence of a single citizen a fine circulat-
ing library entirely free. It will be opened with about 10,000 carefully
selected vols.

Carnegie Libraries. The papers have made widely known that
Andrew Carnegie, author of Triumphant Democracy, has given $250,-
000 to Edinburgh, Scotland, $250,000 more to Alleghany, Pa., besides
his first great library gift of $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pa., which will of
course be accepted on the easy conditions named. Mr. Carnegie has
made other library gifts, but not so large.

Tilden Libraries. Since our last issue the will of ex-Governor S: J.
Tilden has been publisht, providing for three public libraries — one in his
native town, New Lebanon, Ct., one in Yonkers, near which place is
his famous country house Greystone, the third and chief in New York
City, which ought to have, as the estate is appraised, towards $5,000,000.
This would be the greatest library bequest of all history, and there is
no place that needs it more than the American Metropolis. The sum
is sufficient to provide the best reading within an easy walk of every
citizen's door, and the amount of good which it will accomplish can
hardly be over estimated.

Of these great gifts we shall say more later, but we note them now as
a source of great encouragement to those who accept with us the faith
that the free library is to push forward to its proper place as the neces-
sary complement of the public school. The latter only attempts the
education of the child. The library must carry it on thru life.

138 Library Notes.

Literary Methods

AND

Labor-Savers for Readers and Writers.

We note suggestions or methods that promise to be of service at the desk or in the
study. Most of them we have tried and found good. A plan not suiting us is
inserted if it is likely to serve others. Criticisms and improvements are specicUiy
welcome, as are commendations from those who have been Xeipt; the last not for
printing, but as guides in choosing what will serve the largest number These
Notes are numbered in one series so that reference need not include the date.

7. BEST WIDTH OF COLUMN.

Many of our readers print pamphlets, etc., where they have to decide
what width of column they will have the type set in. We quote the A.
L. A as the only body having any authority on such subjects which has
considered it. We much wish the results of experiment and experience
on this point. " Experiment, computation, and experience indicate that
the width of column easiest grasped by the eye, and, all things consid-
ered, best adapted for library work, is 6 cm. This is the width adopted
by the Library Journal, Publisher's weekly. Uniform title-slip commit-
tee, etc., and is more largely used than any other. As a trained eye
reads whole lines at once, and thus passes down the column rapidly, the
line must not be so long as to compel the eye to go back from the end
of one line to find the beginning of the next. On the other hand the
line must not be so short as to waste space and make extra expense in
making syllables come out even with the line." We use in the Notes
an 1 1 2 cm line which is as long as comfortable reading allows. We
hesitated between this and a double column of 5 \ cm which is some-
thing too narrow. This in common with many other practical questions
about book-making needs study from the standpoint of the oculist
rather than the milliner seeking some new fashion.

We ask opinions on this question from all who have given it atten-
tion.

8. MONTH AND DAY CONTRACTIONS.

On p. 57 as Note 3 we gave the condenst abbreviations for months,
Ja, F, Mr, Ap, My, Je, Jl, Ag, S, O, N, D, and for days, Sn, M, Tu, W,
Th, F, St.

■J'- . _. El

Library Notes. 139

The reasons for the forms recommended are perhaps worth giving as
the same principles may guide in making similar lists. Except in rare and
special cases, like Xp. for express, Xms. for Christmas, etc., the first letter
of the word heads common abbreviations. In shorthand this is not so, but
we are talking of longhand. The remainder of the abbreviation is made
according as brevity or clearness is most essential. In a thing so com-
mon as the months and days of the week the requirements of narrow
columns and constant use makes brevity all important, and the frequent
use soon makes the shortest form clear. Brevity requires absolutely no
addition to the initial if no other word in the list begins with the same
letter. Five months of the year are therefore disposed of with F S O
N D without even a period after them. There are left three beginning
with J, two with A and two with M. Brevity forbids more than two
letters. For January, Jn, Ju, or Jy might be read for June or July, a
and r are the only letters left, and Ja is the plainer of the two bjscause
so much resembling the common Jan. We may use r, c, or h in March
but Mr is more suggestive. For May, Ma may be read March, and we
are forced to take the unphonetic My over which no one can blunder.
Ap and Ag each affords choice of four letters, as no letter after the
first occurs in both words. Ap, Ar, Ai, Al, for April. Ag, Au, As,
At, for August. Few will question the choice of Ap and Ag. Je is the
only safe two letter form for June as Ju would be read July, Jn January,,
and thus we are forced to retain one unphonetic letter or run the risk
of confusion. Finally July must be Jl, for Ju could be read June, Jy
January. The list that is given can cause no mistake unless shockingly
written. Every abbreviation has the first letter of the month. Seven
of them have also a succeeding letter. Of these seven second letters
no one of them is found in any other month. They are absolutely
definite and may be used safely on the most important records. Even
without explanation it is impossible to interpret them differently from
the list.

We believe the principles above are sound. The danger of abbrevia-
tions is mistake, and the study over one mistake will neutralize all the
gain from a hundred uses of the short symbol. The list as given has
been used with complete success. To better distinguish Je from Jl,
write the e in shape like the script capital E, or the Greek epsilon. We
urge strongly all who have not done so to adopt the list above for con-
stant use. If each interested docs his part these abbreviations will
come to be as well understood as $, c, lbs., etc. Slips giving the list
and its advantages will be printed for enclosure in letters, thus spread-
ing the idea.

140 Library Notes.

9. CLARENDON OR ANTIQUE IN MS.

Indicate the heavy catalog face or Clarendon type in mss by writing
the words in a larger hand, or better, in heavier lines. More pressure
on the pen produces the same effect as the catalog face type in print.
Some designate this type by a waving line, but the resemblance to
print is lost. To indicate clarendon after the writing is done, use a
colored underscore. Where several faces or sizes of type are used,
distinctive colors are best.

10. LEDGER INDEXING.

Where several accounts or lists are kept in one book, it is often
annoying to turn the leaves to find out where any matter begins. For
a great number use a regular index, but for only five or ten, paste a bit
of paper on the first leaf of each subject, projecting beyond the edge of
the leaves, and on this write the subject word. The effect is like the
common index in the front of a ledger, and most people are familiar
with the device. The slips should not be one above another, but scat-
tered down the side of the page. If five places are to be indexed put
the tags at equal distances and the hand will open without looking to
the place wanted, the first topic at top, the fifth at the bottom, the third
in the middle. For a book constantly referred to this adds greatly to
speed. Stiff, sized paper peels off easily. A good way is to fold a
rather thin, strong, linen paper like a clothes-pin, pasting it on both
sides of the leaf. A very strong tag can be extemporized by cutting up a
cloth -covered paper collar or cuff. A better way is to apply Denison's
Index which never tears off, works better, and looks neater. But
every one cannot have the best, so we note the next best.

II. SELF-INDEXED PAPERS.

In pinning together (sometimes, perhaps, in pasting) a package of
papers with various headings, it is often convenient to let each one project
one line beyond the one above it, thus each heading shows without turn-
ing the leaves. Such a package takes more room. If the papers are
short or there are many of them, a pin must be inserted whenever the
top line of the one on top falls over the bottom line of the one at the
bottom. This is really a modification of the common ledger index
principle. A glance shows to which leaf to open to find what is
wanted.

12. now TO KEEP PASTE.

I enclose $koo for Library Notes, and wish to add my mite of
information. I have been keeping paper-hangers* paste on hand this

Library Notes. 141

summer, perfectly fresh and sweet by shutting it up in a glass pail
with a tight cover that fits over the top, stirring also 12 or 15 drops of
oil of cloves into about two qts. of the paste. The paste we have now
was bought July ist, and we have had two months of dog-day weather
since. The pail we keep it in is of glass with a pressed tin cover.
A tin pail rusts. H. P. James,

Newton, (Mass.) Free Lib., 30 Ag 86.

One more discoVery in connection with the paste-pot. The inside of
my cover rusted. So to prevent that I heated it and rubbed on a para-
fine candle, so there will be no more rust there. Now *tis perfect.

H. P. J.

13. TO MAKE DRAWERS RUN EASILY.

All who use drawers in a climate that changes much in humidity,
have their patience sorely tried.. The more perfectly kiln dried the
stock used, the more likely is it to absorb moisture on the first damp
day and swell so as to be almost or quite unusable. The more
perfectly fitted is the work, the greater the danger of sticking. If a
drawer is fitted so closely that it will not bind in damp weather, it looks
to a critical eye like a door on all sides of which the light shines thru.

Much depends on the wood used and the way in which it is filled and
protected against the action of damp air ; e. g. a table slide finisht on
one side only is apt to take so much more moisture on the lower un-
filled side that it warps the slide into a curve binding at both edges and
at the centre. The old remedy for sticking drawers was to rub them
with soap as the best lubricant. A better one is to rub the sides, as
well as the bearings, with a parafine candle and then to run a hot flat-
iron over the surface. If a hot iron is not available a hard rubbing with
a cork gets up some heat and does next best. Drawers that stick badly
will sometimes, after a thoro treatment, run at a touch.

14. TYPEWRITTEN CYCLOSTYLE STENCILS.

We were pleased to " see some very neat cyclostyle duplicates from
a typewritten original, thus attaining near the ideal of a duplicating
process. Let us have experience from others till we get the best
plan. Our first were made by E. C. Richardson, Libn. Hartford Theol.
Sem., and the following shows that the Connecticut mind has not
outgrown its inventiv proclivities : —

" Every variety of experiment in preparing Cyclostyle stencils upon
the Hammond typewriter that I have been able to devise so far has
failed completely, but excellent results are obtained from the Caligraph.

142 Library Notes.

It is only necessary to place a sheet of fine sand-paper underneath the
Cyclostyle paper, i. e., between that paper and the platen, with the sand
side outward. The only serious difficulties are in securing large enough
sheets of sand-paper, which can be done only at wholesale carpenter
shops, and in getting the sand paper and Cyclostyle paper to feed
straight. The old Caligraphs are uncertain in this respect, but the
newer machines can be successfully adjusted. The stencils are excel-
lent in every particular except that some of the round letters are apt to
cut completely out, especially upon the more vigorous machines. I
have doubts whether in any way the stroke of the Hammond can be
made forcible enough to make a good stencil. I have given the trial
up after wasting several precious hours over it. In this I am very
much disappointed.'* Waldo S. Pratt.

Hartford, 21 O. 86.

15. WRITING FRACTIONS.

It is certain brevity, ease of computation, and analogy with
our arithmetic all require us to write decimal rather than vulgar
fractions except in cases where it costs too much labor and space ta
transfer a compact common fraction into a long decimal, e. g. : ^ is.
better than .66^, but .5, .25, .2, .1, .75, .4, etc., are better than %, }(,
1-5, i-io, }i, 4-10. Decimals take 8 figures. The vulgar form uses 14.
The decimals column perfectly, and may be added mentally at sight,,
but the others require troublesome reductions. We have a decimal
arithmetic, decimal money, and are growing steadily towards a complete
decimal system of weights and measures. Indeed in many cases, where
the metric system has not been adopted, a decimal division of the old
measures has displaced the old tables entirely. Let us keep in line
with progress at least, when as here we at the same time affect a saving
worth the change in itself.

SOME LABOR SAVING PRINCIPLES.

There are certain things on which nearly all intelligent people are
agreed, and which might go without saying here. We mention them
for the double purpose of making our own position clear, and even
more to urge our readers to lend their influence in spreading the im-
proved forms which we follow. There are other things for which there
are just as strong reasons against which many intelligent men have a
strong prejudice which a calm investigation would show to be wholly
unreasonable. We hope to teach such readers the practical and
reasonable view.

Library Notes. 143

16. DECIMALS.

Our arithmetic is decimal, our money is decimal. So inwrought in
our minds is the decimal principle that it requires rare powers of
abstraction to be able to think of numbers except as decimals, e. g., in
the much praised duodecimal system in which the hundred would be
what we now call 144 etc. Certain effete relics of old customs cling to
us and we are pestered with the dozen, gross, quire, ream etc., though in
the last few years all are giving way steadily to the growth of simple
tens, hundreds and thousands. We shall express numbers by simple
arabic numerals only, — the numbers of common arithmetic. We never
use Roman numerals, dozens, etc., any more than we do the old time
shillings and sixpences, etc., which still linger in certain sections of the
country. With prices by the hundred or thousand the dullest clerk
knows instantly the exact cost of each one to the remotest fraction, and
without possibility of mistake. At |!S.9S per thousand each one costs
5i% mills. At ^^5.75 per ream or gross no one but an expert sees at a
glance what each costs, and in figuring it out there are constant chances
for mistake and confusion. While we would not go to the expense of
repacking decimally a case of glassware that came in dozens ; nor over-
ride the convenience of 'nesting* some articles in 8s, 12s, i6s, etc., we
would make prices and bills as they ought to be, in simple numbers, and
have those who manufacture, pack, nest and box decimally as far as
possible.

17. METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

These are simply the same decimals adopted for our money extended
to the other measures. They have all the advantages, and even some
opponents acknowledge that the efforts making for their complete
introduction are sure to succeed and probably within a few years. Ten
years have shown a great increase in the use of the international meas-
ures. Every reputable school now teaches the system which is acquiring
greater momentum each year. We therefore use the metric system as
a part of our decimals, often giving the old measures also for conven-
ience of those less familiar with the new. We have not space here to
argue the question, but shall be glad to send to any applicant without
charge full explanations of the system and its advantages, and answers,
to the so-called arguments advanced against it.

244 Library Notes.

REGULAR DEPARTMENTS OF LIBRARY NOTES.

Press of matter crowding over into our December number several
departments that are to appear regularly hereafter, we note here the
scheme on which the Notes will be made up. In all this, note that we
shall give only so much as comes within the utilitarian field of the
Notes, referring to the Library Journal and other sources for details.
Our summaries will often be no more than an annotated bill of fare,
convenient for reference, enough for those lacking time to read the full
reports, and naturally stimulating greater interest.

1. American Library Association. — Notes of any action by the
Executive Board or Committees, specially that on Cooperation, or of
anything bearing on the A. L. A. After each annual meeting a num-
ber of the Notes will be printed with a brief summary of the papers
and proceedings, for use till the official proceedings are publisht.

2. A. L. A. Publishing Section. — Notes of its plans and work.

3. New York Library Club.

4. National Sunday School Library Union.

5. Children's Library Association.

6. School of Library Economy.

As the sessions of the four last named are all held in our library (as
have been those of the Cooperation Committee and Publishing Section
except at the annual convention) we shall take great pains to report,
for the benefit of the readers of the Notes, all points which come up in
their discussions which will be specially useful. The Children's Library
Association is already doing a splendid work for those too young to be
entitled to draw books from the public libraries. Tho playfully called
the " Babies' libraries " they are winning laurels that a giant would be
proud to wear. We hope our quarterly reports of their meetings and
work will do much to stimulate the organization of branches or similar
associations in other places till the claims of the youngest readers for
guidance and good reading is met as well as that of their elders.

The National Sunday School Library Union aims to do for this enor-
mous body of libraries (mostly small to be sure, but reaching the small
towns and villages in a way that the public library can hardly hope to
rival) what the A. L. A. is doing for the public libraries. They will
profit by the experience of the older association, but we hope our
records will show it to be a sturdy younger brother.

7. Library Association of the United Kingdom. — Notes of
its annual and monthly London meetings corresponding to those of the
A. L. A. and N. Y. Library Club.

8. Library Journal. — Annotated contents of the numbers pub-

Library Notes. 145

lisht since the last record, with enough indication of the character of
each article to show whether it interests the reader suflSciently to jus-
tify a thoro examination.

10. Library Bureau. — Notes of anjr changes or improvements, if
important enough to warrant record, in this growing centre of library
interests.

11. Bibliography. — This will not be a record of new publications,
which can be found in ih^ Journal, but will group whatever articles or
notes we may print in this field.

1 2. Library Economy. — This group and notes will be a leading
feature and will include the topics of the Decimal Classification: —
Scope, Founding, Buildings, Government and service, Regulations for
readers, and Administration, which includes Executive, Order, Acces-
sion, Catalog, Shelf, Classification, Reference, and Loan departments.

13. Catalogs and Classification. — For the convenience of cata-
logers we make as No. 13 a special head of so much of No. 12 as
specially concerns them.

14. Progress. — Here we propose to note such gifts, buildings, new
interests, etc., as shall have a value to others either in giving new facts
or stimulus. For the history and biography we shall refer to the
Library Journal and Chronicle, only giving so much as directly falls
within our narrower province.

15. Reading and Aids. -^ Notes on guides, reading of the young,
use of reference books, choice of editions, etc., etc.

16. Literary Methods and Labor Savers for Readers and
Writers. — See prospectus of this department on page 55.

17. Language. — This is really a leading subhead of No. 14 and will
include the notes on the use of language, capitals, spelling, idioms, and
brief record of progress in Romanizing Japanese, German, etc. ; the
simplification of spelling in other languages, the recommendations of
the authorities in regard to language, scientific investigations bearing
on reading and writing (e. g. the recent proof in the physiological lab-
oratory of the University of Leipzig that the eye could read certain
forms and letters much quicker than others), the results of experiments
as to the most legible type and style of printing and writing, and in
short anything bearing on language or its use, of practical value to
those interested in improvements that have the sanction of the best
authorities and that promise to be of real value to the 'constant users
of language.

We do not mean that each of these departments will be represented
in each issue, but that we expect to give matter groupt as above for
convenience of reference.

146 Library Notes.

Editor's Notes.

All communications and inquiries for the editor^ exchanges^ press copies y etc,^ shoulcT
be addresty Melvil Dewey ^ Columbia College^ New York, and marked L, N,

All subscriptions y coPy for advertisings remittances and business communications ^
should be addrest to the publish ers^ Library Bureau^ 32 Hawley St., Boston.
All subscriptions are understood to be for the complete, current volume.
The editorial and business departments are absolutely independent. Any descrip-
tions, illustrations or references in the reading matter to articles sold by any firm are
because the editor believes them to be valuable to his readers, and are wholly on the
merits of each article without knowledge or influence from the business department
After such descriptions are written, the publishers seek, in the interests of readers,
to secure advertizments of what is reported best. Therefore, when anything is men-
tioned in both editor's and business columns it is always advertized because found
worthy endorsment; but never endorst because advertized in our journal.

The editor is responsible for all unsigned matter except in the advertizing pages.
When requested by contributors we follow their spelling, capitals^ etc. Other-
wise we follow some of the recommendations looking toward the improvement of
English spelling, made by the two Associations which include nearly all the leading
living scholars in English, viz., the American Philological Association and the
English Philological Society.

The reception accorded our first number has fully met our ex-
pectations. Letters of cordial appreciation came from far and near,
and many have given testimony of the helpfulness of such a journal,
cheap enough to go wherever it is wanted. To all these friends this
general acknowledgment must suffice. If there were any doubts before
the experimental number was put forth, they were thoroly dissipated
and the Notes is already an assured success. We bespeak the hearty
cooperation of all interested in extending the field of its usefulness,
both in introducing it to new readers and in contributing Notes, for. we
wish to make every number better than its predecessor.

At present we arc embarrassed with riches. We have on hand matter
enough for three numbers, and requests for articles on topics where the
writers wish information keep coming in. All such requests are re-
corded, and as fast as practicable topics will be taken up ; but our space
is limited and many applications are already filed ahead. We shall be
guided very largely in selecting matter by these requests of readers,
hoping thus to serve the real wants of the largest number.

As noted in No. i we went to press in June, weeks ahead of our regu-
lar date in order to get the program of the Milwaukee meeting to
our readers before it was too late. The largest attendance we have yet
had shows the wisdom of that action, but the usual summer interval
has been by so much magnified, giving this No. an appearance of being

Library Notes. 147

late. We have not thought it important to have exact dates of publi-
cation, as the Notes will be a series of handbooks rather than a record
of current events. We do however wish to make our volume corre-
spond to the calendar year, and so shall issue an extra number some-
where in order to complete vol. 2 with 1887.

While the Notes were started especially for the small libraries, it
chanced that the first contributed article of any length was from the
lari^est library in the world, being an interesting discussion of the card
catalog as viewed in England, from Mr. Richard Garnett, late Supt. of
the British Museum and now in charge of the printing of its great cat-
alog, of which 30 V. per year are coming from the press. Other matter
already set and the wish to get some farther facts from London have forced
this over to our next, when we shall resume the discussion of the card
catalog. The cataloging rules in this issue will fairly represent that branch
for a single number. Later we shall give a brief statement of these
rules, which will serve as a summary for the cataloger and as a suflScient
guide to the reader who wishes to know how to consult the catalog ; for
however simple it may be, some instruction is necessary to guide
readers to its proper use.

Our Next Number. — We intend to give at the end of Editor's
Notes some indication of the topics to be treated in the next issue, for
the double purpose of informing readers what they may expect, and
more important, to enlist their interest and contributions towards mak-
ing the first discussion of the subject more complete instead of waiting
till it appears, and then printing corrections or additions in the next
number because of new experiences contributed by readers.

Will each one interested in the Notes make it a point, after reading
the ** bill of fare " in this space, to send any items that may be useful
in preparing it ? This list is of only those things already decided on in
advance, and we must of course reserve the right to carry some topics
over further if reason arises.

Much of the matter noted below was ready for this number, but
crowded out. We have among the rest : A brief synopsis of the papers
and discussions at the Milwaukee meeting ; another of the recent meet-
ings of the Library Association of the United Kingdom (which we
shall hereafter name as do its members, the L. A. U. K.) ; another of
the forthcoming U. S. Statistical Report on Libraries ; an interesting
paper on card vs. printed catalogs by Richard Garnett, late Supt. of
the British Museum, and now in charge of its great catalog ; the library
journal and ledger, a system of simplified book-keeping for the financial
department ; rules for making a shelf-list on the leading systems of

148 Library Notes.

shelf-numbering ; how to number library shelves ; how to number
library books ; how to keep library circulars, price-lists, etc. ; rules for
the order and accession departments ; rules for binding ; general read-
ing notes in card catalogs ; and the importance of classification. Library
abbreviations (6 p. of useful tables) ; official names for use of catalogers;
libraries on special authors, with scheme for their arrangement ; an
illustrated article on standard sizes ; the shelf list system for card cata-
logs ; a list with cost of needed outfit for a 1,000 v and a 10,000 v
library ; and a 7 p. article on library handwriting, with detailed rules and
engraved illustrations of the most legible style, with other interesting
matter, were in type for this number and crowded over, tho we have
again given over 16 pages more than our publisher agreed to furnish.

Copies of Notes to Be Given Away. — We wish every person
likely to become interested in library work to see our quarterly. No
better missionary work can be done by subscribers who wish to spread
the modern library idea than to have us send copies to a select list of
friends. Any subscriber who wishes to do this may have half the
expenses borne by notifying us ; i. e., may give away copies for a single
year for 50c. for the four numbers. This offer should lead to the
distribution of at least 1,000 extra copies. How many copies will vou
give to those you wish interested?

Many librarians, even if on small salaries, will find it to pay to give
the Notes for a year to each of their trustees. The resulting enlarged
ideas of a librarian's duties and opportunities would be worth in
greater appreciation and better support many times the cost. Of
course the trustees should subscribe for copies of the Notes for
themselves, and it would prove a wise and economical investment of
library money; but if they can't be induced to do that, give each a
copy, and next year he will understand why he should vote to pay for
it. A copy at the library is not enough. Each should have it at
home, where he will find leisure during the quarter to read it thru.

Trustees will find it to pay, also, to give a copy to each assistant in
their libraries. His own copy he can read at leisure, annotate, and
have always at hand. Ask any intelligent librarian if he thinks any
assistant would not be worth more than one dollar per year more as a
result. The Notes have been made so cheap expressly to allow this
wide and free circulation. The wants of every library officer from
janitor to president of trustees will receive a share of attention in
every volume.

The publishers offer to refund the price to any library that acts on
this suggestion, and at the end of the year will say it has not received
more than the worth of its money.

Library Notes. 149

Publishers' Department.

INVARIABLE ADVERTISING RATES.

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Cover or facing reading matter Pages, 25 per cent advance on above rates.
A line in Library Notes, being full width of page, equals two lines in ordinarj' columns.
The right is reserved to reject any copy not suited to the Notes.

Our Advertisers. We accept only the best for our advertising
pages, and they are often as interesting and valuable as any in the
number. Every reader will find it worth while to look thru these pages,
and may feel confidence in the houses represented.

We are able to give so good a magazine for so small a price only
because our advertisers have recognized our special circulation and
supported us handsomely. In their own interests, readers should make
it a point to say a good word for the Notes wherever they can help its
support, and, in writing to advertisers, to mention where they saw the
announcement.

Please return Notes No. i to the publishers if you have received
more than one copy. After our presses started we found- that the
number had been enlarged without extra paper, so could print only
4,000, while the demand has been greater than expected, so that the
number is almost out of print. Some have received both a sample
copy and a second sent on receipt of subscription. The return of the
extra copy will be a service to some other library in completing a full
set of the Notes.

We propose to make the Notes just as helpful and useful as support
allows. To do the work planned, we must have the hearty cooperation
of all who believe in the modern library idea. Every sample number
sent out must bring some response, and sooner or later a subscriber.
If you cannot send us $1.00, you certainly can send at least a postal
card expressing your interest, and then can pass on your sample Notes
to some friend likely to subscribe. The names of those to whom we
send this number free, who neither subscribe nor express to us interest
in our work, will be dropt from our list of those interested in library
progress. We cannot waste money in trying to develop an interest
where there is no foundation on which to build.

150 Library Notes.

WHY THE OPINIONS OF LIBRARY NOTES ARE VALUABLE.

A large number of the ablest librarians interested in our success
promise cooperation in contributing the results of their experiments
and experience. Besides this we have placed the entire charge of the
reading matter in the hands of Melvil Dewey, Prof, of Library Econ-
omy in Columbia College and Director of the Library School, an editor
to whom natural taste, long study, and unique library experience has
given unequaled facilities for the work.

From the inception of the idea, in 1876, to date, he has been Secretary,
in entire charge of correspondence, books, papers, library collections,
and office of the American Library Association. Similarly, from the
initial correspondence with leading librarians to secure their assistance
in starting and editing a library monthly, thru the first series of
the Library Journal, Vol. 1-5, 1876-1880, till it was reduced in size,
he was Managing Editor, and in sole charge of all its correspondence,
articles, notes, and queries, etc. In this double capacity of secretary
and editor, he had the widest experience in learning the difficulties
and wants of the libraries thruout the country. He also founded
the Library Bureau, and, as its Manager and Consulting Librarian, had
some years' experience in fitting up libraries, and in giving expert ad-
vice to librarians and trustees under the most various circumstances.

He is now at the head of one of our most active and progressive
libraries, with a staff of thirty and a governing Board ready to support
liberally any measure that will make the library more useful. Chiefly,
as Director of the only School of Library Economy, he is surrounded
constantly by the most valuable material foV the Notes, a leading fea-
ture of which will be the preservation in print, for handy reference, of
the best results of the constant studies and experiments conducted in
the School.

Clearly the quarterly issues of such a Journal must be simply invalu-
able to every one activly interested in libraries. It depends on its
readers, not only for their own subscription, but for cooperation in fur-
nishing practical material and in introducing Library Notes to others
who would profit by it.

The price has been made only Si.chd per year, to Europe 4s., because
a very large circulation seems assured.

Each number contains 64 or more quarto pages, handsomely printed
and illustrated, with stiff covers. For each year a title page and mi-
nute index will be supplied. Single sample numbers will be mailed for
IOC, and circulars, prospectus, etc., will be sent free to any address.

Address the publishers, Library Bureau, 32 Hav^rley St., Boston.

Library Notes. 151

CYCLOPvEDIAS.

Every library, home, scliool, and office, every student, and ever}- scholar should
own a 'set of "JOHNSON'S UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA "' (8 royal octavo
vols.;, which has just been brought down to date at an expense of over $60,000. It
contains more subjects, is later (12 vears) than eitlier APPLETON'S or the
BRITANNICA, and COSTS ONLY HALF AS MUCH! I!

Address for particulars

A. J. JO HNSON & CO., 1 1 Great Jones^St., Ne w York.

ESTABLISHED 1848.

B. WE8TEEMANN & CO.,

Foreign Booksellers and Importers,

838 Broadway, - New York.

The supplying of Libraries has been a specialty of our firm since it was established

thirty-eight years ago.

SPENCERIAN

FOR SALE

BY ALL DEALERS IN

STATIONERY.

rOR the convenience of those I OTITiri D IT Kl O
■ who may wish to try them, a I ^j I ^" ^" I r^ ^" 1^ ^j

SAMPLE XARO

^ontainincC «0 P<*"«» with an iUiinrraKMl pamiihh't and VrUe List of all our SPEXCERI.VN SPECIAL-
TIES, will Ik* «»ent iww^-n Hil, on recflut of 8 OKN r.'«*, in po«»t:i.r»' *»tanii><<

rVISON, BL.VKEMAX, T.VYLOR & CO., T.vi aJil TS'. IJrojc.lw.^y. New York.

A. L. LUYSTER

IMPORTER OF LONDON BOOKS, OLD AND NEW

AM) DEALER IX

AUTOGRAPHS, AUTHORS* MANUSCRIPT, etc.,

Of which we have a large stock on hand. Catalogues issicd regularly and sent free to any
address.

98 Hassan Street, New ToA City, and 10 Silver Street, London, England.

LINCOLN ME3IOKIAL MSS. Seven sets of fac-similc reproductions of expres-
sions of sympathy sent tlic V. S. Government at time of President I jncuhi's assassination,
by foreign cities, societies, etc. These arc valuable ac(iui>ili(ms to libraries, and cannot
l)e obtained after these are sold. Trice, 55.CO per set, unbound.

Carter, Rice & Co. Corporation, Boston, Mass.

153 Library Notes.

" The Chamber Over the Gate.'

Bv MARCKLT HOLMES,
ISmo. S60 pp. ettrs Cloth Mid Gold, colored

"Out trading ol ' Tlu Chamitr Qrtr llu Gall' hu diicuvin

one^^ibwire*""? I ""™""" ' " "' "" '"

indowmiinlliiniirliHl:

]( lh« clcnKnU

"Thcnui

ii bright, iuti ni Ihngghl. bris

It ^y ol powc

I of pi

CHARLES A. BATES, Publisher.

No. 3 Oircle Street, IndlamapoUa.

Waterman's Ideal Fountain Pen.

■-J,.,

HKCAUHB

"The >upplr of ink in ihe holder iclieviifiom the aunoyai.ceol dipping. "-W. L, Aldin, Htm Ytrk Timn
3. "ItiiilwapreadyloriniiDhluH oiihoul any Ium er <hakinE."— £. G. Blackpord. >u<i Com. N. V.

'■'l u«\ halt d"i*n^lh™"iny^f."— MaLviLpHWHV^w'^^ Ciium^it CtHtft, NrmYtrk.

L. E.' WATERMAN, Sole Manufacturer. 155 Broadway. N. Y.

R. M. LAMBIE,

MtllUFICTUREII OF ILL tINDB OF

BOOK HOLDERS.

Tha Mott PMftot DIoHour) HoUar Mads.

136 B. 13th St., N. T.

LEAD Pencils. Gold Pens.

E. FJlBER-S

PENHOLDERS. RUBBER BANDS.

EBERHARD FABER,

Tie

Pfe-w Yorlc.

Foreign Publications supplied to Libraries

By 1. •TKIQKR & OO.1 30 Park PInCB, MKW VORK.

We have dtrecl COttnectiotif with all publishccs and dealers in second-hand books,
in Germany. Austria. Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Noruay, and with many prominent firms
ol England, France, Italy. Holland, Delgium, Spain, etc. — have a

BramA M 2 Tti3,hlt3ise. Ltifiziff. — Kxperie need, prompt, and reliable agents in Amster-
dam, Brussels, CopcnhaKen, Stockholm. Milan, Rome. Madrid. — London: 13 Bedford Street,
Covent (larden. Paris : 1 74 Boulevard St. Germain. We keep the largeHt asaortjnent
of Gertnan hooka in all department!!, and arc thus enabled to fill moat otdera
immetUately,

Uur prices are as low, and our terms as ntlvntilftgeovH as those of other Urms.

Our own catalogues and lists, and foreign dealers' catalORiies at second-hand books will
be mailed free on ajiplication. £, Steigur & Co., 25 Paik Place, Kew York.

Library Notes. 153

WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED DIGTIDNARY.

With or without Patent Index.

A DICTIONARY

containing 118,000 Words, and 3000 Engravings,

A GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD

25,000 Titles, with pronunciation, &c., (Just added) and

A BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

nearly 10,000 Noted Persons; also various Tables,

Alili IN ONE BOOK.

It has 3000 more Words than any other Am.

Dict'y, and nearly 3 times the number of En
eravings. "It is an ever-present and reliable
School-master to the whole family."

Webster is Standard Anthority in the Government Printing OiBce and with the U. S. Supreme
Conrt, and is recommended by the State Sup'ts of Schools in 86 States, and by the leading College
Presidents. Published by Q. A C. MERKIAM & CO., Springfield, Mass.

jTb, & J, M, CORNELL

141 Centre St., Ne^r ITork.

BUILDERS OF

Fire -proof Library Buildings,

Shelving, Stairs, &c., of IRON.

Set of Library Journal.

Any one wishing to secure a set of this most valuable body of library
information in the language, can hear of a rare opportunity by addressing

L. J., Care of Library Bureau,

32 Hawley St., Boston.

The terms are such that it will pay to buy it to sell again, after the steadily
increasing price reaches a higher point.

JS4

Library Notes.

LIBRARY BOOKS.

BALDWIN : Bbin(; Dialogues on Views and
Aspirations. By Vernon Lee, author of " Eu-
phorion : Studies of the Antique and the Mediaeval in
the Renaissance." " The Countess of Albany ** (Fa-
mous Women Scries), xamo, cloth, 52*00.

BALZAC'S NOVELS. Cousin Pons. By Ho-
MORE DK Balzac. Uniform with '* Pere Goriot,'*
"The Duchess de Langeais," "Cesar Birottcau,'*
and " Kug^nie Grandel." lamo, half morocco,
French style, f^i.^o.

FAMILIAR TALKS ON SOME OP SHAKE.
SPEARE'S. COMEDIES. By Mrs. E. W. Lat-
IMER. The Comedies are the "Winter's Tale,"
"The Tempest," "Midsummer-Night's Dream,"
"Taming of the Shrew," '• Much Ado about Noth-
ing," " As You Like It," " Twelfth Night ; or. What
You Will," "The Merchant of Venice," " Cym-
beline ; " and the " familiar talks " were to parlor
audiences of ladies in Baltimore, who were so much
interested that their publication in Book form has
been called for. lamo, cloth, $2.00.

MADAME MOHL. Her Salon and Her
Friends. By Kathleen 0*Meara. A new and
cheaper issue of a delightful book. ^1.35.

INDIA REVISITED. By Edwin Arnold. In-
teresting to every reader of the " Light of Asia," of
which 30,000 copies have been sold. With 30 illus*
trations. xamo, cloth, $3.00.

JOHN JEROME : His Thoughts and Ways.
A book without beginning. By Jean Ingslow,
author of " 0£f the Skelligs," " Fated to be Free,"
"Sarah de Berenger," and "Don John." i6ino,
cloth, $1.35.

HOURS WITH GERMAN CLASSICS. By

Frederic Henry Hedge, late Professor of Ger-
man Literature in Harvard University and author of
" German Prose Writers." 8vo, doth, ^3.50.

CONSTANCE OP ACADIA. A Novsl. The
first in a contemplated series of Historical Novels
about the early history of the Massachusetts Colony,
xamo, cloth, $1.50.

SEND FOR OUR CATALOGUES, GRATIS.

Sold by all booksellers. Mailed^ postpaid by the publishers y

»

ROBERTS BROTHERS, Boston.

The Literary World.

A Fortnightly Journal of literature^ devoted especially to reviews of new books.

Founded in 1810.

TERMS : $2.00 per year, postpaid.

E.vH. HAMES & CO., PUBLISHERS. 1 Somerset St., Boston, Mass.

This is one of those magazines that are apt to make us literary gluttons, as we cannot pe-
ruse a single number but we call for more I more ! more ! We think much of the taste of the
owner of the house where we find a number of this work lying on the parlor table — not con-
fined to thestudv, but open to the family's perusal — for from these interesting pages may be
gleaned a fair idea of what is passing in literary circles, and a selection made according to
taste for more quiet study. — The Canadian.

\^>Thc Literary //'<:^;^/</ is candid in its criticisms, constrvative in its opinions, conscientious
in its commendations, and unsparing in its denunciations of immorality in literature. Its
opinions are authoritative, and, in following its lead for several years in buying books, we
have never been misled. Indeed, it has been a money saver in this respect, and we now
always await its decisions regarding new books before we think of purchasing them. Its
Shakespcariana dc|)artnicnt, conducted by Mr. \V. J. Rolfe, is full of interesting facts to every
teacher and reader of Shakspeare, and its biographical and literary information is of great
importance to every teaclicr of literature. — Educational Couranf.

l-^ Send for a Specimen Copy.

Library Notes.

Lut or Cotxiaci, amyimmb, HoapiTAu

EdisoD Light.

Edison United Hanurg Co.,

65 Fifth ATenue, New York.

ESTIMATES FURNISHED FOR
ISOLATED PLANTS.

More than 500,000 Edis
now in use.-

PUBLIOlBOILDtMOa LlOHTBD B

CoMtera'B Harbor li

Colombia Collen

Dr. Cfaunber'K Women'! HoapitBl

DMf and Domb Ipstltatlon

Friends' School

DUnoU Eistarn KoaplMl fc

loim Slate Pentcentli

State PenllentlBiy Lansing, Ki

...Brunnlck, Me..

...N. Y.CitJ

...Nevporl. B. I

...N.Y.Clty

...N.Y.CItT

...FnltoD.Mo

...Dearborn, Mich.

..ProTldence. R. 1.

...Kankakee, 111....

Elgin, 111

Madison, low
Topeka, Kons

Hllwankee Asylum fc

..Boston, Maaa...

..BatesTille.Ta....

..Lanalue, Mlcli...

National Soldiers' Home...

Horthem ASflnm tnr the Inaane

Nortb Dakota Hospital lor the Inaane...

..Milwaukee, \v-i»....
..TraTcnwCltv. Mich

..Jamesto»a,l>iik....

.'.'ottawH, C»ii;;!!l!!!
...Jacksonville, 111...

University of M
UnlTemltf ot N«m= ^»i".r.
U. S. MlUtarjr Academy...

Ward's Island Insane Asylum ai

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Total 13,9«

The only perfectly satisfactory light for libraries yet known. For proof
read the unqualified endorsements at the last two meetings of ftie
American Library Association : Lake George Proceedings, pages
139-140; Milwaukee Proceedings, pages 165-167; and LIBRARY
JOURNAL, V. 10, p. 338-&, v. I I, p. 363-B.

156 Library Notes.

Library Notes.

IMPROVED METHODS AND LABOR-SAVERS FOR LIBRARIANS

READERS AND WRITERS

Edited by MELVIL DEWEY

Secretary American Library Association, and Prof, of Library Economy in Columbia College

Published by LIBRARY BUREAU, 3a Hawley St., Boston.

THE FIELD WHICH THE NOTES EXPECTS TO FILL.

We aim to fill the sixty-four or more pages of each number with the
matter that our long study and experience leads us to believe will do
most in making libraries more efficient as an educating, elevating force
in the community ; that will best show librarians how to accomplish a
greater good with the means at their disposal ; that will stimulate and
increase popular interest and faith in public libraries as the necessary
complement of the public schools ; that will help readers, whether in
public or private libraries, to accomplish the largest possible work in a
given time, by making available every labor-saving method proved of
practical value ; in short, the Notes aims to be first, last, and always
practically helpful. Quarterly, $1.00 per year.

Our quarterly is not a literary paper. Jt is not to review books.
There are more than enough papers and magazines to do this work. It
is not a newspaper to record items of library history, biography, etc.,
but prints only items of news likely to be directly useful to its readers.

It prints for reference, rules, tables, receipts, and detailed directions,
such as the active librarian is liable to require for actual use. It re-
cords the results of experiments and experience in library management,
pointing out mistakes to be avoided, as well as giving models proved
safe to follow. Wherever these helps can be made clearer and more
efficient, full illustrations will be engraved. We mean to make each
number help the librarian as much as possible to make his administra-
tion successful and economical.

Special attention is given to the wants of private, Sunday School,

and the small public libraries, remembering that their great number
more than compensates for their comparative size, and that many of
these small libraries are destined to grow into large ones.

The Notes is really a manual of librarianship and literary methods,
in quarterly parts, for it will cover every question connected with a li-
brary, from the original development of interest to the complete organ-
ization and details of administration. Prospectus free.

Library Notes. 157

Unsolicited Good Words for LIBRARY NOTES.

The Critic, which the London Academy pronounces ** The first literary
journal in America,' thus voices the good opinion of the press : —

'* And now the indefatigable Melvil Dewey, who has been interested and abundantly active
in these and other enterprises helpful to his brother librarians, comes suddenly to the front
again with his Library Notes, a quarterly of sixty pages or more, brimful of practical hints,
improved methods and labor-saving contrivances for librarians, readers, and writers. Library
systems, book-plates, card-catalopucs, abbreviations and contractions for names of persons
and for days and months, niarkmg systems, lami>shades, shelf-lists, the library profession,
the educational function of the library, are among the topics brietiy but pointedly glanced at.
No wide-awake, progressive book-ma (can read through this first number without considerable
addition to his stock of ideas. Library Notes is published by the Library Bureau, Boston,
and is worth much more, to persons to whom it is worth anything, than the dollar a year
asked for it.'*

Extracts from first letters to Library Notes.
From Rev. James Freeman Clarke, Boston.

" I have seldom read so large a part of the first number of a journal as I have of yours. I
will subscribe one year for myself and one year for my sister."

From Miss Miriam M. Davis, Library, Wooster (O.) University.

" While a reader of the Library Journal from the beginning, I still am delighted with the
Notes, and think it * the very thing Wor small libraries."

From H. C. Perey, Northern Club, Norfolk, Va.

" I have read with much profit your No. i Library Notes, and enclose $1.00 for subscrip-
tion. Theyfrj/ number is worth the price for the year."

From Miss Lillian M. Whiting, Ln. New Britain Institute, Conn.

** We desire to extend our sincere thanks and appreciation. It seems to us just the thing
for every librarian, and individually I welcome it with delight. I hope also in the near future
to take the * Journal* and become a member of the A. L. A."

From C. R. Bartlett, Commander U. S. Navy, Hydrographer,
Washington, D. C.

"I enclose one dollar for subscription to the Library Notes. The Hydrographic Ofiice
endorses thoroughly the * Modern Library Idea.*"

From Abr'm H. Cassel, Cassel's Library, Harleysville, Pa.

" The June number of your valuable serial is just to hand. I am sorry that such a work
was not undertaken sooner, — it might have been a great benefit to me. . » . I will, how-
ever, try to procure you a subscriber."

From W. K. Stetson, Ln. Middletown, Conn.

"Please puj down as subscribers to Library Notes, one copy to each, Wesleyan Univ.
Library, Russell Library, and W. K. Stetson, Middletown, Conn. It is a fine idea, and must
succeed."

From Sr. Maria, Academy Mt. St. Vincent, New York.

"We are pleased with your effort on behalf of libraries. We hope to send you substantial
proof thereof."

From H. A. Tenney, Ln. Newburyport P. L., Mass.

** I think if you can keep such a periodical up in quality to No. i, it will be cheap at double
the price you now ask for it."

From George Hannah, Ln. L. I. Hist. Soc, Brooklyn, N. Y.

**I enclose $2.00 for two copies of Library Notes. I think that such a publication,
conducted by Melvil Dewey, will surely be helpful to any librarian, ai d I hope the res]^oMs>es
to your circular will encourage editor and publisher."

From Miss Mary Fuller, Librarian Interior Dept., Washington.

"Received Library Notes No. i, Vol. i, and am much pleased therewith."

From Lyman C. Draper, Sec. State Hist. Soc, Madison, Wis.

"Your No. i of Library Notes appears brighc and helpful. I hope it may prove a
success. I enclose ^i.oo for the first year."

158 Library Notes.

In the present great popular interest in Economics, Political Science, and all Public
Questions, there is a demand everywhere, from working as well as professional classes, for
scientific, unpartisan information and discussion of a higher grade than newspapers attempt
to furnish. This new Quarterly supplies this better than any other serials or books. Even
the smallest library must keep at least one copy on file, if it meets the best requirements
of its readers. Present popular interest makes these discussions as interesting as light
literature, and as improving as the driest standards.

Early subscribers can now secure complete sets.

Political Science Quarterly.

A REVIEW DEVOTED TO THE

HISTORICAL, STATISTICAL AND COMPARATIVE STUDY
OF POLITICS, ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC LAW.

Annual Subscription, $3. GO.

Edited by the Columbia College Faatlty of Folitical Science.
Its Scope includes Politics, Economics, and Public Law, — a field of
the greatest importance to American citizens, and daily growing in public
estimation.

It Aims to treat scientifically subjects of present interest in the United
States, and to present the results of scientific investigation in intelligible and
readable form.

It Revie^vs new books, American and foreign.

It issues, as a yearly supplement, the Bibliography of Political History,

Political and Economic Science, and Public Law, containing i. The books

of the year, arranged by subjects. 2. Descriptive notices of important works,

with references to critical reviews in leading American and foreign periodicals.

Among the Contributors already engaged, are : —

Fres. F: A. P. IUknard, ('Dlumbia College; Pres. J. H. Seelye, Amherst College ;

Prc"^!*^' Walker, Mass. Institute of Technology; Pres. C: K. Adams, Cornell University;

Ilo 'I. TVij^^i^'"^! ^^'^f^l^" ^^^""^^^^ College Law School; Hon. I). A. Wells; Hon.

• u. nM^ „ jjyj, Carroll U. Wright, Chief of National I^ureau of I^bor

Stnti^l:^ "! "''^'I-PH^^'*^'nox, late Comptroller of the Currency; Dr. FeuX Adler; Horacb

Ernest Young, Harvard

. Adams, Johns Hopkins

K MoRSK, Amherst College ;

and Michigan Universities,

^^^' >qanC

■^l COMPANY, Publishers,
GINN & COlW)pmt N

^'3 Tremont Pj., Boston. ... t._ . ^ation.

ew York* x8o Wabash Av., Chicago*

743 Broadway;

Library Notes. 159

POLITICAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY

AMERICAN PRESS NOTICES

Have been very numerous, full, and commendatory, some leading journals giving several
columns. We select a few representative extracts.

Harper's Weekly {editorial) :— •* The Political Science Quarterly begins with high promise."

Nation: — "A notable evidence of the growth of serious political thought and study in
this country."

World, N. K : — " This very handsome quarterly is a product of the same fair, humane,
and scientific spirit which animates the American Economic Association."

Independent, N. K : — " It is handsomely published, and takes hold with a strong and close
grip on the most vital public questions of the day, and promises to furnish a free and broad
field for the discussion of political, economic, and legal questions."

Critic, N, Y,: — "It is scholarly, solid, and well written. It will render a very important
service to the country in the development of a branch of study of the greatest importance."

Daily Globe, St, Louis : — ** It certainly points in the right direction, — that of a more
thorough popular education in the art of bemg good citizens."

Mail and Express, M Y.: — ''We shall at last have a periodical that intelligent and
thoughtful men — men of business, of affairs, and of experience — will be able to read and
ponder in their graver hours."

Commercial Advertiser, A^. K ; — ^* As its pages, bearing the thoughts of scholars and
thinking men and noting the results of experience, are read and studied, the influence will be
wide-felt and beneficial."

Evening Post, San Francisco: — "The first number in cover, paper, and typography is
an exquisite specimen of the bookmaker's art. The articles are few, but of solid value."

Advertiser, Boston : — " A most praiseworthy and welcome contribution. There should be
little doubt as to the field for fruitful work open to a publication of this kind, or as to the
influence it is fitted to have in establishing healthy, well-rounded opinion on questions bearing
upon current problems and tendencies in the development of our civilization no less than
that of other countries."

Globe, Boston: — "It has for contributors the very ablest American scholars. It has ac-
quired an influence upon American thought in its brief career that promises to place it at the
head of American reviews. Its high literary standard should secure for it hearty support."

Item, Philadelphia: — " A work of remarkable power and significance."

Spy, Worcester : — " The topics are all clearly and ably treated."

Commercial, Buffalo: — "This number is a grand success in every way, and is a welcome
herald of a choice supply of what has long been needed in American periodical literature."

Evening Post, Hartford: — " The very auspicious beginning of this important undertaking
is ably seconded by a superb second number. The articles are wisely selected and show a
wide range of honest thought."

Union, Naskinlle : — " It is breaking new ground, and doing it well and ably. That they
who made it will be able to form intelligent conclusions upon the questions and issues now
before us admits of no doubt."

Herald, C/tica : — " Its contents are profound, scholarly, and varied."

Christian Advocate, Buffalo: — "Its field is unique and distinct, so that no matter
what other Monthly or Quarterly one may take, this seems indispensable."

See next issue for similar Foreign Press Notices.

Z58 Library Notes.

In the present great popular interest in Economics, Political Science, and all Public
Questions, there is a demand everywhere, from working as well as professional classes, for
scientific, unpartisan information and discussion of a higher grade than newspapers attempt
to furnish. This new Quarterly supplies this better than any other serials or books. Even
the smallest library must keep at least one copy on file, if it meets the best requirements
of its readers. Present popular interest makes these discussions as interesting as light
literature, and as improving as the driest standards.

Early subscribers can now secure complete sets.

Political Science Quarterly.

A REVIEW DEVOTED TO THE

HISTORICAL, STATISTICAL AND COMPARATIVE STUDY
OF POLITICS, ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC LAW.

Annual Subscription, $3. GO.

Edited by the Columbia College Faculty of Folitical Science,

Its Scope includes Politics, Economics, and Public Law, — a field of
the greatest unportance to American citizens, and daily growing in public
estimation.

It Aims to treat scientifically subjects of present interest in the United
States, and to present the results of scientific investigation in intelligible and
readable form.

It Revie^vs new books, American and foreign.

It issues, as a yearly supplement, the Bibliography of Political History,
Political and Economic Science, and Public Law, containing i. The books
of the year, arranged by subjects. 2. Descriptive notices of important works,
with references to critical reviews in leading American and foreign periodicals.

Among the Contributors already engaged, are : —

Pres. F: A. P. Baunard, Columbia College; Pres. J. H. Seelye, Amherst College;
Pros. V. A. Walker, Mass. Institute of Technology; Pres. C: K. Adams, Cornell University;
Hon. T. \V. BvvKiHT, Warden Columbia College Law School; Hon. J). A. W^ELLS; Hon.
EudENK ScH^:YLE^; Hon. Carroll D. Wright, Chief of National Purcau of Labor
Statistics; John Jay K*(ox, late Comptroller of the Currency; Dr. Felix Adler; Horace
White, Editc^r A^. Y. Evi-,^^ posi ; Prof. J. B. Ames and Prof. Ernest Young, Harvard
University; Arthur T. KV^ey, Yale College; Prof. H. IJ. Adams, Johns Hopkins
University; Prof. A. T. JoiiNSTOS^j-inceton College; Prof. A. D. Morse, Amherst College;
Prof. J. li. Clark, Smith College ?^of. n. c. Adams, Cornell and Michigan Universities,
and other leading scholars.

GLNN & CONfc^NY, Publishers,

9-13 Tremont PI., Boston. 743 Broadwaj^.^^ Y^^^^ ^g^, vVabash Av., Chicago.

Library Notes. 159

POLITICAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY

AMERICAN PRESS NOTICES

Have been very numerous, full, and commendatory, some leading journals giving several
columns. We select a few representative extracts.

Harper's Weekly {editorial) : — "The Political Science Quarterly begins with high promise."

Nation: — "A notable evidence of the growth of serious political thought and study in
this country.**

World, N. Y. : — " This very handsome quarterly is a product of the same fair, humane,
and scientific spirit which animates the American Economic Association.'*

Independent, M Y. : — ** It is handsomely published, and takes hold with a strong and close
grip on the most vital public questions of the day, and promises to furnish a free and broad
field for the discussion of political, economic, and legal questions.**

Critic, M K .* — " It is scholarly, solid, and well written. It will render a very important
service to the country in the development of a branch of study of the greatest importance.**

Daily Globe, St, Louis: — "It certainly points in the right direction, — that of a more
thorough popular education in the art of being good citizens."

Mail and Express, N, K. : — "We shall at last have a periodical that intelligent and
thoughtful men — men of business, of affairs, and of experience — will be able to read and
ponder in their graver hours.**

Commercial Advertiser, N, K ; — " As its pages, bearing the thoughts of scholars and
thinking men and noting the results of experience, are read and studied, the influence will be
wide-felt and beneficial.**

Evening Post, San Francisco: — "The first number in cover, paper, and typography is
an exquisite specimen of the bookmaker's art. The articles are few, but of solid value.**

Advertiser, Boston : — " A most praiseworthy and welcome contribution. There should be
little doubt as to the field for fruitful work open to a publication of this kind, or as to the
influence it is fitted to have in establishing healthy, well-rounded opinion on questions bearing
upon current problems and tendencies in the development of our civilization no less than
that of other countries."

Globe, Boston: — "It has for contributors the very ablest American scholars. It has ac-
quired an influence upon American thought in its brief career that promises to place it at the
head of American reviews. Its high literary standard should secure for it hearty support.**

Item, PhiUuUlphia: — " A work of remarkable power and significance.**

Spy, Worcester : — " The topics are all clearly and ably treated.**

Commercial, Buffalo: — "This number is a grand success in every way, and is a welcome
herald of a choice supply of what has long been needed in American periodical literature.**

Evening Post, Hartford: — " The very auspicious beginning of this important undertaking
is ably seconded by a superb second number. The articles are wisely selected and show a
wide range of honest thought.**

Union, Naskville : — " It is breaking new ground, and doing it well and ably. That they
who made it will be able to form intelligent conclusions upon the questions and issues now
before us admits of no doubt.**

Herald, Utica : — " Its contents are profound, scholarly, and varied.**

Christian Advocate, Buffalo: — "Its field is unique and distinct, so that no matter
what other Monthly or Quarterly one may take, this seems indispensable.**

Soa next issue for similar Foreign Press Notices.

i6a Library Notes.

NEUMANN BEOTHEES

76-78 E. 9th St., New York

Library Bookbinders

Have equipt new and extensiv premises with machinery,
stock and workmen specially selected for Library Work.

As Members of the A, L. A., they keep fully abreast with the best library TequirenwDtt.
Their leathers and other materials are specially selected or imported to insure the greate*t
durability.

Their workmen have special training and experience in bandlmg Ubrar;boo1cs,MrU1s, and
publications of learned societies in various languages, and they peraonally supervite all thii
work, so seldom properly done in other bindecies.

Prices are as low as the best work can be done. Libraries at a distance send books ^
freight unpaid.

They refer to any of their regular customers, among whom are : The Library Bureau,
Columbia College Library, Yale College Library, Long Island Hist. Soc N. V. Hospital,
Steven's Institute, Y. M. C, A., Century Club, N. Y. Acad, of Medicine, Am. Museum Nat.
Hist, N. Y. Acad, of Sciences, and many others.

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Is made uf stnniK Bunila pa-
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SelC-scallng, and adjnnabla a*
tbey are put on the ttook, no u to
fit mnny illfferent liies ot lH»ks;
thus BiTfirUlDg, It ■ titfllDg COK,
a romplBle book eooer that—

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Sold by LIBRARY BUREAU, 32 Hawley St., Boston.

Lribrafy Notes. 163

The New England Magazine,

A POPULAR ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY.

This magazine is more especially devoted to the historical, biographical, educa-
tional, and industrial interests of the New England States. And it is the aim of its
publishers to so enlarge its scope that it shall be of present and permanent value to all
persons, whether New Englanders or not, who take an interest in matters of history
pertaining to the whole country. It contains

Sketches of New England Colleges,
Historical Sketches of Cities,

Biographies of Notable Persons, and

Descriptions of New England Industries.

all of which are of current interest and permanent value. Each number likewise con-
tains completed Stories by authors of recognized merit and distinction.

All readers will find under the respective headings, •* Editor's Table," ** Histori-
cal Record," "Necrology," *' Education," *' History and Genealogy," "Notes
AND Queries," and "Topical Index to Current Magazine Literature," — matter
that will specially interest them.

THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE

is a publication that is entitled to a place in every Public Library, on account of its
historical and biographical service to readers of every class and grade. Its features are
precisely those which awaken a lively interest in the minds of the frequenters of these
mvaluable institutions As a means of interchanging information of real value and
rescuing from oblivion matters that deserve permanent preservation, and therefore as a
publication at all times both attractive and useful for reference, it is without a rival in
the country. Librarians will consult their true interest by keeping the successive issues
of the New England Magazine for the use of readers.

Every number of the Magazine is illustrated with appropriate engravings in the
best style, made expressly for its pages, which add greatly to its many omer attractions.

The BifsioM Daily Advertiser says of the Magazine : " The articles are varied, carefully prepared, and
full of interest.''

The Boston Herald says : ** The editorial work in this manzine is admirably done, and it is hardly a
surprise to learn that it i» rapidly increasing in circulation in all parts of New England. If maintainea at
its present standard, it will aeserve its popularity."

Tne Indianian-Republican says : *' One of the finest periodicals received at this office is the New Eng-
land Magazine. Every page is intere:iting ; every article well worth reading ; and. besides, it is tastefully
UlustratM with beautiful and appropriate engravings, and very handsomely printed."

The Salem <Mass.) Register pronounces it "an excellent magazine, beautifully printed, charmingly
Illustrated, and filled with attractive articles."

Tenns: $3.00 a year, in advance, postage prepaid. Single numbers 25 cents.
Newsdealers and Postmasters will receive subscriptions, or subscribers may remit to us
in post-office or express money orders or bank checks, drafts or registered letters.

Volume Five begins with the number for November, 1886.

Volumes 1, \ 8 and 4 are completed and substantially bound in brown cloth, making handsome
books. They will be furnished at I2.00 each. Volumes 1 and 2 are very scarce, only a very limited num-
ber are on haind or obtainable. Those desiring complete sets would do well to order immediately. These
volumes are very valuable, being filled with onginal matter, of decidedly historiod value.

In readUng the beginning of the fifth volume, the New England Magazine has passed successfully
through the poiod always attended by more or less doubt, and from an undeveloped enterprise has become
an establiaJied Institution. The proprietors of the Ma/razine were originally aware of the vast amount of
mmmritiem New England history, and two years experience has demonstrated that the quantity was even
underestimated.

THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE,

36 Bromfield Street, Boston, Mass.

x64 Library Notes.

FOR LIBRARIES

BIBLIOGRAPHY OP EDUCATION. Carefully selected and annotated by G.

Stanley Hall, Professor of Psychology and Pedagogy, Johns Hopkins University. 325

pages. Price by mail, $1.60. Interleaved, $2.00.

Contains about 2,500 titles, chosen with good reason from several times that number.
The annotations inform as to the purport and value of each book, and the reader is thus
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A pampklet containing preface ^ table ofcontents^ etc.y sent free on application.

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better equipped for such service. " — N. E . Journal 0/ Educaticn.

METHODS OP TEACHING AND STUDYING HISTORY. Edited by Dr. G.
Stanley Hall, Johns Hopkins University. Which has not only gathered together in a
form of direct practical utility to students and readers of history, generally, the opinions of
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SHELDON'S STUDIES IN GENERAL HISTORY. A collection from original

sources of historical material hitherto inaccessible to most teachers. An exercise book in

history and politics. Price, ^1.60.

" You have taken the decisive step, and I hope you will persuade many of your countrymen and countrywomen
to follow you." — J. R. Sbblbv, Prof, of History, Cambric^ Univ., England.

" I do not think that yon have ever printed a book on education that is not worthy to go
on any * Teachers* Reading Ust,* and iKt best list.*'— Dr. William T. Harris.

COMPAYRE'S HISTORY OF PEDAGOGY. Translated by W. H. Payne, Profes-
sor of the Science and the Art of Teaching in the University of Michigan. Price, $1.60.
" The best and most comprehensive history of education in English.*' — Dr. G. Stanley Hall.

RADESTOCK'S HABIT IN EDUCATION. With an introduction by G. Stanley
Hall, Professor of Psychology and Pedagogy in Johns Hopkins University. Price, 6octs.
" It is a valuable contribution to both educational theory and practice." — Pres. Sbslyb, Amherst College.

ROUSSEAU'S EMILE. Price, Socts.

" Nature's first gospel on education." — Gobthb. " There are fifty pages of the Emile that should be bound
in velvet and gold." — Voltairb. " Perhaps the moat influential book ever written on the subject of education."
— R. H. Quick, in Educatioital Reformers.

PESTALOZZrS LEONARD AND GERTRUDE. With an introduction by G.
Stanley Hall, Professor of Pedagogy in Johns Hopkins University. Price, 8octs.

*' If we accept Rousseau's ' Emile' only, no more important educational book has appeared for a century and
a half than Pestalozzi's ' Leonard and Gertrude.' " — The Nation.

RICHTER'S LEVANA ; The Doctrine of Education. A book that will tend to build
up that department of education which is most neglected, and yet needs most care — home
training. Price, J51.25.
" A spirited and scholarly book." ~- Prof. W. H. Pavnb, Univ. of Mich.

THE FOUNDATION OF DEATH. A study of the drink quesHon. By Axel
GusTAFSON. The most complete work on the subject ever published — impartial, fearless,
accurate, and exhaustive. Price, $1.60.
" I wish they all would read it ; it leaves nothing to be said." — John B. Gough. (Dec. 23, 1884.)

CORSONS' INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF BROWNING. (Just

Published.) $1.40.

D. 0. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, and Chicago.

Library Notes.

The exctoK of driviDg (he tnc^e on good nadaiiposiiinlydcliiihtlu], mDd I find
hsallh. Tbere is nothing like il to bring back thv glfcef id experience! of boyuh Bpiriii.

gmt convenience ol using the nuchine lor thort tripi about u "~ "■---' — '

■omt and ran off ■ nule or tm on it in the lime it would lake to I

■65

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x66 Library Notes.

MRS. BROWNING'S SONNETS

From thk Portuguese. Illustrated by Ludvig Sandoe Ipsen. Oblong fol. (pp

13 X i6 ins.)» beautifully 1>ound, gilt top, $15. In tree calf, $30.

"A settinj; that painter and poet will love. The motive of each sonnet is carried out with symlxJic deugns,
whose idoal beauty is fairly an inspiration." — ClevtlAnd HereUd.

This magniAcent work has been a labor of love for years with the artist, who is the prince of deooraton. and has
lavished upon it all th-; resources of his imajpnation and skill. The result is a wonderful ntonuinent to tne poems
th:it are enshrined therein, and a series ot desi^s, the equals of which as a mere treasury of decoration and
invention apart from their significance in illustrating the immortal verse of Mrs. Browning, have nerer been isMied
in America.

THE LAY OF THE LAST MINSTREL.

An entirely new edition, with nearly 100 new illustrations by leading American artists.
Elegantly bound, with full gilt edges. In box. Cloth, $6; padded calf, tree calf, or antique
morocco, $10; in crushed levant, with silk linings, S25.

" Rare elegance, peculiarly rich, remarkably attractive.''— iffof/^ff TraMScrifi.

*' Admirable in design and execution." — A^. >'. Sum.

RECOLLECTIONS OF EMINENT MEN.

(SUMNKR, AgASSIZ, CliO.\TE, MOTLEY, et ai.)

Hy Edwin Percy Whiitle. Crown Svo, with steel portrait of the author, and the me-
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MR. HOWELLS'S LATEST AND GREATEST NOVELS.

Each in i vol., 1^1.50. The set, in box, $10.50.

The Minister's Charge. A Modern Instance. The ^ Rise of Silas I^pham. Indian Summer. A Woman'a
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]3v CiJiRA Erskine Clement, i vol. Svo. Profusely illustrated and richly bound. In
cloth, 54; in half white vellum cloth, $4.50.

A complete resume of the History of Art, with accounts of the various schools, and sketches and anecdotes tA
all the great artists, with portraits and reproductions of their works. This biogranliical hibtory is enridied with
very beautiful engravings of the masterpieces of art, from ancient Greece to modem France.

PERSIA.

And the Persians. ])y Hon. S. G. W. Henjamin, late U. S. Minister to Persia. Svo,
with portrait and many illustrations. Gilt top, $5; in half-calf, $9.

" Mr. Benjamin's book has been to us particularlv fascinating. The superb illustrations which are scattered
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and valuable the work is.'*— T^A^ Capital^ Washington.

JAPAN.

Japanese Homes and Their Surroundinc.s. Hy Edward S. Morse, Ph.D., Direc-
tor of the Peabodv Academy of Science, late Professor of Tokio University, Japan, etc. With
307 illustrations, Svo, richlv bound. $5 ; in half-calf, $9.

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with the unfailing interest of the text, will not fail to fascinate and satisfv nim." — Th» IndeptrndeMi.

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Choson: The Land of the Morninc; Calm. By Percival LtnvELL, late Foreign
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" Very fascinating throughout, as skillfullv showing a new land and a new life. — Hartford Comr ant.

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An American Novel. Hy Harrett Wendell. Si.

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CONFESSIONS AND CRITICISMS^

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Library Notes. 167

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Library Notes

KIAI^IRS ./.\/' W'NUi.h'S
I- M ! ! i. i V .M I-. I \ I I l» I W I \

Vol. I No. 3 December 1886

(Tiintuits

American vs. English Cataloc>[<;.

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Carter's Library Inks,

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C(»nslantly exposed to light and air. More than one institu-
tion will in future years incur a great expense for copying, be-
cause it has failed to use the best results of science in its ink.
ll has long been j)ossil)le to get inks possessing any one and
nfien Neveral good qualities, but till now no ink has been made
in any country that combined them all. The best would be
very |)ale when first written, or fade under long exposure to
light, or could be removed by chemicals, or would grow yellow
with age, or thicken in the stand, mold, or spoil pens rapidly
by corrosion, or eat the paper itself after many years, or deposit
sediment in the stand, become muddy, or "go to pieces" with
at;e, or have some fault fatal to a perfect ink.

In recent years fluids have been made that had all the good
(|ualilies except initial blackness. This grievous fault has
caused manv users to abandon these otherwise best inks, and
has ruined many eyes of those who continued to use them,
and tried to read as they wrote, lines too faint to be legible till
njanv hours after.

1m )r many years we have spared neither pains nor expense
in seeking the combination of the best qualities of the best
inks and fluids. We equipt fine laboratories of our own with
every api)lianee that could help, and employed the ablest chem-
ists ai home and abroad. The problem that has bafHed all its
sludi-nts in all parts of the world we have at last solved. After
suhniitlini; the results to the severest tests that could be de-
vised, we now offer to all who write the highest attainable
standards.

See the o])posite jxage for the best of our many products.

CAPxTEPx, DINSMORE & CO.,

IJosstoii, Now VorR, Loiicloii, £aiicl A.iiieterd.3.m.

Library Notes. 171

THE LATEST AND BEST LIBRARY INKS.

After years of patient research and exi)criment, conducted in our own laboratories by
Chemists who stand at the head of their profession, we have succeeded in producing fluids

that write black at first andstiii retain aii the fineness ^"ci fluidity

of the pale, colorless products which the public, for want of something better, have been
obliged to use.

All these Fluids Write Black, Dry Black, and Stay Black.

^ ^ H y g H >^ After oxidl/.inp; in the bottle or inkstand it dues not di&char^e color. Tt is pcrft-ctly

m Air MiniTiMA ri iiin ^"*^ when first opened, and does not thicken, but retains its original deep black hue,
IlLAR Wnlllllb rLUlU ex'en after long exposMre. It never moulds, and is absolutely permanent.

^ A Miw^MfA After oxidation and long exposure it retains its color and fluidity, the same as-

Carter's i^/d^ Writing Fluid, is equally permanent and free from mould, and fflVOS

BUlKCOPyillB FLUID two good copies, which are deep black from the start.

^ A Miw^ M f A It has all the good qu.ilities of Carter's Blak Copying Fluid, but being a stronger

•LAK MULTIPLEX ^^"^^°"' >'^^^^' ^^^"^ f Ive.t^ fifteen intensely black copies according

CODVlnK Fluid ^^ ^^^ character of the copying pa])cr used.

^ . l^^ppyi^ Writes black, dries blacker, stays blackest, it flows freely,

w^ill ttf «i does not thicken, mould or deposit sediment; does not corrode steel pens, and is
_. _ _„ . 1.1 .„|. unaffected by hot or cold weather, or by different climates. It retains its color in the
BLACK LETTUI INK bottle and in the inkstand.

Q A ||YV||fa Jet black from the itart ; does not corrode steel pens; never moulds or fades ;

specially adapted for Records, as it is proof against sun, water and acida — and there-
Koal Black Ink fore permanent.

CARTER'S '^c only permanent Ink of its kind. Yields good copies, is fluid, non-corrosive

FAST RED and brilliant.

This brilliant fluid is now largely taking the place of Carmine Ink in the depart-

CARTER 8 ments at Washington, and in leading offices throughout the country because ol

CRIMSON FLU I D *^' greater fluidity and brilliancy, and because it yields a good copy, which no genuine

CarmtPte does. It is non-corrosive and absolutely free from sediment.

CAHTER'S This is made from pure selected gums, and chemically prepared <(o that it cannot

PHyCILAGEi mould or sour in any climate. It is ten percent stronger than any other standard

''TIM Oraat StICklSt " manufacture, and does not thicken or dry up when exposed in the stand.

CARTER'S A new Mucilage product, from which all waste matter (20 per cent) has been elimi-

ARABI N nated, so that every single particle will stick.

Beside the above, which are our latest and best products, we
manufacture Carter's Combined Ink, Writing Fluid, Copying Ink,
French Copying, Railroad Copying, Raven Black, Blue Black, Vio-
let, Green, Blue, Carmine, Stylographic, and Marking Inks.

For Sale by Stationers in all Parts of the World.
SOLD BY THE LIBRARY BUREAU AS THE BEST KNOWN FOR LIBRARY USE.

CAETER, DIN8M0RE & CO.,

BOSTON, NEW YORK, LONDON and AMSTERDAM.

172 Library Notes.

Librarians who are trying to teach the younf[ how to get most good from reading have had no
more important help than t/iese remarkable books^ which combine the enormous value of the dry
and over-bulky cyclopedias with the freshness and attractions of the best juveniles. Copies should
not only be freely accessible about the library ^ but the young folks should be led to secure them for
their homes. It would be at once the best and cheapest means of improving the results of reading
if the library would plcue a cot>y in e^'ery school-room in its territory, *

YOUNG FOLKS' CYCLOPAEDIA.

BY JOHN D. CHAMPLIN, Jr.

Late Associate Editor American Cyclopedia.
I. OF COMMON THINGS. 690 p. 2. OF PERSONS AND PLACES. 956 pages.

VERY FULL INDEXES. PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED. SOLD SEPARATELY AT $2.50 EACH.

The first treats in simple language, with pictorial illustrations, things in nature, science,
and the arts apt to awaken a child's curiosity, or to be referred to in his reading. Special
attention is given to things in nature most immediately affecting human happiness —
such as air, light, heat, and electricity — to parts of the body whose health is most influenced
by habits, to manufactured articles in common use, and to familiar and curious animals.

The second (noted persons and places, both real and fabulous) supplements the first, and
with it covers the usual range of cyclopaedic knowledge.

Comparative estimates ofareas and populations of countries and cities enable the young
to form an idea of size of distant places by giving him some well-known standard at home.

The arrangement is the same as in cyclopaedias for adults, as these are stepping-stones to
the larger cyclopaedias, and accustom the child to the forms and methods which experience
has shown to be the best.

What the Critics Say :

Report of the Regents of the University, A^t^ York: — **The Young Folks' Cyclo-
paedia will prove attractive and valuable to the younger class of pupils, who would be
repelled by a larger cyclopaedia."

Report of the Connecticut Board of Education : — " The Young Folks' Cyclopaedia
should be in every juvenile library."

Independent, N. Y. : — " The book will be as valuable as a small library to any young
persjon. It is full enough to cover a boy's probable requirements, and simple enough not to
go beyond them. It seems to have been written up to the latest information."

Boston Post : — "As a whole the work deserves high praise. It is a book that all the
young folks ought to have, and a good many older people could profit by it."

Philadelphia Bulletin: — "Grown folks, judging by the average of human knowledge,
will have reason to use and respect the handsome volumes called The Young Folks'
Cyclo|)nedias. The possession of such a book by a youth of inquiring mind is the next
thing to a liberal education."

Congregationalist : — " Everything for which it is likely to be consulted seems to
be here."

New England Journal of Education: — " There is no necessity of waiting to be ready
to accumulate a library, before putting these two valuable books into a school-room or home
collection ; for, more than any other books yet written for the young, they are a library
of themselves. Every child in America should have them, and teachers should say so, and
will, if they examine them. In elementary schools such a work of reference, accessible to
all pupils, would work wonders.'*

Evening Post, N. Y: — "We know copies of the work to which their young owners
turn instantly for information upon every theme about which they have questions to ask.
More than this, we know that some of these copies are read daily, as well as consulted; that
their owners turn the leaves as they might those of a fairy-book, reading intently articles of
which thev had not thought before seeing them, and treating the book simply as one capable
of furnishing the rarest entertainment in exhaustless quantities."

Tribune, M Y. : — "There is no doubt that the practice of consulting a work of this kind
would greatly tend to quicken the power of attention, to stimulate juvenile curiosity, and to
strengthen the habit of careful and accurate reading, as well as to enrich the memory with a
store of instructive and valuable facts. The present volume is a model of construction
and arrangement. It has been prepared by an experienced and intelligent scholar,
uncommonly well versed in the different branches of learning, and trained by large practice
in the difficult art of lucid, exact, and comprehensive statement."

Hartford Courant: — " Although it is professedly for the young, we are much mistaken,
if it does not become a favorite book with all in the household."

HENRY HOLT & CO., Publishers. 29 W. 23d St., New York.

Library Notes.

173

The Story of the Nations.

MESSRS. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS take pleasure in announcing that they have in
course of publication a series of historical studies, intended to present in a
graphic manner the stories of the different nations that have attained prominence
in historv.

In the story form the current of each national life will be distinctly indicated, and its
picturesque and noteworthy periods and episodes will be presented for the reader in their
philosophical relations to each other, as well as to universal history.

It is the plan of the writers of the different volumes to enter into the real life of the
p^vples, and to bring them before the reader as they actually lived, labored, and struggled —
as they studied and wrote, and as they amused themselves. In carrying out this plan, the
myths, with which the history of all lands begins, will not be overlooked, though these will
be carefully distinguished from the actual histor}', so far as the labors of the accepted
historical authorities have resulted in definite conclusions.

It is proposed to have the series present the results of the latest investigations in the
progressive department of historical research. Disputed points will, however, not be
discussed, but, mstead, the writers will present, in a simple, direct, and graphic style, and in
a common-sense manner, the story of each land, illuminating it with the siae lights that the
poets and novelists have cast upon it.

The Editors will endeavor to preserve a unity of design and execution that will enable the
series to give to the reader a survey of the rise and progress of the nations sufficient to form
a sound basis for subsequent reading and study; but it will not be attempted to cover in
detail the entire ground of universal histor)'.

The subjects of the different volumes will be planned to cover connecting and, as far as
possible, consecutive epochs or periods, so that the set, when completed, will present in a
comprehensive narrative the chief events in the great Story of the Nations; but it will,
of course, not always prove practicable to issue the several volumes in their chronological
order.

The "Stories" are printed in good readable type, and in handsome i2mo form. They
are adequately illustrated, and furnished with maps and indexes. They are sold separately,
at $1.50 per volume.

The following is a partial list of the subjects thus far determined upon : —

«<

14

<<

THE STORY OF EARLY EGYPT. By Prof.

George Rawlinson.
CHALDEA. By Z. Raeozin.
GREECE. By Prof. Jas. A.

Harrison.
THE TEWS. By Prof. Jas.

K. Hosmer.
ROME. By Arthur Oilman.
CARTHAGE. By Prof. Alfred

Church.
EARLY FRANCE. By Gus-

tave Masson, B. A., Asst.

Master of Harrow School.
BVZANTIUM. By Charlton

I*. I^CWIS.

GKRMANY. By S. Baring-

(fould.
THE GOTHS. By Henry

Bradley.
THJ|N0RMANS. By Sarah

(Jfewett.
Tl^f^ SARACENS. By A.

Oilman.
ASSYRIA. By Z. Ragozin.
ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE.

By Prr.f. J. P. Mahaffy.
THE BRITISH COLONIES.

By Sidney J. Low.

« t<

<i

(I

it

THE STORY OF THE CRUSADES.

" HOLLAND. By Prof J. E.
Thorold Rogers.

• HUNGARY. By Prof. A.

VAmWry.
'* THE HANSE TOWNS. By
Helen Zimmem.

* IRELAND. By the Hon. Mias

Emily Lawless.
THE ITALIAN REPUB-
LICS.

rHE MOORS IN SPAIN.

By Stanley Lane-Poole.
• MEXICO. By Susan Hale.
•' PERSIA. By Hon. S. G. W.

Benjamin.
" PORTUGAL. By H. Moise

Stephens.
" SPAIN. By Rev. E. E. and
Susan Hale.
rURKEY. By Sunley Lane-
Poole.

WALES AND CORNWALL.

Ky Owen N. Edwards.

• " •' •• NORWAY. By Hjalmer H.

Boyesen.

• Now Ready (January 1S87).

(I

t.

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

New York: 27 and 29 West 23d St. London: 27 King William St., Strand.

Z74 Library Notes.

WHA^ SUBSCRIBERS SAY.

From N. H. R. Dawson, U. S. Commissioner of Education, Washington.

" Your Library Notes, with their practical character and extremely low subscription rate,
supply a real need, not only among lioraries of a public and semi-public kind, but also for
those persons owning small libraries. I recognize it as a most valuable aid to the work of
this ofHce, and, in fact, almost indispensable. We find it of daily use, and prize it very
highly."

From John Eaton, President Marietta College, late U. S. Commis-
sioner of Education.

" Your Library Notes have interested me specially. The librarians of our great libraries
are becoming distinguished experts in library administration, and I am thankful that you are
living special attention to what those in charge of smaller libraries need to know. Your
Notes will prevent many mistakes, and save time and money. I wish they could be read by
every one in charge of a smaller library, whether belonging to a private association, a city,
college, normal school, a school district, or a Sabbath school."

From C. A. Wheelock, Trustee Uxbridge (Mass.) P. L.

** It must be of the utmost value to managers and librarians of small libraries who will
read and follow the ideas and rules laid down."

From Prof. E: W. Hall, Librarian Colby University.

" Library Notes comes fairly bristling with points of great value to the profession. I
am more than pleased with it, and acknowledge myself indebted to the numbers which have
thus far appeared for much that has helped me in my work. Every library, large or small,
should have it. No librarian can afford to lose the practical and professional stimulus which
pervades every page."

From Solon F. Whitney, Public Librarian, Watertown, Mass.

** I find the Notes very suggestive, and hope you will find the way to the heart of every
library officer and every library trustee in the land. It must prove very stimulating to more
earnest effort in advancing the library cause by suggesting new ideas as to modes of opera-
tion, and especially in kindling anew more enthusiasm through the whole field of library inter-
est. Get it into all the smaller libraries, where it is most needed, and into every large library,
where there must be men who can and should contribute something to the common cause."

From Hannah P. James, Librarian Newton (Mass.) Free Library.

" I think the publication will be found indispensable to librarians, and very helpful to
others who have literary or clerical work to do. It is a real Yankee invention, and, if any one
who has a bright idea will contribute to its columns, its usefulness will go on increasing contin-
ually. Long may it live and grow."

From Wm. Lyall, Ln. Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, England.

" Just a line to say how much I like your Library Notes."

From Miss Sarah M. Mills, Ln. Sutton Free Library, Mass.

" I think it will be of great help to all interested in library work."

From Rev. Henry Matson, Ln. Spear Library, Oberlin College.

" I am much pleased with Library Notes."

From Prof. Wm. C. Winlock, U. S. Naval Observatory, Washington.

" I will recommend it strongly to our Library Committee."

From James G. Barnwell, Ln. Univ. of Pennsylvania.

" I cordially welcome the advent of any new aid to library management and development,
especially when pioneered by one of proved experience, zeal, and capacity,"

From W. H. Brett, Ln. Cleveland, O. Pub. Lib.

"Am much pleased with Library Notes. Shall bring it before committee at next meet-
ing, and if they don't subscribe, I will."

From F. W. Vaughan, Librarian Social Law Library, Boston.

" To those librarians who possess the Library Journal ^ the Library Notes arc valuable
for bringing together in small compass the information and suggestions most frequently
needed. To others, the Notes are almost indispensable."

I
\

Library Notes. 175

From F. M. Crunden, Librarian St. Louis Public Library.

"In my opinion no library can afford to be without Library Notes. To small libraries
especiallv, it is invaluable. Through it and the Journal their growth may be started and
kept in the right direction, and many times the cost of subscription saved by the adoption of
the best methods and the avoidance of vain and costly experiments.

" It is instinct with its editor*s personality, which is equivalent to saying it is brimful of
inspiration and information and suggestion. The publication would be cheap at $5.00 a
year.

** Inter noSy I think you ought to have made it $2.00 a year. It is well worth that, taking
the narrowest commercial view, and I think about as many libraries would have subscribed
at that price as at ^i.oo.**

[Many others have expressed this same opinion as to price. But a
main purpose in our plan was to give so much at so low a price that
every one interested in any phase of our work would find his money's
worth in that alone. We expect (and a large number of readers have
already responded) that extra copies will be taken by those who recog-
nize that they are by no means paying for what they get in taking a
single copy for $1.00. We expect libraries to take copies for all their
officers and assistants, and for that purpose supply at half price or
much less than cost. We are already sending out vastly more copies
than any of the various library periodicals have been able to send hereto-
fore, and we propose doubling our circulation. This makes our
advertizing so valuable that it pays the loss on the low subscription
price.]

From C : H. Burbank, Librarian Lowell (Mass.) City Library.

'* Library Notes, to use a somewhat hacknied phrase, seems to fill 'a long felt want' in
bringing to the attention of library trustees and directors just such things as they ouffht to
know about the details of library administration. It will also prove to be invaluaole to
library assistants and to librarians of limited experience, by setting them and keeping them in
the right road. I wish the enterprise abundant success."

From H. M. Utley, Public Librarian, Detroit, Mich.

" I am more than satisfied with the publication. The Notes contains just the kind of
practical information that every one connected with library administration wants. I do not
see how any library can afford to be without so cheap and mdispensable a hand book.''

From AzARiAH S. Root, Chief Cataloger, Oberlin College Library.

** Your journal is indispensable to one who wishes to grow in his work. It brings the
practical experience of practical librarians on practical questions to every reader. We are
all delighted with it"

From Samuel S. Green, Librarian Free Public Library, Worcester.

" Library Notes must prove very useful to libraries. It is of great advantage to us all to
have ready access to the results of Mr. Dewey's thinking about library matters. His life is
devoted to their consideration, and he is, perhaps, the most fertile m invention of all the
librarians. He reaches out, too, in all directions to better his own thought by incorporating
with it the best thought of other men engaged in library work. Library Notes cannot but
be an admirable supplement to the Library Journal y and serve an excellent practical purpose
where that publication cannot be afforded."

From Chas. A. Horn, Ass't Ln. Brooklyn Library.

" Such a journal most prove of vast practical benefit to the cause you have so much at heart."

From A. J. Snoke, Prest. Princeton, Ind. Public Library.

"I congratulate you upon the very successful beginning of so laudable an enterprise. Such
a publication will prove of great value to the managers of libraries, and certainly deserves an
abundant prospentv. We lost a ver}' fine library by fire some months ago, but we are alxmt
to reestablish on a oroader and self-supporting basis, and we desire to avail ourselves of the
best thou^t and experience as to system. The help offered by the Library Notes and
Journal inll be most acceptable. We shall, therefore, be glad to place these on our list of
periodicals."

176

Library Notes.

Vol. I— No. I June 1886

Contents.

Editorial Notes 3

The A. L. A. and Journal; Milwaukee Meet-
ing; Post-Conference Excursions; Our First
Number; Criticism and Cooperation.
The Library Quartet and its Work - • - S
The Mission of the Library Notes - - - 7
Librarians and Literary Labor-Savers - - 8
Matter Wanted for the Notes - - - - lo

To Prospective Subscribers 1 1

Constitution of American Library Asso'n I2
Officers of the A. L. A. for iS86 - - - 14
A. L. A. Milwaukee Meeting, July 7-10 - 15
Program of A. L. A. Meeting, 1886 - - 19
Cooperative Cataloging — Official Cir-
cular of the A. L. A. Committee - - - 20

Selecting a Library System 21

Cost of Library Equipment 22

Book Plates 23

Embossing Stamp • - - -^ 26

Accession Pook 27

Shelf List 29

Subject Sheets in Shelf Lists 33

Card Catalogs 33

Catalog Cards 34

Vol. I — No. 2

Card Catalog Guards • •
Card Catalog Drawers - -
Blocks for Card Catalogs -
Catalog Guides - - - .
The Library as an Kducat<..r
The Educational Trinity

• -36

- - 37

- -39

- - 40

■ -43

- • 44

Why a Library Docs or Does Not Succeed 45
Development of the Modern Library

Idea, the Association, Journal, Bureau

and School 47

Libraries the True Universities for

Scholars as well as People 49

Library Employment vs. the Library

Profession 50

Attractions and Opportunities of Libra-

rianship 51

){ibliothecal Museum of the A. L. A. - - S3
Plan of the Labor-Saving Notes ■ - - • 53
Labor-Savers for Readers and W'riters - 55

I, Forename Abbreviations; a. Exact Refer-
ence; 3, Month and Day Contractions; 4,
Marking Margins; 5, Marking Passages; 6,
Extcm{>ore Shade for Reading Lamp.
Publisher's Department

59

October 1886

Contents

Experiment and Experience 79

Education by Reading 81

Power of a Modern Book 82

School of Library Economy . - - -• 85
Women in Libraries; How they are

Handicapped 89

Librarians' Qualifications, Hours, and

Salary 91

American Library Association

Milwaukee Meeting 93

Milwaukee Proceedings 95

Post-Conference Excursion - - - - 96

Geographical Summary 99

A. L. A. Publishing Section

Origin loi

Constitution 104

Plans for Work 105

First >rceting - - 107

School of Library Economy

Extra Lectures 108

Catalogs and Classification • • • - 1 1 1
Condensed Rules for a Card Catalog,
o, Check Marks; i, Main Entry; 2, Hc.icliuj;- m2
3, Title; 4, Imprint, Contirnts, and N«>tcH - iiS

5, Capitals, Sp.icin;.', and L'nderscoring - - - 121

6, Arran^^enjcnt; «>, Miscellaneous. - - - - 124
Sample Cards, Nos. i to 36 - - - - 125
Sample Title Pages, Check-marked - - 131

Library Economy

Shelf Labels 132

Pencil, Dater, and Check - - - - 133

Revolving Shelf Pin 134

Progress
Library Department of U. S. Bureau of

Education 135

A People's Palace; McGhee Gift to Knox-
ville, Tenn. ; National Medical Library's New
Building; N. Y. F. C. L. Gift; Pratt Library,
Brooklyn; Carnegie Libraries; TiUen Librae-
ries.

Regular Departments 144

Literary Methods and Labor-Savers, 138

7, Best Width of Column ; 8, Month and Day
Contractions; 9, Clarendon or Antique in
ms. ; 10, Leger Indexing; 11, Self-indexed
Pa{)ers; 12, How to Keep Paste; 13, To
Make Drawers Run Easily; 14, Typewritten
(Cyclostyle Stencils; 15, Writing Fractions;

16, Some I^bor-Saving Principles; Decimals;

17, Metric Weights and Measures.

Editor's Notes 146

Cordial Reception of No. i ; Date of Publica-
tion ; r>riti>h Museum View of our Card Cata-
log Articles; Our Next Number; Matttf
Ciowded Over; Notks to give away.
Publisher's Department ----- 149
Our Advertizers; Copies of No. i Wanted;
Sample Copies to Friends ; Good Words for
Notes; Advcriizments.

Library Notes

Vol. I DECEMBER 1886 No. 3

THE GENIUS OF THE PRESS.

W. H. Venable, LL. D.

I saw the Genius of the Press,

A stalwart form, majestic, grand ;
All kings concede him kingliness,
And he can curse and he can bless;
His armies camp in every land.

His Argus eyes close not in sleep,
His hands Briserian never rest;

Above the hight, below the deep.

His lightning-footed angels leap.
To North and South and East and West.

He hangs the electric lamps of Fact

Aloft to light the world of men ;
Revealing thought and word and act.
The labyrinth of Things is tracked ;
And Truth triumphant wields her pen.

BUILDING OR BOOKS.

Perhaps no mistake is more common than to spend too much money
on the building, thus crippling the book and administration funds.
This is specially true in towns where a library is started for the first
time. A board of trustees of able men are appointed and money is
raised or given to them for a library. The chances are that no one of
this well-meaning board has any technical knowledge about libraries or
any clear ideas as to what they should do or how much it will cost for
proper support. But every man on the board understands (or thinks

178 Library Notes.

he does) about building. That is tangible, makes a show to the public,
makes work for local mechanics, and everyway seems quite the thing
to be done. The board says, " Let us get a good building first. It will
be time enough then to go into the details of books and methods, and
there are plenty of people who will jump at the chance to be librarian."
In this last they are quite right, but it takes more than "jumping" to
make a good librarian.

So very often the building goes up and a large portion, sometimes
all, sometimes more than all, the money goes into it. Then when it is
too late they discover that they have no means properly to equip and
stock this building, much less properly administer it so as to get the
most good from the investment. In other words, circumstances all
tend to lead an inexperienced board to go at the library question wrong
end first.

It is the old mistake so often made by colleges. All their money is
put in bricks and mortar, and then they learn by bitter experience that
a successful college is made mostly by men, and the balance by libraries
and laboratories, apparatus and collections. The most conspicuous
success in higher education in this country is of Johns Hopkins* Uni-
versity at Baltimore, where the wise President reverst the common
plan. Any rooms large enough for the work were made to answer, and
the money was put in the essentials — men and books and apparatus, —
and already all the world has learned to respect the young giant. The
opposit course would have resulted in fine pictures of beautiful buildings
in the American Architect and some popular magazines and in the
local guide books, and one more weak institution known only in its own
small circle.

Our advise is first to get a competent librarian, and on his selection
will most of the success depend. Then to adopt wise and liberal rules
and the best methods for all the library work, so as to get the best
results for the least possible outlay, looking always further than the
current month or year.

Almost any rooms can be made to serve for a beginning, and can be
so planned that the fixtures and fittings are all available for a new
building, so that there shall be no waste when the library has made its
reputation, built up a large circulation and reference use, and become
indispensable to the town. Then will be the time to move for a special
building, and money and votes will be easy to get.

Then, too, experience will have taught just the kind of building that
is needed for that particular town and library, for we never yet heard
of a building put up in advance that was well adapted to what proved

Library Notes. 179

the real wants. Local requirements must be studied on the basis of
local experience.

Few librarians now think of adopting anything but a relativ location,
and that is not affected in the least by moving into new quarters. Not
a number is changed, and it would be quite possible to keep up the
circulation without interruption, except for the books of a single load
at a time in transit between old quarters and new. The standard
double faced cases, of which cuts will be given in an early number of
the Notes, merely stand on the floor, and go in one room as well as
another, and require nothing but brute strength to lift them from one
place to another. An old school-house, church, or store, or dwelling,
indeed any building that has the necessary space, can be adapted to
this early work ; and, if the librarians and books are satisfactory, people
will complain little of the lack of fine architecture. It will be like the
weary traveler who cares more for a good bed and appetizing table, than
for tall towers and ornate decorations in his hotel.

Some boards feel that, having a handsome legacy in hand, they have
enough to do both ; but the only safe way is to make sure of the other
expenses before tying money up in bricks and mortar.

BRITISH MUSEUM CATALOGS.

The article following, from Mr. Richard Garnett, for many years
Superintendent of the great British Museum Reading Room, and, since
its inception, editor of the greatest catalog undertaking the world has
yet seen, brings before us in the strongest light the view of a library
as distant from most American libraries in magnitude and funds as in
space. We are glad that this side is presented by its most eminent
representativ, and, that our readers may better understand the stand-
point, we note some facts about the catalogs of the greatest of modern
libraries.

A very imperfect catalog was publisht, complete in two folio volumes,
in 1787. From 181 3-1 8 19 appeared a greatly improved catalog in 8 v.,
that of Sir Henry Ellis and Rev H. H. Baber. In 1834 the ms
additions had become so numerous that a new catalog was demanded.
Mr. Baber and Mr. Anthony Panizzi reported a plan ; but, as often
happens in smaller libraries, there were delays of several years.

In 1839 Mr. Panizzi, who had meanwhile been appointed Keeper of
the Printed Books, was directed to prepare the rules for the catalog.
The world famous 91 rules resulted. J. Winter Jones (later Mr.
Panizzi's successor as Principal Librarian), Mr. Watts, Mr. Parry, and

x8o Library Notes.

Edward Edwards (recently, deceased, and well known to all librarians
for his extensiv contributions to library literature) assisted in compil-
ing the rules.

This markt the era of reducing cataloging to a science instead of allow-
ing it to be done in a simple rule-of-thumb manner. Nothing short of
a Royal Commission taking expert testimony enough to fill a huge
volume convinced the authorities that fixt rules were a necessity ; but,
as the truth will always prevail, the case was won for reasonable
methods. But the best interests of the library were seriously crippled —
in the same way that trustees of this generation often cripple our
libraries — by the vote, in spite of Panizzi's protest, to catalog letter by
letter instead of shelf by shelf ; i. e., they were forced first to go over
the whole library and hunt out and -catalog all the A's. But in 1841
the first volume appeared. It is not strange that it proved to be the
last on that plan. Having begun to do the work, as all libraries now
do it, shelf by shelf, no more could be printed till the end was reacht.
Long before that, the extent of the library and the catalog seems to have
left the impression on all concerned that as matter of course printing
had been abandoned. By 1851 there were 150 of the great catalog
volumes containing the slips for all the accessions since 1838 and what
was then available of the catalog started in 1839. The bulk increast
so fast that in 1875 there was a small roomful of these huge folios.
When we were there in 1877 there were 1970 of these great books.
Mr. Garnett then clearly demonstrated that at the probable rate of
growth the time could be foreseen when the great reading room itself
would no longer contain the catalog. This reminds us of the Boston
prophecy that in coming ages the growing card catalogs of the Boston
Public and Harvard College libraries would meet somewhere near the
Charles River. The proposal to print came from the English Treasury
as a question of economy, the expenses of the laying down system were
so great. Mr. Garnett's plan was to print future accessions, because
print would take so much less space than ms, and then to print
prominent articles like Shakspere, Bible, etc., that took a great deal of
space in the old catalog, thus reducing its bulk. Real action waited
till Mr Edward A: Bond, in October, 1878, became Principal Librarian.
By his tact and skill the Treasury was induced step by step to agree to
the printing, which began under the charge of Mr. Garnett, who, to
assume these very responsible duties, resigned his post as Superin-
tendent of the Reading Room, to the great regret of the multitude of
scholars who had been so much assisted by him.

When the work began there were about 3,000,000 titles to be

Library Notes. i8z

printed. To these each year adds, perhaps, 40,000 more, which are
incorporated as they come in, unless that volume has been already
printed. If the printing is accomplish t in 25 years, the new-
titles come in since it began, will be a million in themselves. They
propose to print about 1 50,000 titles per year, filling 30 v. These are
printed on paper 25.5x35.5 cm with letter press 18x27 cm and the
volumes average about 125 p., of 5,000 titles each. To do this work
requires a large staff and an immense grant of money from the gov-
ernment. This staff has to revise the ms catalog which has been made
during the 40 years by more than 40 different catalogers and assist-
ants. The magnitude of undertaking to print 30 v. of catalog per year
will surprise catalogers who have workt for many years faithfully on
a single volume. It means hard work, and also requires hard sense ;
and, while the volumes are monuments of learning and skill, they are
not wasting money on over refinement. On this point Mr. Garnett
wrote me as follows : —

" We are content with a single revise, and deliberately prefer system-
atic energy to minute accuracy."

In printing they average to put about four v. of ms into one of
print. They are printing at both ends of the alphabet at once, taking
A-B and V-Z in the first years. Only 247 copies are struck off
besides those the Museum reserves for its official use. The Museum
gives nearly 40 sets, chiefly to free libraries in England. Perhaps 60
more are sold. Subscription was fixt at £^ per year when only 1 5 v.
were to be printed annually. It was not increast when the issue was
doubled, so that the cost is only 50c. each, a price that leaves no room
for complaint. The volumes are kept under 300 columns (averaging
250), because each is to be used as the nucleus of a volume growing
by constant additions. For this purpose a few copies are printed on
one side only. Each column is cut out and pasted on a full page of
thick vellum paper, specially made to stand the maximum of handling
and wear. On this sheet the other column is blank, to receive the titles
of accessions, and guards are inserted for interleaving when this in
turn becomes necessary. This again shows why it is necessary that
the volumes should be small to begin with. They weigh about 10
pounds before any accessions or interleaves have been added.

They are also printing special articles as pamphlets for separate sale ;
e. g., all the entries under leading authors. Some of these have been so
much in demand as to be already out of print. Mr. Garnett proposes, as
the cheapest way, to duplicate the books, when necessary, by photo-
graphing each page, and for this purpose thinks the government should

i82 Library Notes.

equip a complete photographic department at the Museum. Evidently
this would give an exact duplicate of the page, without the necessity of
proof-reading, or the danger of errors creeping in, and the constant
improvements and economies in photography make it possible that in
the near future it will be an important bibliographical factor. Indeed,
at the London Conference in 1877, we recall that Henry Stevens urged
the cataloging of rare books by photographing their title pages.

This, to be sure, seems impracticable, except for rare and costly
books, because of the wasted space and awkward form of the results ;
but the titles can be reduced to a manageable size and form, and then
photographt.

Already photography has been found cheaper than other processes for
similar work. The ms of the great Century dictionary was to be
insured for $150,000. But money could not replace it. It was all
photographt at small cost ; and, it the original should be lost, it can be
exactly replaced by enlarging the greatly reduced negatives. Already
books are being publisht by this process : e. g., the new annual catalog
of American books. Its titles have all appeared in the issue of the Pub-
lishers' Weekfyy most of them with valuable annotations. These titles are
cut out one by one, with a knife and metal straight-edge, duplicates
rejected, any errors found neatly corrected by eraser and pen, all
arranged in a single alphabet, and pasted on sheets. By photo process
a plate is made for the printing press, and exact work is secured at
greatly reduced cost. Without doubt our best hope of reducing the
cost of catalogs lies in this direction. It is obvious that the saving is
more than in type setting, as the process makes it impossible for new
errors to creep in, as is inevitable, even after the most careful proof-
reading of recomposition ; and not the least, this whole costly proof-
reading is saved. We predict that even small libraries will soon be
using this or a similar process.

Libraries will, in many cases, treat this Museum catalog as an
approximately universal catalog, checking in the margin such books as
they may own, by writing their own book numbers, and making a sup-
plement in ms for other works which are not found in the Museum
pa.ues.

CARD CATALOG SYSTEMS.

By Richard Garnktt, of the British Museum.

In my paper on the printing of the British Museum catalog, read
before the American Library Association last year [see Lake George
Proc], I expressed the opinion that a card catalog could never be suit-

Library Notes. 183

able for the library of the Museum, and doubted whether it could be
recommended for any large library. In No. i of Library Notes, how-
ever, you (p. 33) state as an admitted principle that "every library
should have a card catalog," without, apparently, making any distinction
between large and small libraries. Any opinion coming from you is
entitled to the highest respect, and this the more especially as it would
appear to represent the conviction of American librarians in general.
If I am unable to share it as concerns the British Museum, I think this
may very probably be in consequence of the wide distinctions existing
in many respects between the latter and American public libraries. It
is partly with the view of eliciting information on this point that I
propose to state briefly some of the reasons which would seem to render
a card catalog inexpedient for the British Museum. It will be con-
venient to convey the substance of these objections in the form of
queries to yourself. Some may have been answered before this can
appear, in the article promised for your second number.

1. To what extent can a card catalog be practically carried? It must
somewhere or other reach a point where it will break down : where is
that point } How many cards do you contemplate having eventually to
deal with in your own library.? In the Museum we have at present
about three millions of titles, each of which (unless the cross-references
are to be separated from the main entries, of which I will speak
presently) would require a separate card. How is room to be found for
them.? You do not state how many cards can be conveniently accom-
modated in a single drawer of the depth of half a meter. As the
tendency seems to be to increase the thickness of the cards, and to
multiply "guides," 500* will probably be a liberal estimate. The
ingenious plan of arranging the cases recommended on p. 39 would give
36 drawers in a block, containing, on the supposition just made, 18,000
cards. Allowing a margin of only 600,000 cards for accessions, we
should require in the Museum 200 such blocks, or, altogether, 800
tables. The length of each block being two meters, or two yards and
a fifth, the length of the whole, without any allowance for the necessary
passages between the tables, would be 1280 feet, or about three times
the circumference of the Museum Reading Room.

2. Do your American catalogs give numerous cross-references ; and are
cross-refereftces included in the general card arrangement? In the
Museum catalog cross-references are more numerous than main entries,
being given from translators, editors, annotators, authors criticised or
commented upon, treatises comprehended in collections, titles of rank,

*See "American vs, English Libraries" for corrections, which show that this estimate should be increast
from 3 to 30 times.

184 Library Notes.

and various forms of name. To put all these into the drawers along
with the titles of the books would be to render the latter almost
indiscoverable. You have only to glance at the arrangement of any
long and complicated article in the Museum catalog to be convinced
of the impossibility of a reader finding what he requires unless he can
have a number of entries before him at once. To arrange the cross-
references in a distinct series, however, would be to bereave the
catalog of everything of the nature of literary illustration. If carried
out strictly, it would deprive the reader who had looked under Marl-
borough of the information that he should have looked for under
Churchill. Either would be an insufferable evil, and I cannot tell
which would be the worse.

3. With what object do readers usually resort to American libraries f
Perhaps the root of the difference between us lies here. You speak
(p. 40) of the reader looking for "the one card he wishes to see." Does
this imply that he visits the library to read or borrow a single book.^
If so, the card catalog, so long as it is not too unwieldy, may be very
practical. But at the Museum is a library of reference, not a lending
library. Readers generally come to consult several books, and seldom
go without having seen many which they did not intend to see when
they came. They usually want to study subjects rather than particular
authors, and, notwithstanding the absence of a subject catalog, are
continually being helped, by references in cyclopaedias and bibliog-
raphies, cross-references in the Museum catalog, and the recommenda-
tions of the Reading Room Superintendent, to books of whose existence
they were previously unaware. It is of first rate importance that they
should lose as little time in searching the catalog as possible, and that
they should be able to see as much of it at once as can be managed in
any way.

4. Do you not find the portability of the catalog very necessary in the
working of the library ? Possibly not. If readers require few books,
and very few not bearing authors* names, and come with a clear idea
of what they want, it may seldom be necessary for the librarian to send
for the catalog. In the Museum it is very necessary. Not only are
a large proportion of the readers very helpless in consulting catalogs,
but the particular book sought for by a better informed visitor is very
frequently merely an auxiliary to an extensive piece of literary research
requiring the special assistance of the gentleman in charge of the
room. In such a case the catalog must be brought to the latter; and
whenever a reader has gone wrong, and thinks the catalog has gone
wrong, the shortest method is to send for the volume, and have the

Library Notes. 185

matter out upon the spot. Volumes of the catalog, consequently, are
traveling all day between the catalog desk and the seat of the super-
intendent. If the latter were embarrassed by the slow process of
hunting out the right card in a drawer, he could never keep pace with
the demands upon him. It is often needful to consult half a dozen
volumes before a single question can be laid to rest.

5. How do you provide for duplicate copies of the catalog? The
Museum requires four, — one for readers ; one for the assistants en-
gaged in cataloging new acquisitions and the searchers who examine
the catalog to ascertain that books offered for purchase are not already
in the library ; a third to mark the corrections and alterations contin-
ually made in the catalog itself. The fourth is a shelf-catalog. To
write out and find room for so many duplicate cards may be no very
difficult matter in a small library ; but would be a serious undertaking
in one even remotely approaching the dimensions of that of the British
Museum. Before the introduction of print we had the manifold writer
with thin paper, but this would not be practicable with a card catalog.

I hope that these particulars will be regarded as proving that the
British Museum is not to blame for not having adopted the card cata-
log. It would be absurd to condemn the system when it is found by
practical experience to work well. Nevertheless, I think that reason
has been shown to anticipate the arrival of an epoch in most libraries
when it will cease to work well ; and that it behooves American libraries
which are in the way to attain great dimensions, or to become the
resort of a literary class of readers, to recognize the fact in time, and
be ready with a substitute. In the new Congressional library at Wash-
ington, it is proposed to provide space for 3,500,000 volumes, or more
than double the present extent of the Museum collection ; and the
other great centres of public life in the United States will eventually
be little behind hand. Where the probability of a change is dis-
tinctly foreseen, the card catalog should be revised with the especial
view of fitting it for publication, if it is not fit already. Print, I appre-
hend, will be generally preferred to manuscript, and I may mention that
those portions of the Museum catalog which have been printed, arc kept
in order with much less trouble and expense than those which are still in
writing. The constant shifting of the manuscript slips in the latter, to
attain strict alphabetical order as accession titles came to be incorpo-
rated, was very costly ; but now that accession titles alone have to be
thus treated, removals are of comparatively rare occurrence. Correc-
tions on the original catalog are made with facility by reprinting the
column pasted down on the blank page of the catalog, and a margin

i86 Library Notes. *"

be effected without the liberal grant for typographical purposes accorded
by the Treasury. It strikes me that one of the most useful shapes
private munificence could assume for the benefit of a large library
would be the donation of a printing press and font of type, with an
endowment to secure the services of an, efficient printer and staff.
Such a provision would be as useful to a library using a card catalog
as any other, and might even be the means of getting two entries upon
one card, thus attenuating one of the two grand objections to the card
system. The other — the awkwardness of searching for a title in a
drawer — nothing will ever obviate or even mitigate, and it cannot be
more clearly and forcibly expressed than it has been by yourself.

MR. GARNETTS CASE AGAINST THE CARD CATALOG.

As requested by the able head of the British Museum catalog, we
attempt to supply points lacking in our previous articles and which
shed light on his criticisms. We note his points seriatim, not in the
way of an argument, but with the mutual wish to determine which
is the best and cheapest method for the various kinds and sizes of
libraries.

By reference to p. 33 it will be noted that our strong language as to
the necessity of a card catalog was " for the official library record."
We called attention to the great " objection to the card system, that it is
so much slower to consult than a book, where the eye sees perhaps 20
titles at once, while in the cards the fingers must turn a card for each."
We added, that " While there was wide difference of opinion as to the
best form of catalog for the public, there was no question that safe
administration required an index on cards kept up to date and in strict
alphabetical order, to guard against duplicates and to answer promptly
the question " is such a book in the library ? "

Before Mr. Garnett's letter reacht us we had written an article call-
ing attention to the value of the shelf-list system of getting twenty
titles on a single page, and for the same reasons that have led the
Museum to use their scrap book system. What we meant to empha-
size was the necessity of a strict alphabet kept up to date, as is im-
possible except by using the card system, of which the essential feature
is the power (secured by the use of movable titles) of endless interca-
lation without re-writing. In this Mr. Garnett's experience, printed
articles, and letters to the editor all agree. As will be seen on p. 100,
the Museum itself has such a card catalog arranged like ours on edge
in boxes, viz., the original work of the catalogers ; and another in its

Library Notes. 187

shelf list or subject cards, while its three sets of mounted titles
also fill the conditions named for the card system. The point of dif-
ference is therefore whether the best arrangement of th# cards or slips
is, — I, pasted on sheets ; or, 2, on edge in drawers. There is also a
French patented method of cards on a muslin hinge and something like
a dozen other devices for keeping movable titles in alphabetical order
without pasting ; e. g., binders, boxes, covers, rubber bands round the
end, special little books that allow the cards to be turned rapidly thru
the fingers, etc., etc. But all these are occasional. The two great
systems are the English and American or pasted slips vs. stiff cards
in drawers.

As Mr. Gamett means the drawer system when he says card system,
we will use the words in the same way and discuss Pasted slips vs.
Cards, and answer his numbered questions by a series of brief articles.

BRITISH MUSEUM MANIFOLD SYSTEM.

To make the discussion clearer, we briefly describe the ms catalog as
we examined it in 1877. The 2,000 huge folios made a library in them-
selves. These are not, as many assume, what we term a book catalog,
but are similar to our shelf list in combining the features of the book
and card systems, and, as will be seen, as used, should be clast with the
card system, the essential feature of which is the power of endless
intercalation without re-writing.

A book is first cataloged by the expert cataloger on cards 10x25 cm
[4x'ioin.], which are kept in an immense collection of pasteboard boxes
for reference of the officials only, as no one else is trusted with these
originals. Before filing away in the boxes, these cards go to the
transcriber, who uses thin books of tissue paper of 24 leaves each, and
the same process used by all typewriters in manifolding. He puts a
sheet of double carbon paper, i. e., paper with carbon on both sides,
between sheets one and two, and three and four. Then he transcribes
the official card with an agate stylus. This gives four copies on tissue
paper, and the book holds six sets of these title sheets. When the
tissue book is filled it goes to the binder, who lines each of these tissue
sheets with a thicker paper, and then cuts them into separate titles and
trims them neatly, in 1877 making about 70,000 titles per year, or
280,000 of these quadruple cards. One set of the four is mounted on
cards and kept in order of the press marks, and as the Museum library
is, of course, clast by subjects on the shelves, this card catalog becomes
a rough subject catalog as well as a shelf list. The other three sets of

i88 Library Notes.

cards, insted of being mounted on cards and kept in boxes or in the
improved system of drawers with guides and guards as used in the
U. S., are "laid down" in the folio scrap books. These are made of
stout cartridge paper, and at first have only lOO leaves, with two guards
after each, thus giving room to grow to 300 leaves or 600 pages. The
thin cards are tipt with paste on about two mm of the upper and lower
edge, but not on the ends. **Laid down" on the large blank page of
cartridge paper, this narrow line of paste holds them firmly in place.
About five are distributed over the page, leaving the rest blank for
additions. As soon as a title comes for which there is no room, the
binder, with a paper knife inserted under the unpasted ends, ** lifts "
the titles with great rapidity, and, tipping them with fresh paste, "lays
them down " again with the requisit space between them. Being lined
with stouter paper, the tissue is not perceptibly injured. Indeed, some
of these titles have been lifted and laid down scores of times. Should
a title be torn in lifting, a duplicate can be made from the official cards
stored below. When the sheet is full, another is inserted on the
guards provided. When the guards get full, one scrap book is replaced
by two, and the titles distributed over the two, and so on indefinitly.
As above noted, in the 27 years from 1850 to 1877, it had thus expanded
from 150 V. to 1,970 V., and the cost of lifting and laying down for all
these readjustments may well have caused the Treasury to seek for
economy by printing, tho the expense is so great as to require a great
nation to furnish the funds. There being three sets of these books, the
cost is trebled. One is used for the public, another for the catalogers
and collators, and the third for corrections and alterations which ire
constantly going on.

It is clear that, by printing and condensing four of the ms folios into
one thin printed volume, the bulk is greatly reduced, and then, by
printing all additions, the expense of lifting and laying down is reduced,
as the books will not clog up so frequently.

It must also be clear that this is essentially a "card system," in that
the titles are thin cards which admit of the insertion of additions at
any point indefinitly. The difference is that, insted of our thicker
cards, lockt in place with a rod, these are pasted in place on a large
sheet, where the great gain of seeing several titles at once is secured.
The importance of this is unquestioned, and raises a doubt whether the
pasted slip system used in the British Museum may not be, all things
considered, better for some libraries than the .universally preferred
(in America) card system, which uses stiffer cards standing on edge in
drawers, or, in some cases, in boxes or trays. This question we shall
examin in another article.

Library Notes. 189

HOW FAR CAN A CARD CATALOG BE CARRIED?

The great feature of the card system is that, if properly made at
first, it never breaks down or has to be made over. It is exactly
analogous to the library itself. That is an aggregation of individual
books, and while, in the growth of generations, they are moved into
larger quarters, and rearranged in different sections to meet modern
developments or special additions, no one thinks of throwing away the
volumes on hand because the time has come for a great development
of the libraries.

Now a catalog is an aggregation of titles on thin cards, each
representing a work. (Sometimes one work runs over more than one
card, and some libraries, to save space and repeating headings, put two
or more titles on one card ; but we speak in general terms to illustrate
the point.) It is like the English indicators, where each book has a
tag in a compact frame, or like the key boards of a great hotel, where
each of the 1,000 or more rooms has its key in its own tiny pigeon
hole. If the hotel is doubled in size, the old keys can all be used.

The difference in catalog systems is almost entirely in the arrange- *
ment of these titles, which may be by author, by first or leading word
of title, by subject, by date, etc., or by some combination of the
various methods. A card system allows one to change from one
arrangement to any other by altering the number or catch word, and
rearranging the individual cards just as the individual books can be
rearranged on the shelves.

The only question of possible limit is, therefore, not in the system,
but in the amount of space occupied. In small libraries where, for
100 years, abundant room for the card cases is seen on every side, we
are not apt even to consider this question. But after the serious
experience in the British Museum of looking forward to a day when
their [pasted catalog would take all the space in their vast reading-
room, it is natural that their attention should be early turned to the
contingency so far remote in smaller libraries. Still, it is worth
considering in many others, since some of these small libraries are
destined to be great ones in coming centuries ; for no human institu-
tions^are more permanent. Therefore, a wise management considers
before making a costly catalog whether the time is coming when it
cannotj^^be used, and when the work may have to be done over on a
more compact system.

Let us, therefore, exam in the physical limits of the card system,
and record data that shall enable each library to decide for itself.
Mr. Garnett wrote from Minehead during his country vacation, and

igo Library Notes.

without opportunity to get exact measures. His estimates, as will be
seen, are much too small.

It would be possible to reduce the size of case somewhat by
metal partitions and thinner stock, but it would be like reducing the
bulk of book catalogs by thinner paper and covers and narrow margins.
Standard cases are 100x50 cm and 37** high. In the best arrange-
ment (see p. 39) the four cases of each block, in the space of two
square meters, have 36 drawers of the largest cards or 48 drawers of the
index size (5xi2*cm). The number of cards held depends on the
thickness of the stock and the number of guides inserted. On p. 34
we gave the standard weights. Regular writing paper, equal to common
5 lb. commercial note, is 100 grams to the square meter, and the com-
parativ thickness of the other four standard cards can be seen by a
glance at their weights.

We give in column the five stocks used by the Bureau.

Number. Stock. Cost per i,ooo. Weight, Thickness of

I = 5x1a-* P=B7»xi2-» g. — sq.m. 1,000 cards*

a
e
i Double linen leger, 1.20 1.80 200 g. 20 cm.

Writing paper, .60 .90 100 g. 10 cm.

Heavy linen leger, .90 1.35 150 g. 15 cm.

o
u

Heavy bristol, 1.80 2.70 300 g. 30 cm.

Extra heavy bristol, 2.40 3.60 400 g. 40 cm.

NOTES ON THE FIVE GRADES.

a Too thin except for temporary work. Very seldom used.

e Largely used for mem. slips, indexes, etc. Too thin for public
catalogs.

i The best where room or cost does not allow u. Outwears o.
Gaining rapidly in favor.

o The old favorit, now rapidly giving place to i or u.

u The present favorit for fine catalogs where there is room and
means to pay for the best.

Making allowance for blocks in back and front, the regular drawer
holds in its two columns about 8,000 cards of stock a, 5,333 of e, 4,000
of i, 2,667 of o, and 2,000 of u stock. This is without guides. Till
recently, a drawer with ten guides in each column, or one in every four
cm, was thought well supplied. Now five times as many are often used,
or say 100 to each drawer. Estimating from this count, on the middle
of the five stocks (No. i), we will say that insted of 36,000 large, or
48,000 index cards in each case, it is only 30,000 and 40,000 respectively;
i. e., we will deduct one sixth for guides and play room. This gives
3>333 cards to each drawer, or 10,000 to each horizontal row. A block

Library Notes. 191

of four cases holds, therefore, 120,000 of the large, or 160,000 of the
index cards of the middle weight, or of the double heavy bristol u,
60,000 Postal or 8o,coo Index, insted of the 1 8,000 estimated by Mr.
Gamett on p. 183. We will now make all the figures on the basis of
the large card of the middle weight. No. 33 i.
There are three ways of increasing this capacity.

1. To put two cases one above the other, using a lower base. This is
always done where space requires, and at once doubles the capacity of
each block or makes it 240,000, and is not very seriously inconvenient.

2. To use the drawers on a shelf of the most convenient hight, taking
them out of the cases as wanted, and placing on the shelf for refer-
ence. This would allow of five cases one above the other. All the
drawers would then be in reach without steps. This increases capacity
fivefold or gives 600,000 cards, (33 i) to the block.

This is only a fair comparison, for with abundant room, the book
catalog is kept on an inclined shelf or counter in a single row. As
space demands, the volumes are shelved and laid on the counter as
needed. Our drawer of cards is practically of the same dimensions as a
Museum folio, and occupies less space (counting frame), because
shelved endwise, tho the folios might also be pigeon holed endwise and
oflFset this.

On this plan the drawer ends fill the entire space, thus securing the

most compact storage. A shelf projecting 40 cm from the middle case

gives the needed ledge for resting the drawers in use, without taking

space for a counter. This is the maximum of compactness without the

use of steps or ladders, unless a trifle be saved by making in a solid case

and so avoiding the double board, where tops and bottoms and ends are

repeated in stacking ready made standard cases. Indeed for such use

a set of metal pigeon holes could be made that would increase the total

cards to the block a third above the figures given. Five cases stackt

give only 15 rows of drawers. The cards being but 7-^ high, 20 rows
would occupy 150 cm, or 5 feet, and the needed narrow base and
thinnest metal frames and room for guides could easily be got in the
50 cm margin left in reach of a short man. These could be made in
single columns, so to be lighter for lifting; but it must be remembered
that the Museum folios weigh 10 lbs. before a title is put in, and these
must be lifted about continually, while our drawers carry all the weight.

3. To use smaller cards. In a great library where full titles are given
this would probably be rejected, but for many libraries it is possible to
get nearly all the titles as used on the smaller standard cards, either I,
5 X 12.* or V, 5^c 7.* cm. The use of I increases capacity, not one half,
as it seems at first glance, but because of the waste of room in drawer
bottoms, runners, etc., only one third. By a special form of drawer to be

192 Library Notes.

described in later Notes, this could be made much nearer a half
increase. By the use of the V size, five rows of cards go in the same
drawer now holding but two, and the total number of cards is increast
2.* times, giving 300,000 to a single block, or 600,000 if the cases are used
in two tiers on low bases. If these V cards are used on the longer
edge and in the I cases, we get only three tiers insted of two in each
drawer, but four rows of drawers, so that in this form we should have
insted of 300,000 to the single block 240,000. In this last estimate
we waste the difference between three lengths of 7Ji=22j4, and two
lengths of I2.*=25, or just 10 per cent. This would be saved by
making special cases which would hold about 270,000 cards.

So we find insted of Mr. Garnett's 18,000 cards to the block, 1x2
meters, we get from 60,000 (using double weight bristol, largest size,
and one tier of cases) up to 1,500,000 for double thick linen (our stand-
ard middle weight) of the V size, with five tiers of cases on low bases.
If special pigeon holes are made and all space used, the total held
rises to 2,000,000, including guides. We hope Mr Garnett will give
us in the next Notes (we dare not estimate from memory) a corres-
ponding statement of space taken in the Museum system, both ms and
printed. In our system the full capacity of the drawers may be used,
adding new drawers at the end as needed, for it is simply physically
moving along the cards. But in the book system the figures must
include the average waste of space to allow insertion of titles without
re-laying too many old titles to make room. In cards, 1,000 may be
moved along as easily as one. In the books, to move 10 titles is 10
times the labor of moving one. With the ncec'ed figures from London
we will print a table of these results for handy comparison.

AMERICAN VS. ENGLISH LIBRARIES.

Mr. Garnett's questions 2 to 5 suggest that there may be a radical dif-
ference in the libraries of the two countries. Is there any difference ?

We have the same widely different kinds of libraries that are found
in England, but find no difference between those of the same kind. In
the scholars' libraries, of the type of the British Museum, Bodleian,
etc., and with us of the Astor, Columbia, Harvard, Peabody, etc.>
readers seldom come for a single book, but, as pointed out by Mr
Garnett, they study subjects, and in exactly the same way as in London.
But in our popular libraries, whose chief business is to furnish one book
at a time to be taken home for reading, they come mostly for a single
book, exactly as they do in the similar libraries scattered about England.
Of these two broad types there are a score of modifications, and they
melt into each other in many cases.

When we said, p. 40^ "for the one card he wishes to see," we had in
mind all the use of those coming for a single book, and also that very
large use of scholars who have constant occasion to look up some one

Library Notes. 193

book, if for nothing more than to get its number by which to ask for it ;
for in nearly all our well-managed libraries the reader gives merely a
number, without the labor of writing any title, and a page is able to
hand him the exact volume wanted much quicker than if he had
written out a complete title. This is, in fact, a short hand of the old
method. For every book thus called for the reference is to the one
card.

But for those examining subjects or all the works of any given
author, we should say "for the one topic or author wanted," rather than
the one card.

There is no question that it is easier fur the eye to sweep down a
large page than for the fingers to turn individual cards. But this is
the price we have all felt willing to pay for the other great advantages
of the card system.

2. Cross References. We give in our similar libraries exactly the
same full added entries and references noted by Mr Garnett, and
always in the same alphabet or series with the main entries. The only
exception that we know is the " contents card " of the Boston Athe-
naeum and Harvard, where cards about five times as large are used for
long tables of contents. These are kept in large drawers at the end of
the regular series, and referred to from the regular small cards. We
should of course find it intolerable to have the regular references sepa-
rated out, but we cannot grant as the conclusion " the impossibility of
a reader finding what he requires," for our readers are doing it hourly.
The matter is all before him at once, but his eye reads but one card at
a time. It is as if he covered all the page of the book catalog except
the title he was at the moment reading. This is not desirable, but no
scholar would " find it impossible to find what he wanted," because as
fast as he read each title it was covered, if he were free to uncover it as
often as he wisht. In a private library where the cards are not lockt in,
they may be taken out and spred on the table, thus getting all the
advantage of a chart-like view. But in the official catalogs he must
tip a card back or forward for each title. This is vastly less trouble
than any one can imagine who has not tried it. Here we commonly
think of the Museum scrap-book system as unwieldy and awkward, but
it is because we are not used to it. Doubtless if we had used that plan
and our English friends had used our cards, we should exactly reverse
our present views and think the mother country behind us in invention
and progress, because they workt over the awkward cards in drawers
insted of having adopted the labor-saving scrap-book plan. As we
get nearer together, visit back and forth, and work in each other's libra-

194 Library Notes.

ries, this element will disappear, and on both sides of the ocean we shall
be using each what is best adapted to his special wants, rather than
each what he has been accustomed to as an inheritance from his
predecessor in office.

4. Portability. Another case of usage. To us it seems exactly a
carrying of the mountain to Mahomet. Most of our drawers of cards
are lockt in, and practically never removed. Every officer and reader
knows where he will always find them, and has not to hunt about to see
who may be using the part of the alphabet wanted. Our reference
librarians sit near the card cases, and, when it is necessary to consult
them, step to the drawers wanted. With our guides, as now used in
the best libraries, it is doubtful if the Museum assistant could more
quickly find the title wanted in his great volume.

A curiously opportune confirmation of this view came before the ink
was dry on the sentence above. Two readers from London sent in Mr
Garnett's introduction, and writing was stopt for an hour, to show them
about. They had never seen a card catalog before. We made no com-
ment, but opened the drawers for trial. The remark of both was " How
much quicker and more convenient than to have to handle the great
English volumes ! " Probably Mr Garnett will tell us of similar cases
reverst, but as a fair test we should wish to know that the reader who
found the cards less convenient had used a modern card system with
the greatly improved drawers, fixtures, guides, etc., insted of one of the
crude, illegible, and awkward collections of slips of paper and cards,
called by courtesy a card catalog, which are still more common than
the standard we advocate.

5. Duplicates. Few American libraries make duplicate cards. As
soon as we get to printing our cards, as the Boston Public is now doing,
we shall use the printed titles arranged in drawers for various lists. A
few of the large libraries write two sets of cards — one for the public, the
other for the official use of the staff. We are looking to cooperation
and photography to reduce the cost and make this duplication practicable,
but at present we have exactly the same facilities as in the Museum
system. If in print, wc print on a card, and they on a sheet. In ms
we may use the manifold carbon system, and by mounting the slips on
cards insted of paper (just as the Museum does one set of its four), we
have as many, as convenient, and as cheap duplicates as they. In other
words, on this score we are exactly equal.

We are coming rapidly to the use of the type-writer for cataloging;
and with the new machine recently invented, which the Bureau calls
the **Card Cataloger," stiff cards, shelf sheets of any size, etc., may be
written as readily as a common letter.

Library Notes. 195

Then it must be borne in mind that the great cost of the titles is in
their preparation, and that if the first is made right it is little expense
to have a clerk mechanically duplicate.

Again, this new machine does such perfect work that titles written
on it and pasted on large sheets would give admirable results if printed
by the photo process described in this number of Notes.

To sum up this rather long discussion, careful study of the details
indicates that both American and English card systems are entirely
feasible, take about the same space, and are more nearly equal in merit
than either side has commonly allowed.

LIBRARY COOPERATION.

A year ago we printed in the Library Journal 11: 5-6 an article
which we reprint below. The text then was the danger of losing the
invaluable Cooperative Index to Periodicals for lack of proper support.
Now it is the lagging answers to Mr Cushing's circular asking
advance subscriptions at a modest price and guarantees toward paying
expenses from those who could do something more. Libraries that
would consider it a rare bargain to get such a labor-saving tool in ms for

*

^100.00, hold back and act as if $5.00 were extortionate for the same
when made doubly valuable by being printed. We bespeak for our
article a careful reading just now, as bearing on the A. L. A. Publishing
Section, which if supported, as our selfish interests should lead us to
support it, will do the most practical good of any work yet undertaken
by the A. L. A. Not only libraries and institutions, but individuals, in
America and abroad are invited and expected to join. The movement
has already received support enough to insure its trial. If we stop our
special efforts here, it will be carried on by the sacrifice of a few till,
weary of the struggle to help those too apathetic even to "receive
gladly," they abandon the enterprise. If your name has not already
gone to the Treasurer, will you not send it now and not risk procrasti-
nation. We must not allow short sighted, miserly selfishness to kill the
goose (some of us who do such work have deserved the name from our
worldly-wise friends) that lays for us the golden eggs. We reprint
verbatim our last year's article which seems to have stirred up some
laggards : —

Library Co-operation and the Index to Periodicals.

BY MELVIL DEWEY.

My attention has been called several times .within a year to the
singular lack of business judgment among certain members of the
profession, who seem not to understand that special publications

196 Library Notes.

required by a very limited number really cost more than the Franklin
Square issues of an equal number of pages. They make ridiculous
comparisons of paper and type, and assume that the higher price
means unreasonable profits to some one. A single case illustrates :
I induced a publisher to bring out a little pamphlet much needed by
a few people. He fixed the price at less than one half actual cost, not
counting time and labor, because unwilling to charge more for so small
a thing. One of the first copies sold was by mail to a well-known
member of the A. L. A., who returned it with an indignant note at
the extortionate price. The note was sent me as a sample of the
encouragement offered by some librarians to publishers who wish to
help the profession by printing matter greatly needed.

I wanted recently a copy of some matter in the Harvard Library,,
and had it made at a cost of about $25, and every one thought the
price very moderate ; but had any publisher been foolish enough to put
that matter in type, hoping to sell five or ten copies, and offered the
printed copy at $10, I fear that nine tenths of the librarians, who of
all men, except publishers, ought to know better, would have thought
it a disreputable scheme for making money out of the libraries who
must buy it so or not at all.

The lack of reason and thought has done some of our best enter-
prises much harm and has caused some of us who understand the facts
no little mortification. It emphasizes the need in this country of
publication societies which shall bring out these things that cannot
pay at any reasonable price. But for our common reputation among
intelligent publishers, I beg that we shall be reasonable and willing to
pay at least the cost of printing such things as we wish to use.

This Cooperative Index is a good case' in point. Let every library
consider itself in honor bound to count the cost of making whatever
substitute it would need if this were given up, and then agree to give
some portion of its proved value toward paying the printer.

It hardly seems credible that intelligent librarians and trustees could
be so blind to their own interests as to risk the suspension of this
Index, and yet the publisher, after paying deficiencies in printers' bills
till it ceases to be a virtue, has sent us a circular asking if it must be
given up for want of money enough to print it after the editor and
contributors have given their services.

The circular came to my committee at the worst possible time, at
the meeting where we found ourselves with funds for books exhausted,
and compelled to make a special effort to raise money. But we looked
into the matter, and decided that, if the Index were given up, it would

Library Notes. 197

cost us not less than $300 to pay a cataloger for making what we
should want to take its place, and we should then have a less complete
record in manuscript instead of the printed copies. In spite of the
pressure upon us we could not respectably offer less than $20 per year
for our copies or as our contribution toward printers' bills, and I sent
a check for that amount, with the assurance that we should continue it
till the Index was made self-supporting. This end will be reached at
once if the better class libraries will pay a small fraction of what it
saves them. If this cannot be done, we have small hopes of making
any substantial progress in library cooperation.

The office of the Library Journal has proved to us for ten years
back that it is ready to work hard for our interests, and often to help
us pay our own bills ; but there is a limit, and just at the time when
we have agreed to try the long-talked-of printed cards for catalogs^
and are asking its cooperation, we should show a disposition to be
just — we are not asked to be generous.

I have written this note without the knowledge or consent of the
publisher of the Journal, but I know that Mr Bowker and Mr
Leypoldt before him have sunk a good deal of money in keeping up
our library publications, beside much work that would have yielded
large returns if given to other business. Under such circumstances
it is not creditable for us to sit indifferently by and allow them to bear
our burdens till they are no longer able, and then to give up our best
cooperative plans, simply because so many of us either don't think
about it at all or else wish to let others do all the work, pay all the
bills, and then let us share equally in all the benefits.

That the publisher has hesitated to state this matter fully to us is
double reason why we should state it to ourselves. I appeal to the
intelligent and reasonable librarians who really wish to see our
profession elevated to a higher rank, our methods improved, our
expenses reduced by cooperation, while our usefulness steadily
increases, to stand by the men who have done for us in the past, and
will continue to do, unless we blindly force them out of o\ir service
by a penny-wise policy that enables us to sponge the benefits this
year, but cuts us off from getting them at any price hereafter.

We have not yet attained to the doctrine that the laborer is worthy
of his hire, but are striving for that lower plane, where we preach that
the laborer who works for nothing is worthy of having his actual
expenses paid by those who reap the benefits of his services.

igS Library Notes.

American Library Association.

PUBLISHING SECTION.

The first annual subscription of $io to the Publishing Section falls
due on Jan. i, 1887, and should be forwarded by all intending members,
with the enclosed blank properly filled, to the Treasurer, Mr W. C.
Lane, at Harvard College Library.

The publications of the Section will be sold at fixed prices, the advan-
tage of membership being that for each membership fee oi $10, public
cations will be furnished to the amount of $1 2.50 at the list prices, which
will not otherwise be deviated from.

The first publication contemplated is a manual for library users, some-
what on the plan of the " Readers* Handbook " of the Boston Public
Library, called perhaps " How to use the library," and intended as a guide
in the use of the more common reference and bibliographical works,
and also in the selection of books for reading. It is intended to furnish
this when desired in editions with local matter added, enabling libraries
to supply' it to their readers, and by charging a small price for it, if
they see fit, to receive back a part or all of their subscription to the Pub-
lishing Section.

At the desire of many librarians, an attempt is to be made in the di-
rection of furnishing printed catalog cards of the standard size. The
purpose has been to begin with a limited number of the new publica-
tions, the cards being furnished as soon as possible after the books are
issued. Preferences having been expressed for other plans, subscri-
ers are requested to state their own choice between these three :

1. The one outlined above.

2. Making a beginning with the cards for some of the leading

standard books found in all libraries.

3. Furnishing cards of bibliographical reference under leading

topics. [See under "A. L. A. Catalog," Milwaukee
Proceedings, 1886, p. 147, or Lib. J. ii: 345.

One of these three plans will be tried when it is found which meets
with most favor. It is thought that the cards can be furnished at
about two cents each, including mailing expenses, but the cost will
depend very much on the number of subscribers obtained.

Mr W. C. Lane, our Treasurer, has prepared, and Harvard College
Library printed, in its ** Bibliographical Contributions, No. 20," an
** Index to Recent Reference Lists." Mr Lane has material for con-

Library Notes. 199

siderable additions to this Index, and will ^welcome assistance from
others in preparing a new edition or a supplementary index, for issue
by the Publishing Section.

This suggests that many valuable bibliographical contributions pre-
pared primarily for the bulletins of the various larger libraries may be
made available much more >yidely through the Publishing Section, under
arrangements whereby the expense now borne by an individual library
may be equitably shared by those who enjoy the benefits of the work.
Correspondence is now being had with the Librarian of the University
of California looking to such an arrangement with reference to the very
elaborate subject-index which has been prepared for that institution,
and which is soon to be printed.

And as it is deemed one of the most important functions of the Publish-
ing Section to bring such scattered labors of individuals into harmonious
co-working, through a mutual understanding, correspondence is de-
sired with all who are engaged, or who are about engaging, in any
special indexing or bibliographical work. The advantages resulting are
likely to be mutual.

It is well understood by the Executive Board that the work more
especially expected of the Publishing Section is the longed-for " Essay
Index/' But this is a work of time, and only preliminary steps can be
taken immediately. In response to the present circular, we hope to
receive from many libraries, as we have already from some, offers of
assistance in the indexing, the necessity for which will by no means be
ruled out by the comparatively small financial cooperation which can
yet be hoped for.

The numerous and hearty responses made last spring, to the prop-
osition for the organization of the Publishing Section, lead us to
expect a generous support in the movement now that it is fairly afoot.
That it may meet with ample success requires in these its days of
small things a spirit of hearty cooperation in what is admitted to be an
experiment, and forbids the application to this case of the cold calcula-
tion which asks " Shall we get our money back the first year ? **

Dec. 10, 1886.

Wm. I. Fletcher, Lib'n Amherst College, "^ 77
Melvil Dewey, Chief Lib'n Columbia College, I ^-^^^^"^^
C: A. Cutter, Lib'n Boston Athenaeum, \ p ^

R: R. BowKER, Publisher Library Journal, j ^^^^^'

S: S. Green, Lib'n Worcester Free Pub. Library, Secretary.
W: C. Lane, Harvard College Library, Treasurer,

Communications may be addressed to either of the above.

200 Library Notes.

CUSHING'S ANONYMS.

We call special attention to the circular below from Mr Gushing, for
many years engaged in the Harvard Library in preparing his valuable
works, which save their cost over and over again in every library that
does any cataloging worthy the name. At the Milwaukee meeting it
was proposed by Mr Merrill (Cincinnati P. L.) that each person pres-
ent subscribe for one copy, but to give time for consideration the
matter was referred to the new Publishing Section. Its action is
given in Mr Cushing's circular below.

To Librarians and Others, —

I have with great labor prepared a book of "Anonyms," a companion
volume to my "Initials and Pseudonyms," comprising the titles of some
20,000 books and pamphlets with the names of the authors, followed by
brief biographical notices, or references to " I. & P.," and an index of
authors at the close, giving the pages where their works occur. This
work will possess little general interest, but will be valuable to scholars
as a reference book, and still more valuable to libraries as a " tool " or
*' labor-saving book." Whilst in other languages there are numerous
works of this kind, no attempt has ever been made to supply the want
in Great Britain or this country till the extremely valuable work of
Halkett & Laing was commenced within a few years. All the large
libraries will have this ; but, besides that it is deficient in American
titles, its great price will prevent many of the smaller ones from pur-
chasing it. My work, then, is the only one in the English language
suited by its extent and price to meet a very general and pressing
want. In order to place it within the means of libraries generally, it
has been determined by the Gommittee, to whom was referred the sub-
ject at the recent meeting of the American Library Association at
Milwaukee, to recommend to the larger libraries to contribute, accord-
ing to their means, to the expense of the publication.

American Library Association.

The Executive Board of the Publishing Section, in order that the
publication of so important a work may be secured, and that Mr Gush-
ing may receive some slight compensation for his labor, agree in recom-
mending libraries, according to their means, besides subscribing for the
book, to contribute liberally to the expenses of the publication. They
recognize this as an opportunity to secure through cooperation a work
which will be the means of saving a considerable share of the time (and
therefore of the money) now employed in cataloging in the larger
libraries, and are satisfied that such a contribution as is here proposed
will be a good investment in the end. Wm. I. Fletcher,

Amherst, Mass., Nov. 30. Chainnan Executive Board,

Library Notes. 20X

[That librarians may be able to judge what contributions may reason-
ably be expected from them, it may be said that $20 each is named as
the amount probably obtainable from Boston Athenaeum, Columbia
CoUe^, etc. It is requested that whatever is given may be sent to
Mr W. C. Lane, of the Harvard College Library, some time in the
month of February, 1887.]

"Anonyms" will be issued as nearly uniform with "Initials and
Pseudonyms " as possible, bound in cloth, at $5 and postage a copy.

Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 2, 1886. William Gushing.

COLUMBIA LIBRARY SCHOOL.

The long talked of school opened Jan. 5, as announced. The trustees
were told that not less than five and possibly ten pupils might come. It
opened with twenty, not counting the Columbia staff, many of whom
are taking the course without payment of fees, and five more who could
not be admitted for want of room have entered for the next class.
There are seventeen women and three men, coming from points as distant
as San Francisco on the west and Birmingham, England, on the east.
New York leads with two from the city and five more from the state,
while Massachusetts is only two behind. The count by states is New
York 7, Massachusetts 5, Maine, Connecticut, Indiana, Illinois, Wis-
consin, Missouri, California, and England, i each.

The roll of the first class is :

Bonnell, Kate, San Francisco, Cal.

Burgess, Harriet P., New York City.

Catlin, George, late Asst. Libn., Birmingham, Eng.

Chapman, Lilian Howe, Libn., Cottage City (Mass.) Lib. Asso.

Cole, George W., late of Fitchburg (Mass.) Pub. Lib.

Denio, Lilian, Albion, N. Y., late of Wellesley (Mass.) College Lib.

Fernald, Hattie C, B. S., Orono, Me.

Goodrich, Harriet, Northampton, Mass.

Griswold, Harriet Sherman, Libn. Batavia (N. Y.) Pub. Lib.

Hutchins, Annie E., late of Harvard College Library.

Jackson, Annie Brown, A. M. (Smith College), North Adams, Mass.

Knowlton, Fannie S. (grad. Oswego State Normal School), Holland
Patent. N. Y.

Miller, Eulora, B. S. (Purdue Univ.), Asst. Libn.^ Lafayette, Ind.

Nelson, Martha F., late Asst. N. Y. Free Circ. Lib., Brooklyn.

Patten, F. C, Asst. Libn. Ripon College, Wis.

Plummer, Mary Wright (Special, Wellesley College), Chicago, 111.

Seymour, May, A. B. (Smith College), Binghampton, N. Y.

202 Library Notes.

Stott, Janet Elizabeth, Asst. N. Y. Free Circ. Library.
Talcott, Eliza S., A. B. (Vassar College), Elmwood, Conn.
Wood worth, Florence E., St. Louis. Mo.

The entire old library has been given up to the school and is open from
8 a.m., to lo p.m., but thus far those who work evenings find the great read-
ing-room more attractive. Two students occupy an alcove and large table
together. A week's experiment showed the need, and the working-day
has been extended, the teachers giving three hours of direct instruction
(9.30 to 12.30), instead of one and a half, as announced. The lectures
are at 2.30 and 4 p.m., leaving a half hour for questions, completing
notes, etc., after each exercise.

Mr Dewey began the course in Library Economy, Wednesday, Jan.
S, 1887. Mr Geo. H. Baker began the parallel course in Bibliography
on Thursday, and on Monday Mr Biscoe began his course on Cata-
logs and Classification. The first of the affiliated course of lectures was
given Saturday at 11.30 in the large lecture-room under the main read-
ing-hall, by the novelist W: H: Bishop, on "Character and Dialect in
Fiction.*' This series by authors and specialists will continue thru the
school term at 1 1.30 Saturdays. The program is as follows : —
Jan. 8. William Henry Bishop. "Character and Dialect in Fiction. "^
" 15. E. S. Nadal, late Sec. of Legation, London. "The South in

the Past and in the Future."
" 22. Guillaume A. Scribner, B. ^s L., L. ^s D. " Moli^re : His

life."
" 29. Same. " Molifere: His methods and genius."
Feb. 5. My t ton Maury, D. D. " Egypt 2000 Years Ago."
" 12. Same. "Political Causes of the English Reformation."
" 19. Charles Sprague Smith, A. M., Prof, of Foreign Literature.

" Methods of Historical Study *in Literature."
" 26. Same. "The Z^j^v/^/rt and /*^^;//^ of the Cid."
Mar. 5. " " The Chanson de Roland dind the Early Literary Move-
ment in France and Provence."
" 12. Same. "The Early Epic of Germany and the Nibelungen

Liedy
" 19. Same. "The Icelandic Saga, with special reference to the

NiaVs Saga.''

" 26. Nicholas Murray Butler, Ph. D. " Relation of Psychology to

Pedagogy."

Apr. 2. Same. "The Training of the Memory."

" 9. Dr. Titus Munson Coan. "The Poetry of Wordsworth."

" 16 and 23. Bernard F. O'Connor, B. ^s L., Ph. D. "The Song of

Roland."

Library Notes. 203

Apr. 30. H. T. Peck, A. M., Ph. D., L. H. D. "The Argument
against Classical Study."

Thursday afternoons in Hamilton Hall, adjoining the library, at 3
p.m., by G. A. Scribner : —
Feb. 17. "Moli^re Le Misanthrope.*'

" 24. " La Fontaine."
Mar. 3. "Madame de Sevigne." [The last two in French.]

Other lectures are to be given in this course, but the subjects are
not yet announced.

As soon as the foundations are laid sufficiently to enable the class to
get the best results, the main course by prominent librarians will begin,
continuing thru February and March. Mr. S: S. Green, of Worcester,
Mass., is the first regularly appointed lecturer in the School, and has
been engaged for the past six months on his course. The School invites
librarians and others specially interested to share without expense the
enjoyable program outlined below, and not a few, living away from
New York, have already signified their intention of hearing a part at
least of the lectures.

Details are working themselves out by trial. Most dates and some
topics are not yet definitely fixt, but the list below gives an outline. It
does not include the course on the Bibliography of their subjects to be
given by the professors of the University, nor the regular courses given
by the Columbia teachers and staff.

There are no class exercises from Saturday at 12.30 till Monday at 2.30.

The entire class has entered on the work with interest and enthu-
siasm, and the management are more than satisfied with the success
thus far.

The Bibliographical lectures are given Monday, Tuesday, and Thurs-
day at 2.30 p.m.

Extra Lectures in the Columbia Library School.
i^Not including the regular courses in Library Economy and Bibliography^

F: A. P. Barnard, LL.D., S. T. D., L. H. D., Prest. Columbia College,
and Editor-in-chief of Johnson's Cyclopedia. Making a cyclopedia.

Edmund M. Barton, Ln. Am. Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass.
21 years in the Lib. of the American Antiquarian Society.

R: R. Bowker, Editor Library Journal and Publishers' Weekly,
I. The making of a book. 2. Book trade bibliography. 3. Copyright,
domestic and international.

Hon. Mellen Chamberlain, Ln. Boston Public Library.

Ellen M. Coe, Ln. N. Y. Free Circulating Lib. i. Charging systems.

^04 Library Notes.

with special reference to statistics. 2. Application and registration.
3. What and how the public read.

Prof. R. C. Davis, A. M., Ln., Univ. of Michigan, i. The librarian's
relation to animate things. 2. The librarian's relation to inanimate
things. 3 and 4. A course of reading. 5. Teaching bibliography.

Prof. F: M. Crunden, A. M., Ln. St. Louis Public Library. Library
methods, experiences and suggestions.

C: A. Cutter, A. M., Ln. Boston Athenaeum and Editor Library
Journal, i. Cataloging. 2. Classification.

John Eaton, LL. D., Pres. Marietta College, late U. S. Com. of
Education.

J: Edmands, Ln. Philadelphia Mercantile Lib. I. Alphabeting in
catalogs and other library work. 2. Close classing.

W: E. Foster, A. M., Ln. Providence Pub. Lib. A library's maxi-
mum of usefulness, i. As regards books. 2. As regards readers.
[Reference lists. Daily notes on current topics, and other special biblio-
graphical helps.]

W: I. Fletcher, A. M., Ln. Amherst College. On first principles of
cataloging, i. By authors. 2. By subjects.

Albert R. Frey, Ln. N. Y. Shakespeare Society. On the cataloging
of anonymous and pseudonymous literature.

Rev. C: R. Gillett, Ln. Union Theological Seminary, N. Y. Union
Seminary Library, its methods, needs, and history.

Samuel Swett Green, A. M., Ln. of the Free Public Library, Wor-
cester, Mass. I. Public libraries as popular educational institutions.
2. Libraries and schools. 3. The library in its relations to persons en-
gaged in industrial pursuits. 4. The distribution of novels and stories
regarded from an educational point of view.

Reuben A. Guild, LL.D., Ln. Brown Univ., Providence, R. L
Forty years' experience as a librarian.

G: Hannah, Ln. Long Island Hist. Soc, Brooklyn. Historical libra-
ries and their methods.

Caroline M. Hewins, Ln. Hartford Lib. i. The reading of the young.
2. Bibliography of children's books. 3. Writers on children's reading.

Hannah P. James, Ln. Newton (Mass.) Free Lib. i. How to bring
the library and the public schools together. 2. District agencies for
the distribution of books. 3. Weekly newspaper lists.

W: C. Lane, A.M., Asst. in charge of catalog. Harvard College
Library, i. Functions and methods of a college library. 2. Sugges-
tions from the catalog department. 3. Use of reference books in
cataloging.

Library Notes. 205

J. N. Larned, Supt. Buffalo Library.

Appleton Morgan, Prest. N. Y. Shakespeare Society. Shakespeare
in libraries (2 lectures).

C: Alex. Nelson, A.M., Astor Lib., N. Y. i. Bookbuying. 2. Some
problems in cataloging, and how they may be solved. 3. Bibliography.

W: T. Peoples, Ln. N. Y. Mercantile Lib., Prest. N. Y. Lib. Club.
The N. Y. Mercantile Library and its methods.

R. B. Poole, Ln. Y. M. C. A., N. Y. i. The Bible in its bibliog.
aspects ; its mss. and versions. 2. On Y. M. C. A. libraries and reading-
rooms.

W: F. Poole, LL.D., Ln. Chicago Public Library and Prest. A. L. A.

G: Haven Putnam, A.M., of G: P. Putnam's Sons, N. Y. Literary
property from the point of view of the publisher.

Ernest C. Richardson, A. M., Ln. Hartford Theological Seminary.

1. Of mss. 2. Outline history of printing. 3. Outline history of
libraries — a. Ancient, b. Modern. 4. Encyclopedia. 5. Outline of
library science. 6. Bibliographies and their use. 7. Rambling reminis-
cences of European libraries.

Frederick Saunders, A.M., Ln. Astor Lib., N. Y. The Astor
Library.

J. Schwartz, Ln. Apprentices* Lib., N. Y. i. A theory of library
classification. 2. The Apprentices* Library charging system and its
advantages. 3. " Rules " of cataloging reduced to their rudiments.

A. R. Spofford, Ln. of Congress, i. What to read. When to read.
How to read. 2. Bookbuying. Bookbinding.

C: E. Sprague, A.M., Sec. Union Dime Savings Bank, N. Y. Book-
keeping in librarianship.

Gustav E. Stechert, Importer, New York. Routine, methods, and
expenses of importing foreign books.

F: Vinton, Litt. D., Ln. Princeton College, i. The Princeton catalog.

2. From importer to reader — z. study in library methods. How to cata-
log a difficult book.

Jas. L. Whitney, A.M., Asst. Ln. Boston Public Library. Hints on
catalog making. Ms., heliotype and printed cards. Most used refer-
ence books.

Of the list, three may be unable to get to New York for this session.
Those wishing to attend any special lectures may secure early notice of
their exact dates by writing the Director,

MELVIL DEWEY,
Columbia College Library, New York.

2o6

Library Notes.

Library Abbreviations.

Compiled by Melvil Dewey.

100 FORENAMES. CUTTER ABBREVIATIONS.

Ab.

Abraham

F..S.

Frances

Alex.

Alexander, Alexandre

F:

^Frederick, Friedrich,

Alf.

Alfred

Frdd^ric

And.

Andrew, Andreas,

G:

George, Georg,

Andrd

Georges

A..

Anna

Gert.

Gertrude, Gertraud

Ant.

Anthony, Anton, An-

Gilb.

'Gilbert

toine

Gi. Bat.

Giovanni (Giam) Bat-

Arch.

Archibald, Archam-

tista

baud

G..

Grace

Art.

Arthur

Greg.

Gregory, Gregor, Gre-

A:

Augustus, August,

goire

Auguste

Gu.

Guillaume, Gulielmus

A: a.

Augusta

Gst.

Gustavus, Gustav,

A: in.

Augustin

Gustave

A: inus.

Augustinus

H..

Helen

Bart.

Bartholomew, Bartho-

H:

Henry, Heinrich,

lomaus, Barth^lemi

Henri

B..

Beatrice

Hrm.

Herman, Hermann

B:

Benjamin

Hip.

Hippolyte,Hippolytus

Bern.

Bernard, Bernhard

Hu.

Hugh, Hugo, Hugues

Cath.

Catherine, Catharine

Ign.

Ignatius, Ignaz,

C:

Charles, Carl

Ignace

C.

Charlotte

I:

Isaac, Isaak

Chris.

Christopher, Chris-

I..

Isabella

toph (f), Christophe

Jac.

Jacob, Jacques

Clar.

Clarence

Ja.

James

Dan.

Daniel

J..

Jane

D:

David

J:

John, Johann, Jean

D..

Delia

Jos.

Joseph

Edg.

Edgar

Jose.

Josephine, Jos^phe

Edm.

Edmund, Edmond

Jul.

Julius, Jules

E:

Edward, Eduard,

K:

Karl

Edouard

K..

Kate

E..

Elizabeth

Kath.

Katherine

Em.

Ernest, Ernst

Lr.

Lawrence, Laurence,

Eug.

Eugene, Eugen

Lorenz, Laurent

F..

Fanny

L:

Lewis, Ludwig, Louis

Fer.

Ferdinand

L..

Louisa

Fitz W:

Fitz William

L:e.

Louise

Library Notes.

207

g*

L.

M argaret , M argarethe

Rob.

Robert

Marguerite

S:

Samuel

Mark, Marcus, Marc

S..

Sarah

Mary

Seb.

Sebastian, Sdbastien

Matthew, Mathaus,

Ste.

Stephen, Stephan

Mathieu

Thdr.

Theodore, Theodor

Nancy

T..

Theresa

Nicholas, Nikolaus,

T:

Thomas

Nicolas

Tim.

Timothy, Timotheus,

Oliver, Olivier

Timothfe

Olivia

U:

Ulrich

Otto

U..

Ursula

Patrick

V:

Victor, Viktor

Paulina

v..

Victoria

Pauline

Wa.

Walter, Walther

Peter, Pierre

Wash.

Washington

Philip, Philipp,

W..

Wilhelmina

Philippe

W:

William, Wilhelm

Rebecca

Zach.

Zachary

Richard

Z..

Zenobia

re : and .. is used in English names, use ; and ., for the German form, and t and ,. for the French. e.g.,
n, J; Johann, Ji Jean.

FOR HEADINGS.

Besides the preceding 100 Forenames.

abridger

Gt. Br.

Great Britain

T.

afterwards

pseud.

pseudonym

3t

annotator

pub.

publisher

a.

anonymous

supt.

superintendent

born

tr.

translator

collector

U.S.

United States

int

commentator

&

and

company

( ) include maiden name of married

p.

compiler

woman.

:in.

continuer

[ ] include words or parts of words

t.

department

supplied

died

? after a word

or figure means /r<^^

editor

ably^ perhaps.

also the common abbreviations for political, military, professional and honorary titles.

FOR IMPRINTS AND NOTES.

Use the Size Symbols, F Q O D S T Tt Fe, given at the end,

copyright, e. g., 1882 [•*'8o] fac-sim. fac-similes

centimeter gr. of per. group of portraits

editions 11. illustrated — ions

folios 1. leaves

ao8

Library

Notes.

mut.

mutilated

por. of gr.

portrait of group

n. t.-p.

no title-page

pt.

part

P-

page or pages

ser.

series

P-

published, e. g. 1882

tab.

•

tables

[P'8o;

t.-p.

title-page

phot.

photographs

V.

volumes

pl.

plates

w.

(before words) with

por.

portraits

w.

(after words) wanting

In notes,

the abbreviations in all these luts may be used.

FOR BOOK TITLES.

Besides the abbreviations for honorary and other designations.

acct.

account

med.

medical

ad.

additions — al

mein.

memoir

Am. or

Amer. America — n

misc.

miscellaneous

anal.

analysis — tical

ms. mss.

manuscript — s

ap.

appended

N.A.

North America

apx.

appendix

nouv.

nouvelle

biog.

biography — ical

pref.

preface, prefatory

chron.

chronology — ical

pub.

published — rs

comp.

compiled

rel.

relating — ive

cont.

containing, contents

rept.

report— ed^ — er

contin.

continuation.

rev.

revised — ion

continued

S. A.

South America

cor.

corrected

sep.

separate

dept.

department

soc.

society

ed.

edited — or — ion

sup.

supplement — ary — ing

Eng.

English

theol.

theology — ian

enl.

enlarged

tr.

translated, traduit,etc.

Fr.

French

trans.

transactions

fr.

from

U.S.

United States

geog.

geography — ical

vocab.

vocabulary

geol.

geology — ical

&

and, in all languages

geom.

geometry — ical

words or part of words

hist.

history — ical

supplied

hrsg.

herausgegeben

to and including, or

Ger.

German — y

continued

Gr.

Greek — cian

• • •

matter omitted

impr.

improved — ments

?

probably, perhaps

incl.

including

II

transition to another

introd.

introduction — ory

page

Ital.

Italian

1

end of line on title

Lat.

Latin

page. Used in ex-

lib.

library

act bibliographical

lit.

literature — ry

work.

Nbvbr um title abbreviations for special/y prominent words.

Library Notes.

aog

FOR PLACES OF PUBLICATION.

Use first form on cards. In accession

Alb. Albany

Amst. Amsterdam

B. or Bost. Boston

Bait. Baltimore

Ber. Berlin

Brns. Braunschweig

Camb. or Cb. Cambridge

Chic, or Ch. Chicago

Cin.

Copng.

Edin. or Ed.

Eng.

Fir.

Glasg. or Gl. Glasgow

Got. Gottingen

Kjob. Kjobenhavn

L. or Lrond. London

Ley. Leyden

and ail official records use shorter form.

Cincinnati

Copenhagen

Edinburgh

England

Firenze

Lpz.

Lug. Bat.

Mil.

Miin.

N. O.

N. Y.

Ox.

P. or Par.

Ph. or Phil.

Leipzig

Lugduni Batavorum

Milano

Miinchen

New Orleans

New York

Oxford

Paris

Philadelphia
San Fran, or S. F. San Francisco
St. L. St. Louis

St. Pet. or St. P. St. Petersburg
Stut. Stuttgart

U. S. United States

Ven. or V. Venice
W. or Wash. Washington

Also the common abbreviations for the States. Use
for all languages when the equivalent name contains
these letters.

TITLES, STATES, ETC.

A. B.

bachelor of arts

C. S. A.

Confederate States of

abp.

archbishop

America or C. S.

A.D.

year of our Lord

army

adjt.

adjutant

C. S. N.

C. S. navy

adm.

admiral

Ct.

Connecticut

Ala.

Alabama

D. C.

District of Columbia

A. M.

master of arts

D. C. L.

doctor of civil law

Am. or Amer

. American

D.D.

doctor of divinity

A. <K. A.

associate of the royal

Del.

Delaware

academy

dist.

district

Ark.

Arkansas

D.T.

Dakota territory

atty.

attorney

Eng.

England

B.A.

bachelor of arts

Fla.

Florida

bart.

baronet

F. R. S.

fellow of the royal

B.C.

before Christ ^

society

bp.

bishop

Ga.

Georgia

brig. gen.

brigadier general

gen.

general

Cal.

California

gov.

governor

capt.

captain

Gt. Br.

Great Britain

Col.

Colorado

la.

Iowa

aio

Library Notes.

Id. T.

Idaho territory

N.J.

New Jersey

111.

Illinois

N.M.

New Mexico

Ind.

Indiana

N.S.

Nova Scotia

Ind. Ter.

Indian territory

N. Y.

New York

jr-

junior

0.

Ohio

Kan.

Kansas

Or.

Oregon

Ky.

Kentucky

Pa.

Pennsylvania

La.

Louisiana

pres.

president

L.I.

Long Island

R.A.

royal academician

LL.B.

bachelor of laws

Rev.

reverend

LL.D.

doctor of laws

R.L

Rhode Island

It.

lieutenant

R.N.

royal navy

maj.

major

S.A.

South America

marq.

marquis

S.C.

South Carolina

Mass.

Massachusetts

sc.

sculpsit, engraver

M.C.

member of Congress sen.

senior

M. D.

doctor of medicine

S. T. D.

doctor of sacred

Md.

Maryland

theology

Me.

Maine

supt.

superintendent

Messrs.

plural of Mr.

Tenn.

Tennessee

Mich.

Michigan

Tex.

Texas

Minn.

Minnesota

U.S.

United States

Miss.

Mississippi

U. S. A.

U. S. of America or

Mile.

mademoiselle

U. S. army

Mme.

madame

U. S. N.

U. S. navy

Mo.

Missouri

U.T.

Utah territory

M.P.

member of Parliament Va.

Virginia

Mr.

mister

vise.

viscount

N.A.

North America

Vt.

Vermont

N. B.

New Brunswick

Wis.

Wisconsin

N. C.

North Carolina

W. T.

Washington territory

Neb.

Nebraska

W. Va.

West Virginia.

N. H.

New Hampshire.

MONTHS.

Ja F

Mr Ap My

Je Jl

DAYS.

Ag S N D

Sn M Tu

W Th

F St

Use in

this order *'W9 S 85" for

" Wed. Sept. 9th, 1885."

FIGURES.

Never use roman numerals. Use arable figures, a half larger than the
script, for all numerical expressions.

OUTSIDE HIGHT.

in centimeters.

Up 1

to 10

lO

*' 12.5

12.5

**i5

15

" 17.5

17.5

" 20

20

"25

25

"30

30

"35

35

"40

40

"50

50

"60

Library Notes. 211

Size Notation.

FOLD SYMBOL. SIZE LETTER.

Never use for size. Never use for fold.

48° Fe

32" Tt

24° T

16° S

12° D

8° O

4^ Q

fo F

F*
F*

For all books over ascm high the superior figures show in which locm of hight the book falls, e. g.| F8 is be-
tween 70 and 8ocm high.

Prefix nar, if width is less than J hight
" sq. " more " J "

" ob. " more than hight.

These dividing lines will be remembered by the three threes J, J, J.

ACTUAL SIZE METHOD.

Give all sizes in cm (for great accuracy add decimals), leaving the old sys-
bols and names, 8° and Octavo to indicate fold only. Give hight first, fol-
lowed by h, or by x and width, e.g., 23** or 23 x 14. 23** means between 22
and 23, i. e., in 23* cm. All measures are taken outside the cover. Width is
from hinge to edge not including the round. To measure paper or letter-press
prefix p(aper) or t()rpe) to figures, including in type neither folio nor signature
lines, e.g., 23x14, P22X14, tiyxio, 8° describes a book with size of
cover, of paper, of letter-press, and fold.'

Library Colors.

The day colors are used, e. g., on Inspection Shelves, to mark by a colored
thred the day on which each book is to go to its regular place in the library ; or,
they mark the day of a loan or mem., if the slips used are changed daily,
as in some libraries. They are : —

Sn. M. Tu. W. Th. F. St.

Pink. Blue. Green. White. Red. Fawn. Salmon.

The language colors used, e. g., in bindings are :^—

1. American, Light Brown. 6. Spanish, Olive.

2. English, Dark Brown. 7. Latin, Light Green.

3. German, Black. 8. Greek, Dark Green.

39. Minor Teutonic, Dark Blue. 91. Minor Aryan, Light Blue.

4. French, Red. 92. Semitic, Yellow.

5. Italian, Maroon. 93-99- Hamitic, etc., Light Drab.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR BINDINGS.

bds. boards dk. duck rox. roxburghe

buck, buckram mor. morocco rus. russia

of. calf pap. paper sh. sheep

cl. cloth, muslin ro. roan vel. vellum

212 Library Notes.

Catalogs and Classification.

OFFICIAL NAMES OF STATE LEGISLATURES.

For use of Catalogers.

•

Alabama, — General Assembly. Senate : House.

Arkansas. — General Assembly. Senate : House.

California, — Legislature. Senate : Assembly.

Colorado, — General Assembly. Senate : House.

Connecticut, — General Assembly. Senate : House.

Delaware, — General Assembly. Senate: House.

Florida, — Legislature. Senate : Assembly.

Georgia, — General Assembly. Senate : House.

Illinois, — General Assembly. Senate : House.

Indiana. — General Assembly. Senate: House.

Iowa. — General Assembly. Senate : House.

Kansas. — Legislature. Senate : House.

Kentucky. — General Assembly. Senate : House.

Louisiana. — General Assembly. Senate : House.

Maine, — Legislature. Senate: House.

Maryland, — General Assembly. Senate : House of Delegates.

Massachusetts, — General Court. Senate: House.

Michigan, — Legislature. Senate : House.

Minnesota, — Legislature. Senate : House.

Mississippi. — Legislature. Senate : House.

Missouri. — General Assembly. Senate : House.

Nebraska, — Legislature. Senate : House.

Nevada. — Legislature. Senate : Assembly.

Nezv Hampshire. — General Court. Senate : House.

New Jersey. — Legislature. Senate : General Assembly.

New York. — Legislature. Senate : Assembly.

North Carolina. — General Assembly. Senate : House.

Ohio. — General Assembly. Senate : House.

Oregon. — Legislative Assembly. Senate: House.

Pennsylvania. — General Assembly. Senate: House.

Rhode Island, — General Assembly. Senate: House.

Library Notes. 213

South Carolina. — General Assembly. Senate : House.

Tennessee, — General Assembly. Senate : House.

Texas, — Legislature. Senate : House.

Vermont, — General Assembly. Senate : House.

Virginia, — General Assembly. Senate : House of Delegates.

West Virginia, — Legislature. Senate : House of Delegates.

Wisconsin, — Legislature. Senate : Assembly.

In Delaware, in 1776, the two branches were called House of Assem-
bly and Council ; in 1792 the present designation was adopted.

In Florida, in 1838, the name of the legislative body was General
Assembly ; in 1868 it was changed to Legislature.

In Kansas, in 1855, the legislative body was called General Assem-
bly; in 1857 changed to Legislature; in 1858 to General Assembly;
and again, in 1859, ^^ Legislature.

In Mississippi, in 1817, the legislative body was called General Assem-
bly ; in 1832 the name became Legislature.

In Texas, in 1836, the legislative body was called Congress ; in 1845

the name was changed to Legislature.

M. S. C.
Columbia College Library, 12 Je., 1886.

AMERICAN BUREAUS OF LABOR STATISTICS.

The list below is often useful in making up sets or cataloging the
labor reports which are now so much consulted.

Mass.

1869

Miss.

1879

Iowa, 1 884

Penn.

1872

Indiana,

1879

Md. 1884

Ohio,

1877

N. Y.

1883

National Bureau, 1884

N.J.

1878

Wis.

1883

Conn. 1885

111.

1879

Mich.
Cal.

1883
1883

Kansas, 1885

We ask readers to send in for this department any lists, tables, etc.,
they may compile, or to ask for those of which they most feel the need.
From such material and expressions as to what will be most practically
useful, we can make up more valuable aids to catalogers to the extent
of our limited space.

ai4 Library Notes.

Library Economy.

BOOK BRACES, SUPPORTS, OR PROPS.

These are but three names for the same device, and every library
learns by sad experience how important a factor they are in preserving
bindings, keeping the shelves sightly, and books upright. The ancient
tome, with wood sides nearly a cm thick, would stand by itself ; but
many modern books have covers so thin that they are little better than
flexible leather or stiff paper, and unless braced they " squash down "
as does an unsupported pamphlet. Every binder is largely indebted to
the carelessness of bookowners in this respect. Books half tipt over
soon have the threds broken, the binding is ruined, and must be
replaced. If the threds are strong, the book may stand the strain, but
becomes so warpt into its unnatural position that it can never be
straightened. We have tried for six months to warp back a book, with
a result no better than a glue-mended window. To avoid these evils,
scores of devices have been made, tried, and rejected as not worthy
adoption ; unsatisfactory in working, unsightly on shelves, taking up room
needed for books, heavy, bulky, clumsy, with springs constantly getting
out of order, adapted to only one use or to only one thickness of shelf,
and too expensiv for wide use. The want has led to many efforts to
supply it. The most natural device was to lay beside the book a block
of wood. Indeed, our first stock of book braces, copied from Mr
Winsor at the Boston Public Library, were cubes of wood about 15 cm
on each edge, and cut thru diagonally. This gave 1 5 cm against the
book, 15 cm on the shelf, and the hypothenuse connecting the two:
These took so much room, and were so easily moved from lack of
weight, that we should not care for a fresh supply as a gift. After
thf se came the prest brick, covered with paper. The common brick
was not true enough to stand firmly on the shelf. This took less room
and held the books better; but they were dropt and broken, or broke
something else, were clumsy on shelves and off, and would not hold up
tall books. Some to this day use and claim to like these bricks, and
say that the space taken is not a strong objection, because if there is
space on the shelf it makes no difference, and if there is no space, then

Library Notes. 315

the brace is unnecessary. They forget that when the shelf is filled
the brick must be taken out to make room for books, and must be put
somewhere to store it, and that two books will go anywhere that one
brick can be put.

MASSEY BOOK SUPPORT.

1878 seems to have been the golden age of book braces. The
Cooperation Committee of the A, L. A. reported in March, '78, as
follows : —

" We have given much time to experimenting with a large number of
devices for keeping books upright on the shelves. The Museum
received recently from A. P. Massey, librarian of the Cleveland Library
Association, a sample which, on trial, seems very much superior to any
of the others. The Massey support is stronger,
cheaper, holds the books more firmly in position, can
be adjusted more readily to any place, either from
the shelf above or the shelf below, and can be moved
along easily. It has no springs or delicate parts to
get out of order, but consists of an iron casting, a
thin black walnut book, and two screws. The wooden
book stands on the shelf like other books, and its back
and sides can be used for the class number or memo-
randa or notes of any kind. The casting is shaped
like a capital L, the lower part being fan-shaped. The
upright piece of iron is screwed to the edge of the
wood, so that a space just wide enough to admit the shelf is left between
the bottom of the block and the fan-shaped bottom of the iron. The
bottom of the block is hollowed, so that it rests on two bearings, giving
a firm hold of the shelf. It can be slid along, taken off, put on, etc.,
very quickly ; the bearings and the castings together form a strong
spring. The supports once adjusted to the thickness of the shelves in
the library, they can then be put up anywhere as quickly as a book.
The committee consider these supports of the greatest value, and
expect a very large demand for them. Samples will be sent by mail on
receipt of 25 c. Give exact thickness of shelf in ordering. The sup-
ports, handsomely and strongly made of black walnut, shellact and
varnisht, and adjusted to the shelves of the library ordering, will be
furnisht for 15 c. each, gi.35 for ten, or $10.00 per lOQ."

After the impracticable springs and devices, here was something
that promist to be a solution; but in May, '78, the same Cooperation
Committee says: "Patent Book Support. —Since the Massey book
support was made and reported upon, this new candidate for favor has
been submitted to the committee. It certainly possesses some great
merits not in the other, and it is a question whether it may not be
preferred by those trying both. Special arrangements have been made
with the makers and patentees, and the support will be furnisht to
libraries on the most liberal terms. Retail price, 25 cts each,"

2i6 Library Notes.

L. B. IRON BOOK SUPPORT.

This refers to the iron brace known as the "Economy," which was

described as follows: "Of the simplest construction, it economizes

■ space, subdivides shelves, and is cheaper than other supports or racks.

"Advantages. — ^i. It does its work more perfectly than any other.

^^■eSB^ ^^^^^^ The long plate on

^^^hH ^BHII^I ^^^ ^^^'^ under the

^M ^H ^^^nnH books is held firmly

in place by their
weight. The
shorter plate gives
to the face which
holds the books
upright, a spring,
entirely lacking in
all supports previously used. Thus the only objection to the otherwise
perfect sheet-iron device is removed.

"2. It is simplest. There are no springs (tho the peculiar shape
gives a strong spring action), screws or joints, to get out of order, or to
injure fine bindings by scratches. It is a single piece of iron, hand-
somly finisht.

"3. It looks best. While all other supports are unsightly, the plain
form of this is neat, and the decorated patterns are highly ornamental,
and suited to the parlors and libraries of the most elegantly furnisht
home.

"4. It is most durable. Being a solid piece of iron, of simple shape,
greater durability is impossible. The iron is specially made for us,
and, like the workmanship, is the best.

" 5. It takes least space on shelf or table. The thickness of the iron
is only that of a few leaves, so that the space occupied is imperceptible
a few steps distant. It packs in least space, nesting together so that
ten take no more room than one of the old supports.

"6. It is cheapest. We have the iron made of the best weight,
quality, and size, as determined by careful experiments. The durability
is simply unlimited, and it would still be cheapest sold at three times
the price.

"7. It has the merited endorsement of the first librarians in the
world.

"8. Every support is sold subject to return, if it fails to give full
satisfaction.

"Two distinct uses. — Singly, the best known device to keep books
upright on shelves. In pairs, the best adjustable rack ever made.
The tongues just slip thru the opening, so that two open supports will
hold firmly upright a single sheet of paper or a score of books. Each
support makes a firm end for the column of books between them."

Library Notes. 217

Here, evidently, was the coming Book Brace, and the patentees
showed their entire confidence in trial by offering to send a sample free
to any library applying.

In July, '78 (see Lib j. 3: 192), Mr. Cutter, chairman of the com-
mittee, made a new point in favor of the Massey over the L. B.,
because the wood edge served for labels ; while the Secretary added
the point against it which has proved to be its most serious defect ; viz.

" Either the wooden or patent iron support is very much better than
any of the old devices. They are cheaper, more convenient, and more
effectiv. The wooden is the cheaper, and with the improved model
now being made it will give the greatest satisfaction. It is, however,
worthless unless the books are kept at the front of the shelf If they are
pusht back, the weight coming on the long arm of the lever turns the
support off the shelf. Books kept at the front edge look infinitly
better than when pusht back ; their titles can also be read much better.
Those pusht back keep somewhat cleaner from dust, and it is a little
easier to push a book against the back than to make it range evenly in
front.

"The iron support costs a trifle more, but the more this is tried the
better it is liked. One library, after trying 25 for a month, ordered
1,000. The many different uses to which the iron support can be put
make it an exceedingly valuable addition tq every part of the library
and work-rooms. From personal experience in their use, we strongly
recommend them. Little devices of this kind, which save time and
trouble, and preserve the books from injury, are good investments for
the poorest libraries."

By October, 'j^^ the committee had a new point for the Massey, in a

thumb screw, viz. :

''Massey Book Support — New Pattern. — This support has been
adopted by a number of libraries, and has given the fullest satisfaction.
New castings have now been made of improved finish and form, and
all orders can be promptly supplied. With the thumb screw, the
Massey support can be fitted to any thickness of shelf almost instantly,
and, when desired, can be made so tight as to serve as a permanent
partition. This is the most convenient form to test as a sample, as it
can be applied to any shelf. A sample mailed for 25 cts., to cover
wrapping and postage. Those who have tried this support claim it to
be the best ever invented. Every librarian should give it a trial."

But in Dec, '80 came this palinode from the inventor : —

" The thumb-screw on the book-supports, where people have access
to the shelves, is a great nuisance. They think they must loosen it in
order to move it, and then they either leave it unfastened or set it so
tight we cannot move it. I am going to replace them with round-
headed screws." To this was added : —

[This note from the inventor may save money. We agree with him

that it is better to use the cheaper support where the public has access

2i8 Library Notes.

to shelves. For private libraries the thumb-screw allows of adjust-
ment, but in fact the shelves are apt to be of the same thickness, and
for the rare cases otherwise it is only a moment's work to loosen the
round-head screw and re-adjust it. This style costs 15, and that with
thumb-screw 20 c. ; so we recommend the cheaper for nearly all uses.
In fact, the iron Economy Book Support is used by libraries vastly
more. It takes no room and fits every possible shelf ; but some emi-
nent librarians prefer the wood. — M. D.].

LAKE GEORQE BOOK BRACE DISCUSSION.

Then there was a lull of five years, during which 99 in every 100
chose the iron brace. At the Lake George Library Conference, Sept.,
'85, a support, practically the Massey, was described and the following
discussion ensued, which we copy from the records : —

Mr. Dewey. — Tell us how they work. Every little while I find
some new support, and, being determined to have the best, and give
all candidates a fair trial, I buy a sample lot, but after a few weeks' trial
I want to sell them out for half price. (Laughter.)

Mrs. Sanders said the support shown by Mr. Foster held the books
firmly and perfectly well, but cut into the wood shelves badly.

Mr. W: a. Borden. — If you put a book back on the shelf hastily,
and push it in both sides this support at once, it injures the book
seriously.

This was confirmed by two other speakers.

Mr. W: I. Fletcher. — The difficulty with that support is that it
costs too much.

Mr. F: H. Hedge. — The Cornell support would have to be much
larger for the bound folios or heavy quartos, and I do not see how they
are to be efficient.

Mr. Ja. L. Whitney. — The only thing suitable is to put in a per-
manent support, but those vertical partitions take up room. There
ought to be some means of supporting books of the size of Harper's
Weekly.

Mr. R. a. Guild. — What is the matter with the japanned iron
support made by the Library Bureau ? We have used these for many
years. I have never seen anything better.

Mr. Dewey. — I have tried a half dozen kinds that reach t above and
below the shelves, and did not find any that workt in a wholly satisfac-
tory way. The three-cornered block, which I copied from Mr. Winsor
at Boston, was costly, took a great deal of room, and would hold up
only light books. We tried the coiled wire Lowell book-support for a
little while. In fact, wc make it a rule to try two or three dozen of
each new kind invented, by putting them in use in a tier of books
largely used, so we can study practical results and compare them with
our older styles. The brick covered with paper I found cost about as

Library Notes*

319

much if a prest brick were used, and the others were so uneven that
they would not stand upright. They had the faults of the blocks, with
a new one of their own. Being so heavy they endangered one's toes,
and in falling were liable to break. — {A voice .- I tried these till I got
my toes smasht.) — We have had five or six devices that hug the shelves
by a spring, but I have found none that fitted various shelves and workt
so that I should care to accept a supply as a gift. The only thing that
has stood the test of trial with us is the L. B. support which Mr Guild
reports as so satisfactory. We have rejected all others in favor of that.
The only fault in it is that careless boys may crowd a book astride the
iron plate, thus injuring the leaves. — (Mr Guild: You should not have
careless boys in the library.) — Then, sometimes, its very compactness
is an evil, as they get pusht back out of sight. As it never wears out,
or breaks, or comes to pieces, being a single piece of iron, we find it
cheapest and best, but would like to find one with its merits, without
its faults.

Mr W: F. Poole. — Those of the coiled wire device are not stiff
enough to support a book.

The Lowell support was a neatly coiled wire, which looked plausible,
but had not strength and stiffness enough to be of service.

Mr Dewey. — I have been experimenting with an attachment to the
L. B. support, which hooks over the front edge of the shelf and pre-
vents its getting pusht back, and also shows so plainly that there is no
excuse for crowding a book on it. This hook we have also had made
so as to hold the regular shelf label."

BUFFALO BOOK BRACE.

At Milwaukee, July, '86, J. N. Lamed, of the Buffalo library, one of
the clearest headed librarians in the country, submitted a new brace,
which aims to avoid any possibility of turning on the shelf, by carrying

a tongue under the books, in a groove running the length of all the
shelves. The Library Bureau, as usual, was ready to try the experi-

330 Library Notes.

■ment, and we wait the result. The objection is that, unless adopted
"before the library is shelved, it seems hardly practicable to take out all
the shelving and have a groove cut in it.

Mr. Larned's opinion has great weight, and most of us will wish to
try the new brace before we declare him mistaken in thinking it the
best.

It costs 15 c, each, or $12.00 per 100.

CROCKER BOOK BRACE.

The Crocker Brace had the misfortune not to be properly described
or understood when spoken of at Lake George, but some librarians
began to use it and told others of their success. The commendations
were unusually strong, and it seemed that something better than all
that had gone before had at last been invented. We ordered a supply,
but the trial was with the usual result. We went back to the L. B., but
later we found that an imperfect lot had been sent us, which Mr
Crocker replaced at his own expense, and then we found that the com-
mendations had not been too high, for, as he claims, it workt as it lookt,
'* like a book." The cut gives the idea of this latest candidate for first
place, patented and manufactured by Rev. Henry Crocker, Bristol, R. I.

The Crocker Library Book Brace is a plate of wood 8 cm wide, i cm
thick, and 17 or 26 cm long, of beech, with edges rounded and sur-
faces nicely finisht, so that nothing can injure the finest binding. A
fine steel spring, attacht by screws and nuts in a slot, is adjusted so
that the length from tip of spring to foot of Brace is just one half inch
more than the space between shelves where it is to be used. The foot

Library Notes. 221

of the Brace is placed against the books with the spring outward. On
raising it to a vertical position, the tips of the spring engage the under
side of the shelf above, effectually preventing any forward thrust of
the books. The spring is slightly curved, so that it is placed in posi-
tion with perfect ease, allows the books to be removed in front of it
without resistance, and can be moved toward the books to fill any
spaces with the ease of an ordinary book. It holds the books firmly at
the top, where a small force is so much more effectiv than a large one
nearer the bottom. It supports with rigid resistance any column of
books even after they have been warpt by previous neglect. It is
made in three lengths, and will support the tallest folio as firmly as it
does an octavo, a thing impossible with any other brace on the market.
As the most practical evidence, we quote from testimonials furnisht
us by the inventor, that leave no room to doubt the practical value of
the invention.

Mellex Chamberlain, Librarian Boston Public Library, says : —

" The Hook Supports furnished this library by Mr. Henry Crocker prove on trial to meet
requirements better than any which we have yet tried."

C: A. Cutter, Librarian Boston Athenaeum, says : —

" I have had the Book Supports made by Henry Crocker in use for some time and like them
much. They are the most effectiv and the easiest to move on the shelf that I have tried. I
have not jet discovered any drawback. A favorable report has also come from the Boston
Public Library.**

J. Warren Upton, Librarian Peabody Institute, says : —

" It is superior to some two or three devices used by us for the same purpose."

W: E. Foster, Librarian Providence Public Library, says : —

" Your Book Support, in common with three contrivances for a similar purpose, is in use on
the shelves of this library. On account of its simplicity I have found it a very satisfactory
method of holding up the books.*'

R. A. Guild, Librarian Brown University, says : —

"In my judgment the best thing of the kind; certainly the best that I have seen."

J. Harry Bogart, Librarian State Law Library, R. L, says: —

I " We find them, after a trial of nearly six months, the handiest, simplest, and most conven-
ient Support yet brought to our notice.

Geo. U. Arnold, Librarian Rogers Free Library, Bristol, R. L, says : —

"They give the book support where needed, at the top, thus preventing the toppling over
of the books, which is so annoying. They do better service than any other kind used by us."

E: W. Hall, Librarian Colby University, says : —

" I have put into use your device for supporting a row of books when the shelf is not full,
and find that it answers the purpose most excellently. In some respects it seems preferable
to the Economy Book Support, a few of which I have in use."

J. C. Houghton, Librarian Lynn Free Public Library, says: —

" I prefer yours to any others which I have seen."

Just as strong a series of endorsements could easily be secured from
those who prefer the L. B. Support, and a library will do best to try

aaa Library Notes.

both before deciding which it will adopt. Mr Crocker shows his faith
in trial by an offer which we copy from his circular.

•* Believing that I have hit upon a very effective and convenient
device for supporting books, and wishing to give librarians an oppor-
tunity to prove its merits, I will send to any library, upon request, a
trial lot of 50 to be tested by actual use for 60 days, and to be
returned to me at the end of that time if not satisfactory. Try them.
Price $12.50 per 100. Henry Crocker, Bristol, R. I. *'

The Library Bureau will doubtless do the same with the iron book
brace, tho the test can be made as well with five as with 50, and the
expense of returning would doubtless make it cheaper to buy only a
few for trial.

BOOK BRACE SUMMARY.

Finally, we have given these various stages of the book brace devel-
opment in verbatim extracts, in order to show that a device, which
today is so much better than anything we have known that we give it
cordial endorsement and recommendation, may next year be so clearly
iipproved upon that there is nothing to be said in its favor. Something
may be invented during 1887 so much better than the Crocker Brace
that that will be abandoned.

And so in every department of library economy. The study focalized
on these practical details is constantly producing markt improvements,
and those who would get the best and cheapest must keep themselves
posted up to date. The Library Bureau undertakes, whether it has the
article for sale or not, to be thus thuroly posted as to the latest
improvements, and to tell inquirers frankly what they are.

To sum up the book support question. There are now three worth
consideration. The Massey is least liked, and, tho the Bureau has a
large stock on hand which it wishes to sell, it recommends no one to
buy them till after trial. There are, here and there, people who may
prefer them for some uses, but such cases are very rare. They work for
large books, by being slipt bottom side up on the shelf above. The fan
shaped iron is somewhat in the way of the books above, but this appli-
cation is very convenient. The L. B. Support may also be used in this
same way by putting on a little clamp, and this plan works much better
than any other except the Crocker. It does n't scratch the shelves, and
requires absolutely no adjustment under any circumstances. The list
of its claims we gave above.

The Crocker has the advantage accorded the Massey, of an edge

Library Notes. 223

suitable for small labels, and is less likely to have a book put astride
than the L. B. There is nothing under the bindings like the tongue o^
the L. B. It packs in smaller space and handles more conveniently
than any other. Chiefly, it seems best adapted for tall books, as it
gives its support at the top insted of from the bottom, where it is so
much less effectiv. Its "outs" are the necessity of changing the
adjustment in moving to shelves differing much in hight, and the fact
that it scratches or marks a trifle the under side of the shelf above.
This marking does not show unless lookt for, and we incline to think
that the Crocker is the best one devised ; at all events, we recommend
all libraries to try it before adopting anything else.

Who will go a step farther and improve on our best book braces
for 1887.?

Progress.

We solicit for this department notes of gifts ^ new buildings^ new laws^ ne^
interest ; in brief of anything calculated specially to encourage and stimulate library
workers^ and showing that the Modem Library Idea, which the Notes champUms^
is making progress.

Buffalo Library Gift of mss. James Frazer Gluck has collected
and given what is said to be the finest collection of autographs in
this country, 3CX) mss and 200 letters valued at $10,000-$ 12,000.

That the gift is appreciated in the city is shown by three long
articles in the leading paper, the Couriery for Sunday 9 Ja 87. Mr
Gluck was elected a Trustee some two years ago, and in a discussion
as to the wisdom of buying a ms offered, he became interested and
offered to pay for it personally. From this he went on, interest grow-
ing with the collection, and has bought or secured the gift of this fine
collection, which is handsomely bound or framed and displayed in a
series of lockt cases.

Supt. J. N. Larned has but just moved into the magnificent new
building, one of the finest in this countr}^ and costing about §250,000.
^'To him that hath shall be given," and it is expected that the generous
gift of Mr Gluck will be followed by similar evidences of good will
from other prominent citizens.

The Courier sums it up thus : " When the Directors of the Buffalo

224 Library Notes.

Library bought a few literary curiosities as a nest egg, they apparently
made a most successful start in the poultry business."

Library Buildings. We have arranged to give, as soon as space
allows, a series of views of leading library buildings with plans, where
they seem valuable enough to justify. Their purpose is practical not
historical ; to give more tangible ideas of the designs adopted by others.
Perhaps they will serve as often as warnings as for examples, but they
will be of practical interest. We ask libraries having views of their
buildings, to send a sample copy for use in making up this article.

Buffalo Library and Art Building. With the view we shall give in
a future number a brief sketch of this splendid new building, of which the
formal opening reception occurs on February 7. It is occupied by the
Buffalo Library, the Buffalo Academy of Fine Arts, the Buffalo Society
of Natural Science, and the Buffalo Historical Society. It indicates
great progress in the right direction when the learned bodies of a city
unite to bring under one roof such a splendid collection of allies.

Cornell University. The Trustees have decided to go forward
with a magnificent library building such as befits a university with a
spScial million dollar library endowment. It will cost several hundred
thousand dollars, and be one of the most complete structures of its
kind. Pres. A. D. White has given his private library of some 30,0(X>
volumes, and valued at over $100,000.

New York Free Circulating Library. We know of no greater
encouragement to individual effort, unaided by tax or great gifts, than
the history of this library, of which we shall some day give a synopsis.
But the public has come to know what a wonderful work it is doing,
and is showing its appreciation. In 1885 came Oswald Ottendorfer's
gift of the beautiful new building on Second Av., stockt with a fine
library and now known as the Ottcndorfer Branch. In the last Notes
we recorded the gift of §10,000 by Mrs C. F. Woerishoffer, a daughter-
in-law of Mr Ottcndorfer. Now New York City, under the new law
which resulted from our agitation for a free library last winter, has
given $10,000 per year toward running expenses. As this money is
given on a basis of books loaned and property owned, it will be an
increasing sum as the work develops. Then comes the gift of Miss
Catherine W. Bruce of §50,000 to open a George Bruce Branch on the
west side like the Ottcndorfer on the east. This goes on W. 426. St.^
adjoining the church near 7th Av. and Broadway, which intersect just
above 42d St. As we go to press, still another gift of more than

Library Notes. 225

tSOfOCX) for a fourth branch library is reported, and a site is being
selected. For inspiration for attempting a great work with little money
with which to begin, let us read the annual reports of this one library,
which circulated 234,448 v. with only 25,323 v. stock, and lost only
eight, and, best of all, circulates a very high grade of books.

Springfield, Mass. After years of fine work as an association with-
out proper financial support from the city, this library is now taking its
proper place as a free public library. We noted last year gifts of
^5,000 each from Mrs Chapin, Mrs Thompson, and Charles Merriam.
Now W: Merrick has left it $30,000, and probably we shall hear before
long of other gifts. After patient effort these best libraries are sure
to reap their due reward some day, for in no other country is there any-
thing like so great probability of splendid gifts to libraries.

New York Apprentices Library. Those familiar with its excellent
work for generations will hear gladly that it shared in New York's
progress. Last summer it was made wholly free. Now the city has
given it $5,000 under the new law that gave the Bond Street Library
$10,000. It is certainly progress when a city that has supplied so many
millions to be stolen by rings and corrupt officials makes even a
beginning in giving money to its free libraries.

Tilton, N. H. Mrs J. Cummings, of Woburn, Mass., offered to
build a fine library buildinj< (a memorial to her first husband, who was a
native of the adjoining town of Northfield) if the two towns would
furnish a suitable lot. Mrs C: E. Tilton, who owned a park, not only
gave it, but graded and adorned it for the purpose. Another citizen
now proposes to fit another park adjoining with fountains, etc.

Port Henry. G. R. Sherman has given a handsome Gothic library
building equipt with books, costing $15,000.

Hartford Library Association. G: D. Sargeant died in August '86,
and left $5,000 and a share of the estate to the library. They expect
$15,000 to $18,000. His books go to the Watkinson Library, in the
same building.

Church Memorial Library. An example that ought to be widely
copied was set on All Saints' Day at St. John's, Huntington, L. I. At
Even Song the surpliced choir sang Stainer's anthem " Who are these
in bright array ? " after which the choir and clergy, in procession, walked
to the west end of the church, where the "library case " stands. Here
Rev. Mr Barrows, on behalf of those who had bought the library and
bookcase, made the presentation, " the library to be for the use of the

226 Library Notes.

congregation of said church perpetually, under the direction of the
rector of St. John's, and in memory of God's servant, Isabella Gibson
Barrows." The rector received the library in behalf of himself, the
wardens, and vestrymen. The sermon which followed was on " Add to
virtue knowledge." At its close the rector, parishioners, and mem-
bers of St. Agnes Guild (who had given the proceeds of last winter's
work to this object) were thanked for their kindness shown the living
and the dead, whom it had been their delight to honor.

The bookcase is of oak, of 14th century style, and holds 500 v. On
a frieze of rich moulding at the top in raised letters is '* In Memoriam :
Isabella Gibson Barrows. 1885."

Is not such a memorial infinitly more Christian in its constant active
influence on the lives of the people than the same money spent in brass
tablets reciting the virtues of the departed ? The churches are waking
to the importance of the church library as an active factor in religious
work. The Sunday-school library is an old institution, but the best
selection of religious books for adults is far too infrequently, provided.

New York Prison Libraries. We extract from a letter to Notes
from the Corresponding Secretary : " Thank you very much for your
interest in our jail library work. You can appreciate its importance
when I tell you we have i,8cx) prisoners in our county jails, associated
together during all the hours of the day in complete idleness, and the
only reading furnished them has been such as their friends sent in,
generally consisting of the flash newspapers. Police Gazettes, etc.

"We intend to put a good library in every jail in the state, and then
secure such legislation as will prevent the police papers and criminal
records being sent to the prisons. We need about 4,000 books this
year. Wm. M. F. Round."

Such a work shows progress, and we are promist for an early number
authentic details of the scheme, which we hope will be taken up by
readers of Notes in every state, till this enormous force for helping
criminals may be utilized in every prison and reformatory.

Howard Memorial Library, New Orleans. Miss Annie T.
Howard, following out a suggestion of her father, the late Charles T.
Howard, is to build on Camp and Delord streets a memorial library
costing $50,000, and to be under the management of Tulane Univer-
sity. The plans were among the last by the late H. H.. Richardson, of
Boston ; are early English in style, the library proper being 60x40 feet,
with a capacity of 100,000 v. There is also a circular reading room
40 feet in diameter, ante-rooms for librarian, trustees, etc. It will be
commenced in March and be occupied December next.

Library Notes.

227

SUMMARY OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES, 1884-5.

These advance summaries of the new U. S. Report on Libraries show
the grouping by sections as well as by states, thus giving added data
for studying the progress of the public library movement. For fuller
details consult the Jan.-Feb Library Jourtial, where this valuable
report is reproduced in advance of publication at Washington, and with
important additions. This Library Record double number is $2.00, and
the address is Library Journal y 31 Park Row, N. Y.

Maine,

New Hampshire,

Vermont,

Massachusetts,

Rhode Island,

Connecticut,

New York,

Pennsylvania,

New Jersey,

Number of
Libraries.

129

75

569

78
179

780

433
126

Number of
Volumes.

388,611

354.443
222,437

3,569,085

395»o3o

707*159
3,168,508

i>965»o93
463,662

No. Atlantic,

Delaware, 18

Maryland, 89
District of Columbia, 66

West Virginia, 19

Virginia, 75

North Carolina, 57

South Carolina, 40

Georgia, 66

Florida, 14

2,505 11,234,028

64,320

6i5»494
1,203,156

36,138
321,842

158,050

176,563

230,714
26,660

Kansas,

Nebraska,

Dakota,

Montana,

Wyoming,

Colorado,

New Mexico,

Mountain,

Arizona,

Utah,

Nevada,

California,

Oregon,

Idaho,

Washington,

Alaska

Pacific,

Number of
Libraries.

82

48

18

6

4

30
6

Number of
Volumes.

174,952

96,344

16,550
14,400

11,892
63,728
14,370

194 392,236

8,656

27,534
26,827

786,052

49,840

8,800

18,562

4

14

7
188

21

6

18

258 926,271

SUMMARY BY SECTIONS.

So. Atlantic,

Alabama,

Mississippi,

Louisiana,

Texas,

Indian Territory,

Arkansas,

Tennessee,

Kentucky,

Gulf,

Ohio,

Indiana,

Illinois,

Michigan,

Wisconsin,

Minnesota,

Iowa,

Missouri,

Lake,

444 2,832,937 N. Atlantic States, 2,505 11,234,028

41

37
42
42
10
16
72
99

95*303
96,072

i39»759

67,742

7,801

48,143
195,186

280,510

or

or

S.

South Central
Gulf States,

North Central
Lake States,

Western or Moun-
tain States,

Pacific States,

444
359

1,578

194
258

2,832,937

930,516

4,306,088

392,236
926,271

359

290
170

317

339
114

82

120

146

930,516 'To^^''

5,338 20,622,076

1,070,259
414,328

929,391
587.150

390,783
178,941

317,330
417,906

SUMMARY BY SIZE.

No. having less than 1,000 v., 2,340
1,000 but less than 10,000 v., 2,582
10,000 but less than 20,000 v., 224
20,000 but less than 50,000 v., 134
50,000 but less than 100,000 v., 30
100,000 or more v., 15

No. not reporting their contents, 13

1,578 4,306,088 Whole number in list,

5,338

228 Library Notes.

Editors Notes.

All communications and inquiries for the editor^ exchanges^ press copies y etc, should
be addrest^ Melvil Dewey ^ Columbia College^ New York, and marked L. N,

All subscriptions y copy for advertisings remittances and business communications^
should be addrest to the publishers, Library Bureau, 32 Hawley St., Boston,

All subscriptions are understood to be for the complete, current volume.

The editorial and business departments are absolutely independent. Any descrip-
tions, illustrations or references in the reading matter to articles sold by any firm are
because the editor believes them to be valuable to his readers, and are wholly on the
merits of each article without knowledge or influence from the business department.
After such descriptions are written, the publishers seek, in the interests of readers,
to secure advertizments of what is reported best. Therefore, when anything is men-
tioned in both editor* s and business columns it is always advertized because found
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The editor is responsible for all unsigned matter except in the advertizing pages.

When requested by contributors we follow their spelling, capitals, etc. Other-
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k-j

Library Notes. 229

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IVISOX, BLAKE.MAX, TAYLOR & CO., 763 and 755 Broadway, New York

330

Library Notes.

SUPERIORS TOiALL OTHERS FOR LIBRARY USE.

KING'S "NONPAREIL" PENS

Patented July 31, 1883.

F*rice, per Oroaa $1.00.

ceo.r KiNc'"i

"NonpareU** Bxtra Fine. Whitb.

Very fine and elastic. Superior for Professional Pen-
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** Nonpareil" No. 3. Black.
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*< Nonpareil" Office. Whitb.

Medium fine. Easy writer. Superior to all others
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"Beacon" Pen.

Similar to the Office, but having greater elasticity.

An exceedingly easy writer.

GEO.F. KINGS

"Nonpareil" Stub. Black.

Broad point ; very smooth ; easy writer. Especially
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"NonpareU" No. 5. Whitb.

A fine Stub with short nib. A very pleasing pen for
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" Nonpareil " No. 9. Whitb.
I/Ong nib, fine stub point, free and easy writer.

"Nonpareil" N«. 7. Black.
Medium fine, tumed-up point. An easy writer for
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"Nonpareil" Bank. Whitb.
A good business pen ; large and long points.

"Nonpareil" Court. Black.
Tumed-up point, smooth and easy writer. Partico-
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"Nonpareil" No. 8. Black.
Same as above, except in point. A very finn, smooth
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60 CCNTS PER GROSS.

Kin8:*a "Falcon" Pen. Whitb.
The standard popular business pen, used laxxdy by
Railroad and Express offices.

<i

1 furnish my staff of 30 any pens they prefer. We
have tried over ^o. More Nonpareils are now called
for than of all otner makes."

Mblvil Dbwby, ColumUa College libraiy.

HlNMAN*S BUSINBSS COLLBGB.

Worcester, Feb. 9th, '86.

Dear Sirs: — Your " Nonpareil " Office Pen is one
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During twenty years as a professional penman I have
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Yours truly, A. H. Hum AN.

MA^NUFACXURED BY

GEO. F. KING & MERRILL,

BOSTOXV.

Sold by LIBRARY BUREAU, 32 Hawley Street, Boston.

Library Notes.
ESTABLISHED 1848.

B. WESTEEMANN & CO.,

Foreign Booksellers and Importers,
838 Broadway, - New York.

The supplying o£ Libraries lias been a specially nf our firm since it was established
thirty-eight years ago.

Foreign Publications supplied to Libraries

■r M. STKIQKR & QO., 28 Park Place, NIW YORK.

We have direct connections wiih all publishers and dealers in second-hand books,
in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and with many prominent firms
of England, France, Italy, Holland, Belgium, Spain, etc. — have a

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Our prices are as low, and our terms as advantageous as those of other fims.

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Lead Pencils. Gold Pens.

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DECIMAL CLASSIFICATIOF AND RELATIV INDEX
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232

Library Notes.

Can You Ask Fuller Proof?

In its face, is it not folly for any writer to deny himself the comfort
of the

Most Perfect Writing Instrument Ever Devised,

when he may get what, after a month's trial, he would not sell, without
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These witnesses speak what they do know, and their testimony is sure.
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It has been on mv mind a number of times
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I had tried one after another of the pens
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utensiK It has relieved the labor of the desk
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for many times its cost. I write this on the
principle that when a man has found a good
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I have used your Ideal Pen, as you know,
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p. D., Brooklyn, N. Y.

I have used the Waterman Ideal Fountain
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that my satisfaction with it is so great that I
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I have been specially interested in Foun-
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this unsolicited testimony to the merits of a
most useful invention, for I wish others to
know and share its benefits. — Melvil Dewey,
Chief Librarian and Prof, of Library Econ-

omy, Columbia College, New York.

See this page in each issue for new proofs.

Circulars, with full description, cuts, price-lists of the many sizes and
styles now made, and many more testimonials like the above, free on
application to

L E. Waterman, Sole Maker, 155 Broadway, New YorL

Library Notes.

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Common Sense Binder. This latest candidate for first place
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Besides seventy-two styles and sizes kept constantly in stock, we make an}-
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ASI L SHIPMAN'S SONS, Miii1iilnl« SMIoiin, Milirs, iri Utlomlm,

10 MCRRAT BTBKXT, NKW TOKK.

Library Notes. 235

FOR LIBRARIES.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EDUCATION. Carefully selected and annotated by G.

Stanley Hall, Professor of Psychology and Pedagogy, Johns Hopkins University. 325

pages. Price by mail, 51 '60. Interleaved, $2.00.

Contains about 2,500 titles, chosen with good reason from several times that number.
The annotations inform as to the purport and value of each book, and the reader is thus
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" It promises to be the most valuable teacher's aid in home study ever issued. We know of no man who is
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METHODS OF TEACHING AND STUDYING HISTORY. Edited by Dr. G
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SHELDON'S STUDIES IN GENERAL HISTORY. A collection from original
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COMPAYRE'S HISTORY OF PEDAGOGY. Translated by W. H. Payne, Profes-
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PESTALOZZrS LEONARD AND GERTRUDE. With an introduction by G.
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CORSONS' INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF BROWNING. (Just
Published.) %\.<\o.

D. C HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, and Chicago.

Library Notes.

Van Everen

BOOK

COVER.

285 B

GUMMED,

NUMBERED
LABELS

PERFORATED
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I Sizo 121 jior
1 100, -sac:
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Tliese covers src cxMnslvely
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100, tl.40 for »Ui! "A.." Suniilea
free oix request by postal.

P. F. Van Everen,

Sold by LIBRARY BUREAU, 32 Hawlcy St., Boston.

THE GENUINE A. T. CROSS STYLOGRAPHIGTeN

Isaperfe«tppnaiidlnkl)ott]eVombine.i.iiC.iii bepiirriert In the iiockptaml imPd like alend neiinll.
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THE CROSS STYLOGRAPHIC PEN, Octagon Pattern.

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Library Notes. 237

THE PHONOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE,

JEROME B. HOWARD, Editor.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT THE PHONOGRAPHIC INSTTIUTE, CINCINNATI, O.

Every number of the Magazine will contain twenty-four pages, the printed portion of
each being 5^ x8^ inches, of which eight pages will be occupied by finely engraved Phonog-
raphy, divided amongst the Corresponding, Easy Reporting, and Brief Reporting Styles — the
latter being largely in excess. The portion givn to the Reporting Style will be keyed and
annotated in the ordinary type, furnishing an invaluable means for study and practice to
students of the art. The matter selected will be of fresh and current interest.

The Magazine is edited by Mr. Jerome 6. Howard, who for five years past has been
daily associated with Mr. Benn Pitman in the compilation of phonographic works and the
revision of Mr. Pitman's series of text books. The Magazine will therefore be the one
thing needful to students of the Benn Pitman System of Phonetic Shorthand — a periodical
complement to the regular books of instruction.

Contributors of reputation and experience hav been engaged, and nothing will be lacking
to make the Magazine of the highest usefulness alike to the beginner and the expert.
The Spelling Reform will receive due attention.

The subscription price is $1.50 per annum. Clubs of six will be sent to one address at
the same rate as five.

Set of Library Journal.

Any one wishing to secure a set of this most valuable body
of library information in the language, can hear of a rare oppor-
tunity by addressing

L. J., Oare of Library Bureau,

32 Hawley St., Boston.

The terms are such that it will pay to buy it to sell again,
after the steadily increasing price reaches a higher point.

338 Library Notes.

NEUMANN BEOTHEES

76-78 E. 9th St., New York

Library Bookbinders

Have equipt new and extensiv premises with machinery,
stock and workmen specially selected for Library Work.

As Members of the A. L. A., they keep fully abreast with the best library requirements.
Their leathers and other materials are specially selected or imported to insure the greatest
durability.

Their workmen have special training and experience in handling library books, serials, and
publications of teamed societies in various languages, and they personally supervize all thia
work, so seldom properly done in other binderies.

Prices are as low as the best work can be done. Libraries at a distance send books by
freight unpaid.

They refer to any of their regular customers, among whom are : The Library Bureau,
Columbia College Library, Yale College Library, Long Island Hist. Soc., N. V. Hospital,
Steven's Institute, Y. M. C. A., Century Club, N. Y. Acad, of Medicine, Am. Moseura NaL
Hist, N, V. Acad, of Sciences, and many others.

CYCLOPAEDIAS.

Every Home, School and Office needs a Cyclopedia, which should be Reliable, Fresh
as to information and LOW IN PRICE. We can help yon to the BEST at a saving of
fully 50 per cent. Write for particulars, stating how much you can afford to pay.

Address, gQ^ 2857, New York.

Sibley's Patent
Pencil Sharpener

Th8 onl; PraollDal Laid ind Slits Penol
Shirpemi Enr limntsd.

Simple, durable, and uilly kept ia
order. Work* impidly, and mikea afiae

Warranted (0 work twice >■ [alt ai

Send (or deicrlptive circular B.

WILLARD E. SIBLEY,

WALTHAM, MA8&

Library Notes. 339

trciH uf fliiving the tricycie on rnnd nudiispoiiiiTelydeliiihlM, ud I find il > decided bcncli I lo m
-hcR n nothing like it to bnng tuck the g1«rul eipcriencn ol b-iyi-Lh tpirili. Tlwo then » Ibe ter'

THE LIBRARIAN'S HORSE.

Health, Business, Pleasure, Exercise.

COLUMBIA

BICYCLE S AND TR ICYCLES.

Highest Grade of Nlachlnes NIa.de.

The test of the roods for elirht years bas not worn out a. eln^Ie Oolumbla.— Their

rld«rs hold the beat world's records.— In majority at every Iieague

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CATALOGUE SENT FREE.

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597 Washington Street, BOSTON.
Branch Houses: 12 Warren St., New York; I IS Wabtah Ave., Chicago-

For ■ suinmer trip, " i bicycle trip " givei more real H.lld pleuure lo Ihe Hum inch thin any other r«-
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■nad goJi-yini-pleiM-rtop-when-you-ivjnt-io-and-coine-back-Mhen-you-fteHike-il vicilionj and then lo come
home uetiDf goM all ovar, mind dear, body tigoTDua, ready for buiioeH and ^e to work. — 7'4f«M*''i Gnidt

240 Library Notes.

Political Science Quarterly

A REVIEW DEVOTED TO THE

HISTORICAL, STATISTICAL AND COMPARA-
TIVE STUDY OF POLITICS, ECONOMICS

AND PUBLIC LAW,

Annual Subscription, $3.00.

In the present great popular interest in Economics,
Political Science, and all Public Questions, there is a
demand everywhere, from working as well as professional
classes, for scientific, unpartisan information and discus-
sion of a higher grade than newspapers attempt to furnish.
This new Quarterly supplies this better than any other serials
or books. Even the smallest library must keep at least one
copy on file, if it meets the best requirements of its readers.
Present popular interest makes these discussions as interest-
ing as light literature, and as improving as the driest
standards.

Early subscribers can now secure complete sets.

GINN & COMPANY, Publishers,

9-13 Tremont PI., Boston. 743 Broadway, New York. 180 Wabash Av., Chicago.

Library Notes. 241

POLITICAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY

FOREIGN PRESS NOTICES

Have been very numerous, full, and commendatory. From over 300 we extract : —

Von Hoist, in the Deutsche Literatur Zeitung, Oct. 2, 1S86 : — " The Political Science
Quarterly is going to succeed. . . . Serious and thoroughly good work. . . . The plan upon
which it is edited is excellent. . . . Will give many a valuable suggestion to European
politicians, investigators, publicists and journalists, and widen their field of view in more
than one direction."

Dr. Petersen-Studnitz, in the NationalOkonomisk Tidskeift, Copnthagett^ December,
1886: — "A journal of the first rank. . . . Scientific and readable."

Maurice Block, in Journal dcs Economists, /^zr/r, July, 18S6: — "A review of great
promise. I have read with much interest all the articles of the first number, and if it
continues to maintain the same high standard, it will soon take distinguished rank."

Cambridge Review, i^«^., Nov. 10, 18S6: — "This new quarterly bespeaks the enthusi-
asm of Columbia College in particular and Americans in general (we trust) for political
science, and we cordially wish it the success which it deserves. It is mainly devoted, as is
but natural, to American political problems — four out of six articles in each number, as a
rule, deal with these. But the affairs of America, or rather of the United States, can never
be matters of indifference to Englishmen; and we may all study with interest and profit our
own problems worked out in different forms from those in which we are used to them. The
pervading tone is one of scientific impartiality. There is no American bias, even in dealing
with the Civil War, a time about which most Americans still have strong and natural
prejudices. The reviews of historical, political and economic works are full and careful.
Altogether the new quarterly justifies its existence amply."

Glasgow Herald, Nov. 17, i886: — "Fully up to the standard of its predecessors, and
confirms the impression we had formed that this periodical is destined to take a high and
useful place in literature. We have nothing quite like it in this country."

Manchester Guardian, Aug. 25, 1S86: — "The vigorous manner in which research is
carried on in the United States receives a fresh illustration in the issue of the Political
Science Quarterly, which is under the control of the Faculty of Political Science of Columbia
College. The two numbers that have been issued are excellent in performance and in
promise. The questions have a deep public interest and importance. The publication of a
review in which political, constitutional, and economical questions are discussed in a scientific
spirit cannot fail to have a beneficial infiuence on American, and we hope also on English
public opinion."

Western Daily Mercury, Plymouth^ Sept. ^r, 18S6: — "While the method of treatment
is strictly scientific, the writers succeed admirably in realizing the desire of the editors — to
have the results of their investigations presented in 'an intelligible manner and in readable
form.* We know, for instance, of no clearer and more concise statement of the history of the
Egyptian question. The more domestic matters which form the subjects of the other
articles are treated in a style which cannot fail to make them acceptable to the political
student on both sides of the Atl.mtic. Wc are safe, we think, in predicting a large measure
of success for the I'olitical .Science Quarterly among English readers."

The Bookseller, Sept. 4, 1SS6: — "Includes among its contributors men of the highest
acknowledged standing and scientitic attainments in the particular subjects dealt with."

Bristol Times, Sei)tember 3: — "A large variety of subjects of interest, importance, and
depth are considered; and, in addition to the dissertations, each part embraces a number of
thoughtful reviews on current literary works."

See last issue for similar American Press Notices.

English Publisher, HENRY FROUDE,

Oxford University Press, Amen Corner, London.

242 Library Notes.

Valuable Books of Reference.

FAMILIAR SHORT SAYINGS.

By S. Arthur Bent, A. M. Fifth Editioti^ Keiiscd and Enlarged.

I vol. i2mo. Vellum cloth $2.00

Indispensable to students, writers, and libraries. It gives a collection of short sententious
sayings of all times, such as arc constantly referred to, but are not to be found in other books
of rctercnce. A short sketch of each speaker and the circumstances attending each remark
is also given. This new edition has been thoroughly revised and corrected throughout, with
new indexes and tables of authors, and the addition of over 50 pages, bringing the work down
to the latest time and quoting So authors not before included, and containing over 300 new
sayings from Agassiz, Choate, President Cleveland, Kmcrson, Kvarts, Carlylc, Gladstone,
Wellington, Parnell, etc., etc.

— ALSO —

A\*7ii and cheaper editions of the following valuable and popular books of
reference^ uniform with the abovc^ standard in every well-arranged library : —

THE COURSE OF EMPIRE.

Being Outlines of the Chief Political Changes in the History of the

world. Arranged by Centuries, with variorum illustrations, by C. G.

Wheeler, author of "Familiar Allusions." With 25 maps, i vol.

i2mo $2.00

A very valuable historical work, which should be kept in every library for reference and
for the vigor of its delineations of the great historic epochs.

FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS.

--/ Handbook of Miscellaneous Information, including the names of Cele-
brated Statues, Paintings, Palaces, Country Seats, Ruins, Churches,
Ships, Streets, Clubs, Natural C'uriosities, and the like. By.WiL-
LL\M A. Wheeler and Charles G. Wheeler, i vol. i2mo. . $2.00

(.'oNTENTs. — Paintings, as Aurora. La Fornarina, Last Judgment, the Slave Ship, Mar-
guerite, (.'elebrated Madonnas, etc.; Statuary, as .\nlinous. Psyche, Cleopatra, Niobc, Clvtiei
etc.; Antiquities, Kuins; Royal Palaces, as Ilolyrood, Trianon, etc.; Galleries of Art, ^fu-
seums, etc., as Glyptothek, Cttizi, etc.; Cathedrals, .Abbeys, etc., as Kazan Cathedral, Old
South, Westminster Abbey, etc.; Theatres. Halls, ( )tTice.s etc., as Drury I^ne, Guildhall,
Trinity House, Wallack's, La Seal a, etc.; Palaces, ('astles. Villas, as Pitti, Famcsina, Sun-
nyside, Chatsworth, etc. ; Prisons, as Newgate, Kastillc. Spielberg, Tcilbooth, etc; Taverns,
as the Tabard, Star and Garter, etc.; Ships, as Half Moon, IJounty, Great Ilarry, Kearsarge,
Mayrtower, etc.; Natural (.'uriosities, as Grotto del Cane, Lorelei, Tarpeian Rock, etc.;
Streets, Roads, Districts, as the Corso, Prado, Prater, Cheapside, Chiaja, Strand, Pall Mall,
Appian Way, Scotland Yard, Seven hi.ils, rtc. ; Promenade*, Parks, Cemeteries, as Bois de
Boulogne, Hoboli (iardcns, Campo Santo, Jardin Mabille, etc.; Clubs, as Beefsteak, Athen-
' aium, Jacobin; Miscellaneous, as l»anil)in«\ P>larney .Stone, Glast(mbury Thorn, Plains of
Abraham, Salisbury Plain, Golckn (Jatc, (iolden Horn, How Bells, Kohinoor, etc.

EVENTS AND EPOCHS IN RELIGIOUS HISTORY.

By James Freeman Clarke, D. D. Illustrated, i vol. 12010. . . $2.00

Con* FEN TS. — The Catacomb.s, as C^cmcicrics and as Martvr^' Retreats; The Catacombs,
their .Sanctity, Art and Epitaphs; The lUiddhist Monks o\ Central Asia; The Christian
Monks and Monastic Life; .Augustine, Anselm. Ueniard, and their Times; Jeanne d'Arc's
Visions, Victories, and Death; Savonarola ;ind the RefKiis>ance; Luther and the Reforma-
tion; Loyola and the Jesuits; The Mystics in all I\eH;.',ions — Neo-Platonists, German Pie-
tists, Fenilon, Swedonbt^rg, ICnierson ; (ieor^c Kr>x and the Ouakers; The Huguenots, Wal-
denses, Albigenses; John Wesley and his Times; The Moravians and Methodists.

For sale by all booksellers. Sent, postpaid, upon receipt of price. Catalogues of our books mAUA frto.

TICKNOR & CO., . . - - BOSTON.

Library Notes. 243

GUSTAV E. STECHERT,

766 Broadway, NEW YORK,

IMI'ORTF.R OK

ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN.

BOOKS AND PERIODICALS.

Purchasing agent for Libraries and Colleges

BRANCHES :

At LONDON : 26 King William Street. Strand.

At LEIPZIG : 10 Hospital Strasse.

«

See LiHRARY NoTKS No. If page 62.

NIMS & KNIGHT,

TROV, N. Y.,

Publishers, Booksellers and Globe

MANUFACTURERS.

We desire to call the attention of Librarians and honk-buyers to special advantages which
we offer. Wc have been f«»r some years large buyers of REMAINDER BOOKS, and
also carry a very large stock of BOOKS PUBLISHED BY SUBSCRIPTION, all
uf which we offer at SPECIALLY LOW PRICES.

We have just issued a New Clearance Catalogue and Catalogue of Subscription
Books, which will be mailed to any address on application.
Correspondence solicited.

asS Library Notes.

themselves the weary task of poring over numberless bulky volumes
of history or science, under the delusion that they ar improving their
minds, when, in fact, they ar only wasting precious time and inflaming
their eyes. I once knew a young schoolmaster who had got it into
his conscientious pate that reading was the proper thing to do, and
that the more pages he pronounced, the more nearly he discharged his
duty to himself, his profession, his country, and mankind. He plodded
thru Josephus, RoUin, and Dick's works, with incredible patience, and
with a scrupulous attention to notes and references that was morally
sublime. No tome was too massy for him, no subject was out of his
range. He would not hav hesitated, I am sure, to undertake the
national poem of the Kalmucks, which, De Quincy says, measures 17
English miles in length. I can hear the sigh of tired triumph with
which Josiah (for that was his name) closed a finisht volume of Patent
Office Reports. "There!" he exclaimed, "I'm thru that!" On a
well-remembered occasion a roguish girl put Josiah's bookmark from
volume 2 of Kane's Arctic Explorations to the corresponding page
in volume i. The patient plodder, when he came home from school
on the day of this trick, turned to the bookmark, and continued
reading the whole evening, unconscious that he was reviewing what
he had gone over a week or so before. When, however, the sly maid,
by whose stratagem he lost so much time, demurely askt in her
Quaker fashion, " How does thee like Doctor Kane ? " Josiah answered
that it seemed to him there was a good deal of sameness in the book.

This young school-master regarded himself as a remarkably well-read
man. He plumed himself on his useful reading. He imagined that he
derived from books as much benefit as any person whatever. Yet he
no more assimilated his crude acquisitions than a mill-stone assimilates
the com it grinds. The corn wears out the mill-stone, giving it a
mealy smell ; the books wore out the young man, imparting to him only
the faintest odor of literary culture.

Reading, if it answers its true end, nourishes and vitalizes the mind.
It goes into the intellectual circulation, and is secreted in new forms of
thought, imagination, and emotion. It quickens the perceptiv powers
and deepens the reflectiv. He who reads profitably, absorbs from his
book such ideas, and such use of language as ar adapted to his capacity
and want. He reads activly, consciously ; every increment of knowledge
falls into it§ place and becomes usable. The more facts he accumulates
the better does he see the value and bearings of each.

The reader who speaks or writes may unknowingly appropriate the
ideas and even the sentences of his favorit books. It sometimes hap-

Library Notes. 259

pens that what one has read in his youth, and forgotten, comes back by
some subtle association, rising in the mature mind as if formed there.
No writer altogether avoids betraying the dominant influence of the
books that educate him. The tendency to imitate that which we
strongly admire is almost irresistible. Carlyle is original to a fault —
defiantly original — and yet critics say Richter's style re-appears in
Herr Teufelsdroch. Originality of language does not consist in artful
arrangement of words, much less in paraphrase. It depends upon the
organic structure of the idea exprest, and upon the form in which that
idea figures itself on the mirror of conception. The mode of expression
is dictated at once by the commanding thought itself. Seneca says :
" Great thoughts must hav suitable expressions ; and there ought to
be a kind of transport in the one, to answer to the other." Perhaps a
man's most original thoughts ar those he is least conscious of evolving.
As dead, structureless chyle becomes living, cellular blood, thru the
operation of biological causes, so knowledge changes to thought;
originality is the vitalization of the mind's food; it is the last process
of mental digestion.

Literary history does not show that invention flags as erudition
advances. On the contrary, the great writers hav been generally
great readers. Rabelais, Cervantes, Montaigne — men of their class
— fed themselves on books.

To understand an author, we must understand more than his words.
We must seize the spirit of his thought. His words ar the best
vehicles the writer could command to carry to us his meaning. But,
be sure, no thinker was ever satisfied with the words he uses. Days
of thinking brought to the printed page one or two sentences.
Reading those sentences, we may be provoked or allured to other
days of thinking. The ability to think is the measure of our natural
capacity with the effects of education superadded. To read much and
think little may weaken the mind, not strengthen it. You cannot
always hav a book to read or a companion to talk with ; but you can
think without book or companion, by daylight or in darkness, with or
without the aid of the senses. The mind takes up no room in a
traveling bag, and yet it holds the world and all. It holds the thinking
apparatus.

The book that stimulates and enlightens Julius may prove intoler-
able to Felix. Lady Jane Gray likes Plato, Matthew Arnold likes
Burke, Ruskin likes Coventry Patmore. Beecher declares that, for
20 years, Spencer's works had been " meat and bread " to him.
Macaulay, a gourmand of books, praises many, but places the seventh

ate Library Notes.

book of Thucidides above all others. He calls it "the ne plus ultra
of human art." Carlyle names the Book of Job as the first of literary
productions.

Ruskin says in one of the two charming lectures in Sesame and
Lilies (a book of diamond luster and value): "And if she can hav
access to a good library of old and classical books, there need be no
choosing at all. . . . Turn your girl loose into the old library every
wet day, and let her alone."

The formation of a library of standard books in every private house
would work wonders in education and culture. The presence of books
in a house is civilizing. The father who provides wholesome mental
food for his family performs a duty at once political, social, and
individual. Happy the boys and girls who ar bom under the roof
that also shelters a goodly company of those

'* Loved associates, chief es of elder art,
Teachers of wisdom,*'

in whose honor these paragraphs ar reverently written. Fortunate
the youth whose days and nights ar, in part, givn to the dignified
influences of high literature.

Books may be used as fashionable ornaments. At Oil City I saw
an elegant array of finely-bound volumes, in a richly-carved walnut
case. The case was lockt. A boy, curious to explore the shelves,
unlockt the door, and made bold tOptake down a treasure in tree-calf.
" My son ! " exclaimed the mother of the lad and mistress of the
mansion ; " put that there book straight back ; don't you know better
than to handle books } "

Associations.

A. L. A. THOUSAND ISLAND MEETING.

The arrangements for this meeting in early September are being
pusht forward and will be announced in the next Notes with exact
dates and prices. Headquarters will be at Alexandria Bay or Thousand
Island Park, where liberal concessions can be had at first-class hotels.

The leading railroads will furnish round-trip tickets to members at a
large reduction from regular rates, and overtures have been received
from prominent gentlemen in Canada who hope to extend courtesies to
the American librarians.

Library Notes. 261

There are indications thus early that the meeting will be unusually
well attended and unusually well worth attending.

Besides the usual interest in the sessions, which continue four days,
the place of meeting offers more attractions than almost any other in
the country. The wonderful beauty of the river and the 1,800 islands
clustered within a few square miles has within a few years been greatly
hightened by hundreds of villas built by wealthy summer visitors from
all parts of the Union, thus turning it into a veritable fairy land.

Those who have not visited this famous resort since art has added so
much to nature's attractions will be anxious to improve this opportunity.
Those who have been there need no urging to induce them to come
again.

After the Conference there will be excursions, not to be surpast in
interest by any in the country, down the St. Lawrence, shooting the
various rapids, to Montreal and Quebec, quaintest of American cities,
and probably up the Saguenay River to Cape Eternity and Ha-Ha
Bay. The return can be made via Lake Champlain, Lake George,
Saratoga, and the Hudson, or via the White Mountains, or, best of all,
via the Gulf of St. Lawrence and round to Boston and New York by
steamer, touching at interesting points in the provinces.

Those wishing to make any of the excursions should send their
choice as early as possible, as the route adopted will depend on the
number voting for each plan proposed.

The traveling arrangements will be very similar to those of last year,
the New England party having a car from Boston in charge of Mr
Davidson, Manager of the Library Bureau, and those in the vicinity of
New York, or who may come there to share in the unequaled trip up
the Hudson by daylight, will start with the Committee of Arrange-
ments. Orders for tickets, inquiries, or suggestions may be sent either
to the Library Bureau, 32 Hawley St., Boston, or to the Secretary,
Melvil Dewey, Columbia College, New York.

CHILDREN'S LIBRARY ASSOCIATION.

In order to provide children with wholesome reading, and counteract
the influence of the injurious literature so freely offered them in New
York, this organization was formed in the fall of 1885. Its first step
was to secure a suitable reading-room, and, thru a friend, such a place
was offered at 243 9th Av., where a library was opened, from which
children from the public schools, if supplied with tickets by their
teachers, could draw books free of charge. The books and periodicals

a62 Library Notes.

needed in starting were supplied by gifts from New York publishers
and friends of the undertaking. To place the library on a purely un-
sectarian basis, the books were inspected by a supervising committee
of accredited representatives of the Catholic, Protestant, and Hebrew
faiths.

The library in this first year circulated large numbers of the best
books, and its founders felt justified in increasing their eflforts.

The reading-room was closed in April 1886, and, owing to difficulty
in securing quarters, because of attracting so many children, was not
reopened until Feb. 1887, when the rooms now occupied at 436
W. 35 th St. were taken. The Association had 11 members when
formed; it now has 55. The library is daily visited by more
children than the rooms will hold, and it is not uncommon to see a
line of little people waiting patiently on the walk before the very
modest quarters, eager to slip in as fast as others come out. It need
hardly be said that the books are in constant .circulation.

The evident need of work of this kind, as shown by the interest
manifested by those for whose benefit it was started, has prompted the
Association to make a renewed effort to enlarge its working power.

The above sketch of the C. L. A. is condenst from the interesting
history by the founder. Miss Hanaway, as read at the first public meet-
ing, held at Columbia College in Hamilton Hall during the winter term
of the Library School. The business meetings have been regfularly held
at the Columbia library in reading-room No. 4, where also meet the
N. Y. Library Club and the National S. S. Library Union.

At this meeting Mr Dewey urged that the work should be broadened
to meet the growing interest ; that many people would gladly give more
if askt for more ; that the field was so great that we were in duty bound
to cover more of it ; that a new constitution and plan of campaign
should be made, and that the C. L. A. should be regularly incorporated
and put in a position to receive gifts or bequests. As a result a special
committee held a series of meetings in Mr Dewey's office, and the
constitution given below has now been finally adopted by the
Association.

One afternoon the Library School visited the rooms in West 3Sth St.
to become more familiar with the work. As a result several members
of the class who are taking the two years' course volunteered their
activ assistance. The crowds in the tiny rooms occupied became so
great that it was clearly best to abandon them, as it was impossible to
secure even standing room for the children and much less ventilation.

Library Notes. 263

Several openings for better quarters offered, and, pending the decision
which to accept and preparations for a more activ campaign in the fall^
the 600 vols, were carefully boxt and sent to Columbia for the inter-
regnum. There are calls from several parts of the city for the opening
of libraries and reading-rooms for children. Prominent trustees of the
N. Y. Free Circulating Library are greatly interested in the growing
work and hope to provide in each of their new buildings a suitable room
for our work in that section of the city.

The C. L. A. has no desire to do work that others can be found to»
undertake, and as fast as other libraries remove the age qualification or
provide the special rooms for children, the trustees will move on to
another of the hundreds of centers where a great work is waiting to be
done for the little ones. Librarians have more than the philanthropic and
educational interest in this good work. It is the training school for
the public libraries, and much of the success of the older institutions
depends on the constituency that is constantly growing up to enter the
people's university.

The interesting story of the origin of the movement, with other good
things, will be found in the May Library Journal, where we propose to
print frequent memoranda of its work. The Notes has space only for
a summaries. This work is no longer an experiment. The field of use-
fulness is as wide as the world full of little ones. It appeals strongly
to all the better classes, and we print these notes and the carefully
prepared constitution, hoping that many other cities and towns will
profit by New York's good example.

CHILDREN'S LIBRARY ASSOCIATION.

CONSTITUTION. *

1, Name,

This organization shall be known as the Children's Library
Association.

2. Object,

Its object shall be to create and foster among children, too young to
be admitted to the public libraries, a taste for wholesome reading. To
this end it will secure the delivery of addresses, the publication of
articles, the circulation of printed matter, the cooperation of schools,
teachers, and parents, and chiefly, so far as its means will allow, it will
supply the children, for use both at home and in free libraries and
reading-rooms, with the books and serials best adapted to profit them
and to prepare them for the wisest use of the public libraries.

'264 Library Notes.

3. Members,

Any person interested in the work of the Association shall become
a member on payment to the Treasurer of the required fee, after unani-
mous vote of the Executive Committee, to whom all propositions for
membership shall be referred. The annual fee, payable each January,
shall be, for members $1 ; for associates $5 ; for subscribers $10; for
fellows $20. By one payment of ten times the annual dues any mem-
ber, associate, subscriber, or fellow may become a life member, asso-
»ciate, subscriber, or fellow permanently entitled to all the rights and
privileges without liability to further assessments or dues.

4. Officers,

1. The Association shall elect by ballot at each annual meeting five
trustees to serve for the term of three years. This board of 15 trustees
shall have entire management of the affairs of the Association with
power to fill vacancies in their own number for unexpired terms.

2. The trustees shall, at the January meeting of each year, elect for
the Association a President, Vice-Presidents, a Chairman of the trustees,
a Secretary, a Treasurer, a Council, and Executive, Ways and Means,
Finance, Library, and Reading Committees of not less than three each,
and any other needed officers or committees. All officers shall serve
till their successors are duly elected. One person may fill more than
one office, but only members shall be eligible to any office.

3. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Association,
and in his absence a Vice-President shall take his place.

4. The Chairman of the Trustees shall preside at all meetings and
be the executive officer of the trustees in all matters not otherwise
provided for.

5. The Secretary shall keep a faithful record of all business trans-
acted by the Association or trustees, with a record of the trustees
present at each meeting; shall give proper notice of any elections,
appointments, meetings, or other business ; and shall have charge of
the books, papers, and correspondence.

6. The Treasurer shall receive promptly all money belonging to the
Association and deposit the same to its credit in such bank as the
trustees shall select ; shall keep a full and accurate record of all
receipts and disbursements, with date, purpose, and amount ; shall pay
no money without written order of the Finance committee ; shall report
the condition of the treasury whenever asked by the trustees or any
committee ; and at the annual meeting shall submit a full report,
audited by the Finance committee.

7. The Council shall be chosen from members whose advice and

Library Notes. 265

opinions will be specially valuable on questions connected with the
work of the Association, and who may be consulted by the trustees or
committees.

8. The five standing committees shall have power to act on all
matters intrusted to them, provided the action is unanimous ; but a
minority may require any matter to be reported to the trustees before
final action. The acting chairman shall represent each committee and
certify to any action, communication, or expenditure by that committee.
Each committee shall be subject to the control of the trustees, and
shall report in writing to each regular meeting of the trustees, and also
in summary to the annual meeting of the Association.

9. The Executive committee shall act on all propositions for mem-
bership and have charge of matters not assigned to the other
committees, with power to act for the trustees in the intervals between
their meetings on matters on which the committee are unanimously
agreed.

10. The Ways and Means committee shall undertake to increase
the paying membership, solicit subscriptions and gifts, and in all proper
ways to secure needed funds for carrying out the objects of the
Association.

11. The Finance committee shall receive estimates and requisitions
and apportion the funds of the Association to its various needs ; audit
the treasurer's annual report ; audit all bills before payment by the
treasurer ; and shall make such rules as seem necessary to secure the
greatest good from the available funds ; and no officer, committee, or
member shall contract any debt or obligation against the Association
in excess of the sum authorized by the Finance committee.

12. The Library committee shall have immediate control of any
libraries or reading-rooms managed by the Association, the buying,
binding, cataloging, and care of all books and serials, the selection,
payment, and control of librarians and assistants, and any other matters
directly connected with the libraries or reading-rooms.

13. The Reading committee shall be composed of accredited repre-
sentatives of the Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Hebrew faiths. It
shall have the responsibility for the character of the reading furnished
the children ; and to secure non-sectarianism no book or serial disap-
proved by any member of this Reading committee shall be supplied by
this Association to its readers.

5. Meetings,

I. The annual meeting of the Association shall be held on the last
Monday of October.

266 Library Notes.

2. Regular meetings of the trustees shall be held on the first Mon-
days of December, March, and June.

3. Special meetings of the Association shall be called on written
request of ten members ; and of the Board on request of five trustees,
provided that one week's previous notice be duly given.

4 The Executive committee shall fix the time and place of all meet-
ings, and may itself call special meetings of either Association or
trustees.

5. At meetings of the Association 20 members, and at meetings
of the trustees eight trustees, shall constitute a quorum. At meetings
of the trustees any member of the Association shall be entitled to be
present but not to vote.

6. Amendments,

This Constitution may be amended by three-fourths vote at two
successive meetings of the trustees, provided that each absent trustee
shall be notified of the proposed amendment at least one week before
its final adoption.

COLUMBIA LIBRARY SCHOOL.

The first year is proving more of a success than its best friends
dared to "hope. We have space only for brief notes. Full information,
as on all historical matters, will be found in the Library Journal^ where
the records of all the various library organizations must be sought.
Having admitted a class of 20, instead of the ten to which it was to be
limited, a change of quarters was necessary ; but the entire old library
(90 X 40 feet), now assigned to the school, gives ample room. To this
class-room has been transferred the old A. L. A. Bibliothecal Museum,
which has been lately doubled in value by large additions. As fast as
the needs are recognized, new provisions are made for the school
which will each year find added conveniences and facilities for
profitable study.

Most of the students have been so persistent in their study and
practice that they have seemed to live in the library. Lunch is
brought up to those wishing it by the school page assigned to wait on
the class, and for 14 hours daily there is opportunity for work.

The fair criticism on the four months* course was that too much
was crowded into it. The strain was very gredt, but the interest and
enthusiasm of the class seemed equal to anything ; and a census of the
score of earnest workers showed a uniform improvement in health
during the term, most gratifying to those who feared a general
breakdown.

Library Notes. 267

With all this work time has been found for many enjoyable extras.
Many courtesies have been extended, including complimentary tickets
for the entire class for various entertainments ^nd lectures. As the
guest of Mr George Hannah, librarian of the Long Island Historical
Society, the class and teachers enjoyed a delightful lunch as part of
their Brooklyn visit. Alternate Friday evenings have been spent
socially at the home of the director of the school, where music, simple
refreshments, and general good fellowship helpt to develop the esprit
du corps evident in the pioneer class.

The significant fact about the first year is the rapid development.
This class came for three months, most of them having made positiv
arrangements to leave at that time. After six weeks they petitioned
for an extra month, which was granted, and later most of the class
determined to take the full two years' course. The College has met
these demands for something broader and more satisfactory than it had
dared to offer in the experimental year. The first annual Register of
the School has been issued, and the fourth Circular of Information now
printing, shows how large an advance has been made on the plans for
the coming year.

The gifts of samples were so generous that each student now owns a
very fair bibliografical museum of his own, some of the class reporting
that an extra trunk was necessary to transport home their acquisitions.
Many favors have been shown by the Library Bureau, R. R. Bowker,
publisher of the Library Joumaly Publisher's Weekly y Literary News^
and the American Catalogue and by the Harpers, Appletons, Putnams,
and others.

A large number of librarians and others interested attended now and
then a lecture to sample the school's good things, and in several cases
visitors spent from a few days to two or three weeks.

The practice problems, many of them being real cases under discus-
sion in well-known libraries, and the visits each week to study some
library, book house, or bindery in operation, proved exceedingly
practical, and concentrated much library experience into a very short
time.

The faculty feel about this class as do most mothers about an only
child — that it is of very exceptionable merit. The fine large class
picture of students and teachers by Pach Bros, seems to strengthen
this opinion so far as appearances can be trusted.

Their services seem in demand midway in their course. The
president of the class, Mr George Watson Cole, late of the Fitchburg
library, is now librarian of the Pratt Institute, Brooklyn. Mr Patten,

268 Library Notes.

Miss Stott, and Miss Bonnell are engaged in the N. Y. Free Circu-
lating Library ; Miss Miller is first assistant at Lafayette (Ind.) ;
Misses Seymour and Woodworth go to the new Osterhout Free
Library in Wilkes-Barre, Pa. ; Miss Fernald is cataloging the new
library at Saugus, Mass. ; Misses Griswold and Chapman are librarian
and assistant at the Y. W. C. A., N. Y. ; Miss Talcott is assistant at the
Hartford library, and six of the rest are busily at work in the Columbia
library, some of them having declined offers from other libraries.

CHANGES IN THE LIBRARY SCHOOL FOR THE SECOND YEAR.

Careful comparison of the new Circular of Information with last year's
announcements shows a markt development of the plans. We note
some of the points, advising those interested to read the details for
themselves, as the pamphlet can be had free by applying to the Library
School, Columbia College, N. Y.

The first year's experience has shown a greater demand than was
realized from both students and employers for thoro preparation. Evi-
dently the time is not far distant when a man or woman seeking the
place of a librarian without training for its duties will be thought as
much a quack or charlatan as the physician seeking patients without
having attended a medical school or served an apprenticeship with an
accomplished practitioner. The college hesitated to offer more than it
was sure was now wanted, and the three months* course was as far as it
went for the first year. The second year shows a long stride toward a
professional school with as full a two years' course as is given in the
law and medical schools. One term per year has become three, — short,
but of solid work without vacations, — thus giving as many exercises in
the year as any department of the college. Beside the three months'
course of the first year, a preparatory term, begining eight weeks before
the first Thursday in January, fits all students who have not been
engaged in a library, for intelligent and profitable work in the crowded
lecture term. The third term of the junior year is also eight weeks, up to
the college commencement. Those who take also their apprenticeship
work in the Columbia library may work as much of the rest of the year
as they choose, but this completes the regular class exercises. A senior
year corresponding in terms is provided, and a third year of advanced
work for those who can give the time is now in preparation. The fac-
ulty have submitted to the trustees a proposition to confer on college
graduates who complete satisfactorily the two years' course, the degree
B. L. S., Bachelor of Library Science, and the Master's degree, M. L. S.,

Library Notes. 269

for the three years' course. For this year, however, only diplomas or
certificates of proficiency are offered.

These degrees will not be given as a matter of course to all who
spend two years in the School, but only on rigid examination, it being
the purpose of the School to set its standard so high that its degree
shall be a voucher of nativ ability and thoro preparation for entering
the profession. A college degree is not yet absolutely required for
admission to the School, but more strict examinations are to be passed
by non-graduates. The age limit for entrance is raised to 20 years, and
applications are required to be made on a blank provided, which calls,
among other things, for full information as to previous education and
experience. The plan is to admit only ten to the regular class, and
there are already 20 applicants for next year, with good promise of 50
before the term opens. The School prefers a small class carefully
selected from a large number as those promising to do the best work
in the profession. There is already an overstock of mediocre librarians,
assistants, and catalogers, and the influence of the School is intended
to diminish rather than to increase their number.

In the School itself women have exactly the same privileges as men,
and also in the College, except that women are not admitted to the
class exercises of the men in other departments. The College degrees
have however been opened to women who pass the required examina-
tions. A circular explaining this fully will be mailed on application.

The fees are $50 per year or ^20 for all the lectures of any single
month. The proportionate fee for a single course of lectures is given
on application for each course. Tho the advantages are so greatly
increast, it will be noted that the fee remains at $50.

A Fellowship of i^Soo per year is offered to the most successful stu-
dent of each class, together with several scholarships yielding from
$100 to 1^300 each per year ; those winning these honors being required
to discharge certain duties in the college library as part of their
training. It is hoped in this way to encourage the best students to
spend more time on their preparation and increase the number of those
who will take the three years' course, which will include considerable
work in languages and comparativ literature, as well as the advanced
work in bibliografy and library economy. One of the markt successes
of the last year has been the bibliografical lectures by various professors
of the university. This feature is to be very largely extended hereafter,
so that bibliografy will receive as full treatment as library economy, and
perhaps justify a change of name from the limited Library Economy to
the generic name Library Science, covering bibliografy, cataloging.

ayo Library Notes.

classification, and the group of topics connected with library manage-
ment known as library economy. When the School was named it was
thought best to begin with only the technical part and wait till the
demand of the public justified broadening the scope to cover library
science.

There has been introduced for next year a course, by prominent
scholars, on the various great literatures of the world treated from the
librarian's standpoint, and also a short course, which will doubtless be
fully developed later, on the leading languages as the librarian's tools.

The faculty has been organized, five non-resident lecturers appointed,
and in many ways there is evidence that the School is to take on more
of the scholastic form with its second year.

Several hundred books have been bought specially for the School,
and a selection of those most wanted for study is placed in the class-
room for more convenient use, while duplicates of the most needed
works are provided to be taken home by those who cannot afford to
buy them. Provision has been made for places of meeting for clubs for
mutual improvement formed among the students ; rapid additions are
also being made to the illustrativ collections, and every effort is put
forth to make the School as practically useful as possible to its students.
Each succeeding class will of course enjoy all the advantages of its
predecessors with whatever has been added since, but no higher stand-
ard of appreciation could be asked by the faculty than has been shown
by the pioneer class.

Students are warned not to hope to make up for lack of preparation
or to take extra studies while at the School, for the required work is so
heavy as to require all their energies. For those who take only a par-
tial course abundant and attractiv opportunities are ofifered for other
work.

While the standard of admission has been so much raised and the
course lengthened, full opportunity is still given to those engaged in
libraries to come for such time as they can spare and get such help as they
can from the School. The enlarged rooms make it possible to receive
more students, but the regular class is limited to ten, in order not to ofifer
more well-trained candidates than there is a ready demand for. Those
who have already secured positions and do not ask the School to become
responsible for their acquirements or to assist them to places will be
received as during the first year, with only examination enuf to satisfy
the faculty that they can profit by the School.

In the same way private book owners not intending to enter the
profession, but wishing to take any part of the course, are allowed to do
so on payment of the moderate fee.

Library Notes. 271

PREPARATION FOR THE LIBRARY SCHOOL.

Constant inquiries are made as to the best use of the time till the
opening of the preparatory term. Much can wisely be done before,
for there will be enough left to do after getting to the School to keep
all occupied.

In technical matters comparativly little can be done to advantage till
after the first term. We note : —

Handwriting. One of the details that should be attended to is the
library handwriting, which takes not a little time from some who ought
not to spare it from their studies. In this number we give full advice
about this. Those who enter the School can have brief criticisms and
suggestions from a teacher if they send samples of their handwriting.
By acquiring a suitable hand, students can earlier be allowed to do cat-
alog work of great value as practice.

Visiting libraries. This should be done as far as convenient, since
each library seen broadens somewhat one's ideas. The methods of
work, catalogs, etc., should be specially examined. It is hardly
wise to spend extra time or money on such visits ; for, after the School,
pupils will have learned how to get much more good from them. The
same remark applies to binderies, printing-offices, book stores, etc.

Reading. The first thing needed is a set of Library Notes, of
which a complete indext volume costs only $1. In each number is
something specially written for students. The rules for card catalogs
{20 pages in No. 2) require no little time from the novice, and the sam-
ple cards printed after them serve as models. In succeeding numbers
matter prepared specially for the class will be given, and it is the
assumption in all lectures and class exercises that each student has a
set of the Notes for reference to the many rules, tables, and
illustrations.

Much more extensiv than Library Notes and therefore much more
important if it can be afforded, is a set of the Library Journal^ in which
is more important matter for the young librarian than he will find in all
the rest of the language together. We cannot, too strongly urge the
importance of access to the Library Journal, but its considerable cost
may deter many. All the prominent libraries have full sets, and many
can read it in their home libraries. If necessary it is worth some sac-
rifice to secure at least the most important of the 1 1 v. now completed
and to subscribe for the current numbers. Liberal concessions in cost
can be had by those coming to the School. If all cannot be afforded,
the most useful material will be found in v. 5, 4, 3, and in that now
printing, and we recommend that they be bought in that order. An

272 Library Notes.

article pointing out how tho /oumal is worth in cash much more than
its cost to any earnest young librarian will appear, we hope, in the next
Notes. From time to time we shall give reading lists which will assume
that the student has access to tht Jourtial,

The U. S. Bureau of Education Report on Public Libraries publisht
in 1876 is the most important single volume, but it was written before
the Association was founded or the Journal started, and few of the
articles would be written today by their authors as they are printed
there. This should be secured if a copy can be pickt up second hand,
as sometimes happens. The Library Bureau is able occasionally to
buy a copy, and application could wisely be made there.

It is doubtful if it is well for students to spend time or money on
other books in this field before they lay the foundation for their wisest
use in the short course at the School.

Bibliografy. Anything and everything that increases his knowledge
of books will be directly valuable to the librarian, but the time can be
much better spent after some instruction, and the list of the best books
to read in this field is deferred.

General education. While everything counts in preparation, the
most important is a knowledge of the German, French, and Latin
languages, not as philology but as working tools. The pupil that can
read German and French readily has an immense advantage. Next in
order come Italian, Spanish, and Greek, or some of the Scandinavian
tungs, but these are much less often needed, and can be acquired later.
German and French, if known, will be in daily use.

After the first term every student has work enuf laid out to last him for
years. Before that, more than enuf has been suggested above. We
prefer to have the preceding summer largely devoted to laying in an
extra stock of strength and good helth for the activ work of the School.
It is better to spend such time as can wisely be given, on German and
French, the library hand, and general reviews of literature and history
rather than to try to anticipate the instruction of the School in bibliog-
rafy and library economy.

. ^ .ri.

Library Notes. 273

LIBRARY HANDWRITING.'

At first thought it seems that to emphasize a merely mechanical
accomplishment as an important qualification for a librarian, is to sub-
ordinate the intellectual side and to set up a fictitious standard.
Whatever the theory, the fact remains that there is nothing that pays
better for the time it costs the candidate for a position in a library,
than to be able to write a satisfactory library-hand. In so many cases
superior mental abilities have been put to a great disadvantage in the
competition for desirable places by this apparently trifling item, that it
seems worth a special article pointing out why it is so important and
the best way to attain the desired end. Even in libraries where writ-
ing machines are largely used there remains all the writing on blank
books and many other places where it is not practicable to use the
machine.

The writing of the future in and out of libraries is to be done as
largely by machines as sewing is now. The hand, needle, and pen
will always have a mission, but the silly prejudice against legible "writ-
ing done on a machine with no individuality " is yielding very rapidly
as the machines themselves are so nearly perfected. We ask all readers
who have experimented to contribute their experience towards making
more useful our coming article on Type-writers in libraries.

More and more impressed with the importance of this subject, so
apt to be neglected for something intellectual, we have spent some
time in trying to find approximately what is best. These results have
been revised item by item by about a dozen catalogers and librarians
who discust every doubtful point, examined and tested samples, made
individual experiments and reported at the next meeting, and in all
ways made a business of hunting down the solution. These efforts
lasted for an hour daily for nearly an entire week. The net results are
given below. Quite possibly further study will prove that we have not
reacht the ideal yet, but we have certainly made a long step forward.
Suggestions and results of experiments by others are solicited, with a
view to approximating more and more closely to the perfect hand for
library use.

Our comments will be with the cards of a catalog in mind. Most of
them will, however, apply equally well to other library writing.

Faults. — In examining hundreds of card catalogs we have found the
following faults in the writing on the cards.

' In response to many requests we shall next month reprint this article in pamflet form.
We beg readers interested to examin the recommendations carefully, and send promptly
to the editor any criticisms or suggestions that may enable him to make it more useful
before reprinting.

274 Library Notes.

a. Size. — A few make their letters too large for the space between
the rulings. Beyond a certain limit this injures rather than helps legi-
bility, as it crowds the lines together, and the extended letters run into
letters above and below. It is little helpt by the effort to find an open
space where the top of a tall letter can run up between letters in the
word above, as this adjusting makes the spacing very irregular. The
hight of the small letters (e.g. the m) must not be over half the space
between lines and five-twelfths is much better. This necessitates modi-
fying the ordinary rule that b, f, h, k, and 1 are three times the hight
of m. But the compactness demanded in cards seems to make this
necessary. Where the ruling allows it, the loops may be made longer.

Unless the ruling is very coarse the letters will be too small for the
greatest legibility, unless at least two-fifths the entire space is given
to m. This faulty minute writing is most common with ladies who have
been taught that abomination to poor eyes, the delicate ladids* hand.

The standard card has lines 6 mm apart, or four spaces to the inch.
On these the small letters should be 25^ mm high ; and b, f, h, k, and
1, 5 mm high, thus leaving i mm margin between the top of the tallest
letters and the line above.

In all these measures of hight, the m is the unit, and is called a space.
Small r and s are ^ space higher than m. While the usual rule is that
d, p, and t are two spaces high, or twice the hight of m, on the cata-
log card we must limit them to i ^ space, and b, f , h, k, and 1, which
are by common rule three spaces high, we limit to twice the hight of m.
In the same way f, g, j, y, and z go only a full space below the line,
and p and q, only ^.

b. Figures, unless the printed form is adopted, should all be a half
space higher than m, with 6, 7, and 9 twice its hight, 6 extended
above and 7 and 9 below the rest, as these extensions add to legibility.
In library work figures specially need to be very clear and bold, and
beside the extra size should be made with a heavier, blacker line.

We chose first the standard manuscript forms for figures, btit after
some months* trial agreed that the greater legibility of the printed forms
more than compensated for the slight extra labor of making them. We
then adopted the regular figures of new style type.

1234567890

At first we used the square topt 5, but changed to the round top, like
8, because the other form might be taken for 5 in hasty reading.

Many printers are now replacing the figures above with the old style
because of the undoubted gain in legibility. The old style has ascend-

Library Notes. 275

ers and descenders, and the eye gets a more distinct word picture, just
as it does from lower case type insted of small capitals.
To illustrate this fact

WE PRINT THIS LINE IN SMALL CAPITALS

and then show the old and new styles of figures.

Old style, 1234567890
New style, 1234667890

This is not a fair test, since the old style is so much smaller. Type
is strictly limited to the size of its body. 6 and 8 can be higher only by
reducing the hight of the rest. 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 are lower only by
keeping i, 2, 6, 8, and o above the bottom of the body. Therefore in
smaller size types the gain from ascenders and descenders is neutral-
ized by the reduction in size. But in ms we may use a larger size for
figures and then get this result : —

Old Style, I 23456789O
New Style, 1234667890

In new style the 3 and 8 often confuse, as do the 6, 9, and o. In
words, if the eye mistakes and reads u for n it does not affect the
result except in rare cases ; e. g., " abaudon " is surely read " abandon, '*
but in figures any combination is pronounceable and any confusion fatal
to accuracy. The old style gives the greatest variety in the outlines of
numbers, just as a house with towers, and gables, and bay windows has
so much more individuality than one in a city street of brown stone
fronts of the self-same hight, color, and detail, so that the oldest resi-
dent never knows his own house till he has scrutinized the door-plate.

We give below an outline which is neither old nor new, but the form
we were using when the sample card was written. There is no question
of the greater legibility of old style figures in print, and it would seem
that the same rule should hold good in ms. Opinions based on study
and trial are solicited.

Our card (see p. 281) gives the larger size as in new style and the
extension of 6, 7, and 9, as in old style, and seems more legible in ms
than the result of strict adherence to either.

For rapid work the standard ms forms are better because of the
greater speed possible in making them, specially 4 and 8.

c. Capitals are all the hight of 1, and J also extends one space
below the line.
The outlines printed will indicate these proportions to the eye.

276 Library Notes.

d. Shading. — Experiment proves that a uniform black line is more
easily read than alternate light and heavy lines. Shading is therefore
forbidden, and fine strokes are avoided, as the eye does not see them
but reads by the heavier lines. Alleged beautiful penmanship often is
uniform and very graceful, with no fault except its beautiful fine lines
and graceful shading, and yet wholly unfit for library cards. It is com-
mon to have to set these beautiful writers to learn to make their writing
more legible, even if less graceful, before it can be used on library cards.
This same principle is illustrated in printing types, where experts have
learned that the eye reads "old style** with its uniform black line
more easily than the modern improvement, "new style,** with hair lines
and shading.

e. Slant. — As in print the roman type of a given size is more leg-
ible than italic, so, other things being equal, the nearer upright the
letters the more legible the writing. Some find it impossible to write
exactly perpendicularly, and in such cases a slight backward slope
seems better than a forward. Both beauty and legibility demand that
the slant shall be uniform. Many library hands otherwise excellent are
ruined by different words and different letters of the same word having
varying slants. One having this trouble should use thin paper over
black-ruled lines till they acquire a uniform slant. It is like writing on
unruled paper — a little skill must be acquired or botch work results.

f. Breaks. — A common fault is lifting the pen and leaving a space
between the letters of a word. If this is done uniformly, as by some
experts, the effect is no more objectionable than in print, where each
letter is disconnected ; but the fault to be avoided is leaving a wider
space, which produces the same effect as if in print a letter were
omitted. It makes two words of one. Each word should be made a
unit by itself and form to the eye a distinct word picture. This broken
writing is like looking at engravings torn in strips like pickets of a fence.

We have before us a letter from T : A. Edison, the famous inventor,
who years ago studied this question of writing, seeking the fastest form
for telegraphic work. His sample has each letter as separate from its
fellows as in print. We have assumed that the connecting stroke
between letters was essential to any speed in writing ; but, if so expert an
experimenter as Mr Edison declares that higher speed may be obtained
without connecting the letters, greater legibility must be sought in this
direction, for certainly the connecting lines detract from the distinct-
ness. Prove this by tracing a connecting line between the letters of a
printed word.

Library Notes. 277

Since this article was first set up, six months ago, extended experi-
ments have been made which indicate that the ideal hand for cataloging
will be disjoined. After practice most pupils were able to write it
nearly as fast, and the result was more print-like and so more legible.
As speed is a minor consideration in a cataloging hand, tho the main
point in commerce, the majority settled on the disjoined form.

We shall welcome the results of experiments by others on this
important matter.

g. Spading. — The opposit fault with words is running two or more
together as if compounds. This is often done by the same careless
writer that separates one word into two ; i. e., he makes spaces as an un-
trained singer takes breath, just as he happens to feel like it. Proper
spacing is an art in writing as in printing. Many people have never
examined comparativly this feature in a finely printed volume and in
a hurriedly made newspaper. In the first, each letter is just so far from
its neighbor. Each word is separated by a uniform space from its
fellow. Each sentence has a wider space than that between words. The
eye reads easily and the page is beautiful. In the newspaper the
spaces between some words will often be greater than those between
some sentences. There is an irregularity trying to one unskilled in
reading and as offensiv to a trained eye as to see paragraphs run in
together and parts of the same clause broken into paragraphs. We
adopt the rule to separate words by the width of an m and sentences
by the width of two m's.

h. Uniformity is vital to a neat appearance, and has much to do
with legibility, Tho every letter be perfectly formed and in itself alone
worthy of a medal for its perfection, unless it is uniform with the other
letters in size, slant, line and spacing, the effect is like print in which
perfect letters from different fonts are used in the same word. We
have found in catalogs of prominent libraries cards that would corre-
spond fairly to print made of roman, italic, old style, new style, long
primer and brevier, all mixt in a single word and the letters varied in
form as much as the faces made by a half dozen different type
founders.

It is therefore essential that there should be uniformity among various
catalogers making cards, as well as in personal practice. A style should
be carefully adopted and then all assistants required to follow that style.
It is therefore important for all interested to help perfect a Standard
Library Hand, so that it may be given to each learner as a guide, thus
saving much valuable time otherwise required from the experienced
assistants who teach the novices.

278 Library Notes.

WRITING MATERIALS.

i. Ink. — Good writers are often handicapt by bad material, the
chief danger being in the ink. In this, beside the usual requirements
that it "flows freely, don't mold and will not corrode the pen, is jet
black when first written, etc. etc.," as may be read on the ink makers'
circulars, two main considerations must be observed : —

1. That the ink is permanent, A library like a government should
be sure that it uses a thoroly tested standard ink that will not disappear
with age, " fading still fading " as time goes on. Many otherwise desir-
able inks have not stood this test of time, and a library had best let
outsiders try the new inks and content itself with one of the
several well tested brands.

On p. 1 70-1 7 1 of this volume are valuable points regarding inks in
the advertizment of the largest and best known manufacturers in the
world. Later we shall print an article on Library Inks, summing up
the results of our experiments. At present, after repeated changes, we
use, as the best we have yet found. Carter's Koal Black for cards
and records. Carter's Fast Red and Blue where distinctiv colors are
needed, and Carter's Blak Copying Fluid where press copies are wanted.

2. The other great point is uniformity. Having decided what shall
be your standard library ink, stick to it and require every card writer to
use the same, not allowing one specially sensitiv to the fluidity to thin
the standard till its pallor is alarming. Inks called black vary in their
color, and if this year one is used and next year another, it produces the
same efifect among the cards as if so many dififerent kinds were in use
at once, for the cards become thoroly mixt and unless the ink as well as
the writing is uniform it annoys the reader.

Cards should not be blotted, thus taking off some of the ink, but.
should be allowed to dry with the full amount of ink on the lines, thus
giving a blacker, bolder line, and avoiding spoiling cards by occasional
slips of the blotter.

All this seems to some as fussy detail, but; it will cost no more to
observe these recommendations after the initial trouble of adjusting
one's writing to them, and every reader that consults the cards will be
grateful to avoid the annoyance and strain to the eye, which, without
such "finicky" care, must adjust itself a little differently as it turns
over card after card. All this has been proved to be practically use-
ful, and if no one understands anything farther, the cataloger who con-
forms to these details will, other things being nearly equal, get the
reputation of doing much more satisfactory work than one who disre-
gards them.

Library Notes. 279

Writing on bristol board insures a smooth surface, but on paper any
irregularity below it modifies the looks. A smooth desk pad with
blotters inserted is best ; after that some sheets of smooth paper.
Most newspapers give a poor surface, as do most table tops, writing,
desks, etc.

Pens. — Except in rare cases the best work is done with a steel pen.
Few people write a legible hand with a quill, and gold pens are better
suited to a rapid, dashing style than to exact work. Some of our
catalogers use King's Nonpareil pen. The Spencerian No. i is an-
admirable and very similar pen, but being so fine there is great danger
of too fine lines. King's No. 5 or No. 9 or some equivalent stub pen
is used by others and gives a heavier, blacker, and better line. The
personal equation and trial will prove which suits the hand best.

Ladies usually fancy that they must use fine pens, and it is only
after long trial that most of them adopt the broader point, which gives
the heavy, legible lines.

The holder should not be too small. Ladies specially are prone to
use little fancy holders that cramp the hand in long writing. To test
this, try to hold a knitting needle and write with it. The very large
hard rubber holders are best. Avoid holders with metal next the fingers.
Writer's cramp is by no means all a fiction, as many suflferers can tes-
tify, and to the sensitiv touch the feeling of metal, especially brass or
steel, is oflfensiv. The rubber is light and clean, and if it seems too
high in cost there are admirable holders of wood that are next best.

Stands. — With best of ink and materials, good work demands that
the ink be protected from too free evaporation and from dust. By far
the best stand is the " Perfect," but this is not now made, costing too
much to manufacture to leave dealers a satisfactory profit. The next
best is a bottle with throat only large enough to allow the pen to reach
the ink and with a ground glass stopper. When we could get no more
Perfect stands we adopted the common glass stopt bottles, in which red
ink usually comes. The thing to be avoided is a wide mouthed bottle,
where the fluidity of the ink finds a ready way out and the dust a ready
way in.

WORDS PER MINUTE.

Speed is not the main consideration in library writing as it is in news-
paper reporting. Matter to be read only once may fairly save a minute
in writing if it takes no more than a minute extra in reading ; but
matter that is to be read 100, icxx), or perhaps io,cxx) times, as are the
catalog cards, must not save even 10 minutes in writing, if it is

28o Library Notes.

going to cost one, or even one-tenth of a minute extra in reading. The
catalog hand cannot be written as fast as a running business hand, but
some skilful writers acquire a fair rate of speed without sacrificing legi-
bility. We made a test by having four catalogers write the Lord's
Prayer in catalog hand and then again in their rapid corresponding
style. The results were : —

MINUTES FOR 70 WORDS.
PERSON. CATALOG HAND. NOTE-TAKING HAND.

M. 3 i^

L. 4J4 3>4

P. 6 2^

C. ii^A S'A

The personal equation is very large in these results, but does not
account for all. The merit of the writing is not the same, nor is it in
the same ratio as the time taken. Some of the best in both the cata-
log and rapid hands are done quickest. The writer found that his
usual hand took i^ minutes for the 70 words, i. e., 40 words per min-
ute. But the result is perhaps the worst in the set. A cataloger who
can give satisfactory quality and at double the rate of another is worth
a large advance in salary, and this quickness often carries with it accu-
racy of a higher order. Other minds lose in accuracy more than they
gain in speed and must be content to plod along thru their work and
accept a smaller salary.

We ask reports of speed to get some statistics. The kind of matter
and style of writing should be noted.

LIBRARY ALPHABETS AND FIGURES.

It remains to discuss the main question, the forms of letters which
will give the greatest legibility. Of some letters the copy-books give
as high as 20 different forms from which people select the style that
suits their taste, as ladies choose ribbons for their bonnets.

The rubric that all the catalogers should write a uniform standard
library hand makes it necessary at once to throw out 19 of these 20
forms. At once all see that where the highest legibility is more impor-
tant than all else together, we must prohibit peremptorily everything
in the nature of ornament or flourish. The simpler and fewer the lines
the better, as long as the distinctness of the letter is not impaired. In
working over this question we had before us over 20 different alphabets
with matter written in them for illustration ; among the rest, one that
was less legible because of its brevity. So many lines had been omitted
that it was not so easily read. But this case stood alone. As a rule
the forms of letters require simplifying for the library hand. We give

Library Notes. 281

a hurriedly engraved outline which will make clear the forms chosen.
The card below is only an approximation to the hand described, for
the engraver, in reversing it on his block, has varied slant and distorted
proportions. This is most apparent where the letters are joined in
words, but this gives sufficient basis for criticism, and after longer trial
the Library Bureau proposes to issue a complete and accurate set of
copies for learners. Meantime we urge all interested in this question
to contribute any suggestions towards making the model more nearly
the most legible possible. Any suggestions of value will be given in
the next Notes.

BRIEF RULES FOR LIBRARY HANDW^RITING.

a. Size. Hight of m one space or 5-12 the distance between standard

6 mm rulings of catalog card. Hight of b, f, h, k, 1, two
spaces. Hight of d, p, t, lyi space, f, g, j, y, z, extend a full
space, and p, q, ^ space below the line,

b. Figures all i J4 spaces high except, 6, 7, and 9, two spaces,

c. Capitals extend two spaces above the line, and J also runs a full

space below,
flT, No shading. Uniform black line. Avoid fine strokes.

e. Letters upright, with as little slant as possible and that a trifle

backward rather than forward, and uniformly the same.

f. Join the letters of a word so as to make one word picture.

g. Separate words by space of an m, and sentences by two m's.

A. Uniformity. Take great pains to have all writing uniform in size,
blackness of lines, slant, spacing and forms of letters.

u 1 Use only standard library ink, and let it dry without blotting.

j\ Follow the library hand forms of all letters, avoiding any ornament,
flourish, or lines not necessary to the letter,

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282 Library Notes.

k. Dot i and cross t accurately to avoid possible confusion ; e. g.,
Giulio carelessly dotted has been found arranged under Guilio
in the cards. In foreign languages special care is essential.

/. Similar confusion often comes from ms r. After b, p, g, k, d, t, f, th,
and sh, the r can hardly be mistaken for v, tho made in the v
form. But with i, m, n, v, w, the many similar strokes are apt
to get confused if the v shaped r is used.

m. Capital Q is best made from left to right, not like O.

«. The character & is by many simplified, as shown in last line, into a
connected plus, which curiously is its mathematical equivalent.
It is so universally known that it may be admissible oti cards.

CARD POCKETS.

In the routine of most well-managed libraries now occurs, among the
things "to be done" to each book, "pocketing," with quite another
meaning than that the first unobserved reader is to put it in his pocket.
Nearly all libraries now use a reader's card, which is taken with his
book to tell on what date it must be returned. This has a few of the
most needed rules and penalties printed on one side. Many have also
blanks on which numbers of the books wanted are written.

These cards were forever being lost, and many of those that were
not lost might better have been, as they became so soiled in being
thrown about homes of readers, which are not always immaculate. Some
one soon saw the importance and practical necessity of a pocket in each
book, in which this card could be safely and tidily kept. The same
pocket was also used by libraries like Columbia, where a book card is
used, recording the number or initials of each reader who borrows that
booL After withdrawing our book card, which never leaves the
library, we also insert a date slip, showing when the book is due.
Readers often use it to slip in notes and references made while reading,
and for many purposes this pocket is of great practical utility. We
borrowed our Columbia pocket mostly from the Boston Athenaeum,
making some improvements. We [got of the Bureau thin but very
strong linen paper, specially made for such use. Insted of pasting
three edges to the back cover, leaving the top edge loose for tucking in
the card, we fold the two sides over a former (thick card 8 cm wide),
enough larger than our book card (7*xi2* cm) to insure easy insertion.
Then these sides and the bottom are pasted and put on enough below
the top edge of the book cover so that the card projects just J^ cm
above the outside. This makes it vastly easier to handle than if the

Library Notes. 283

card is below the line of the top edge, as then the fingers must pick it
off, while our cards can be taken out readily without opening the booL
The advantages of folding the sides, insted of pasting them, like the
bottom, are that the book card has a smooth, straight channel in which
to run, while the paste would leave it irregular, and the corner of the
card pusht in hurriedly would often catch and tear the pocket. The
pockets are now supplied by the Bureau, ready folded for any size of
card, and can be put in quicker than the plain paper.

These gave us great satisfaction, and we have often commended their
use to others, speaking somewhat slightingly of the advantages of the
patent pocket, perhaps from a tendency to think the best things are
those workt out by the Association committees and officers, and free to
all the world. We have, however, taken the opinions of a number who
have used the patent pocket, being led to do so by its adoption by a
library to which we had recommended the Library Bureau linen paper
pocket. The letters have all been so warmly commendatory that in
justice to Mr Wickersham's device, we give them space as reading
matter, and expect it will prove the best advertisement it has ever had.

We purpose to take the opinions of users of various other devices and
print them as the most practical guide to those selecting.

The Acme Pocket, as Mr Wickersham terms it, is made of strong
manila, cut with a peculiar die so that the cards can be put in and taken
out with the greatest rapidity, and yet are firmly held. On the surface
is printed the rules of the library. We ought in justice to say that
Mr Wickersham, Mr Poole's associate at Chicago, invented this useful
pocket, but that a previous patent taken out for quite another purpose
covered the principle, so that it was necessary to pay to the other man
a royalty on all made. The story of these pockets is best told in the
experience of those who have used them longest, and we quote their
exact words below.

From W: F. Poole, Prest. Am. Lib.^Assn. and Libn. Chicago P. L.

" The library-card pockets made by Mr W. B. Wickersham are used in this library, and
are a very simple and useful contrivance, preventing the loss of cards, and facilitating the
return of Dooks which have been lost or mislaid by their borrowers."

From Henry Baetz, ex-Librarian Milwaukee P. L.

" We have used the *Acme' library-card pocket since the organization of our library, and
are highly pleased with it. It is simple, cheap, and convenient, and amply serves the purpose
for which it is intended. I cheerfully and cordially recommend it to all arculating libraries."

From R. C. Woodward, Librarian Springfield (O.) P. L.

** Your *Acme' library-card pocket has been well tested in the Springfield Public Library
^during the past year and a halt, and has given entire satisfaction. I can cheerfully recom-
mend it for convenience and economy, preventing the loss of cards, preserving them in good
condition, and thereby avoiding the trequent necessity of replacing them."

284 Library Notes.

From Mrs R. J. Trask, City Librarian, Lawrence, Kan.

" I take pleasure in testifying to the usefulness of the *Acme' library-card pocket. The
small expense should not be allowed to deter any library from taking advantage of such
an efficient convenience. The use of the pockets makes my library work much easier. I am
quite delighted with them."

From Lucy Stevens, ex-Librarian Toledo (O.) P. L.

" It is with much pleasure that I respond to your request for my opinions concerning the
'Acme* library-card pocket. A better article for the purpose I have never seen; and as I
have had many years* experience with a great variety of library pockets, this testimony should
go for much. It combines in one all the best things desirable in an article of this kind, viz.,
It receives the card readily, holds it securely, parts with it without reluctance, while, not least
among its many virtues, its peculiar construction prevents it from becoming a harborer of
dust and * other things* which sometimes find their way into these receptacles, very much to
the annoyance of the librarian. In short, it is a generous pocket, ready to give and ready to
take. It is a pocket that can be trusted, and it is not wanting in the divine graces of econ-
omy, neatness, and beauty. My associates desire to unite in these commendations.**

From H: J. Carr, Treas. Am. Lib. Assn. and Public Libn, Grand
Rapids, Mich.

" The *Acme* library-card pocket was adopted and put in use after considerable inquiry
and investigation, since we were satisfied that it was the best form at present made for its
particular purpose, and that its use would result in advantages and saving, which fully war-
ranted the expense and labor of applying. So far as used, our people are well pleased with
it, and appreciate its advantages quite evidently. The writer has been familiar with use of
such and similar pockets elsewhere, and cannot urge too strongly the worth of such an appli-
ance in all working libraries.*'

From Jno. C. Grume, Libn. McPherson Sunday School, Dayton, O.

" I am using the *Acme* pockets, and recommend them to all librarians. They are an excel-
lent device, as they save re-writing soiled or lost cards.**

From F. H. Buck, Pflblic Librarian, Batavia, 111.

" I have used the *Acme* pocket in the Public Library of this place for a number of years,
and think it far the best thin^ to hold and preserve the librarj' cards. I do not see how there
could be anything better devised for that purpose.**

From M. I. Dryden, Librarian Dayton (O.) P. L.

"The pockets are entirely satisfactory. While waiting for our order to be filled we have
had the opportunity to prove their necessity, not only as a matter of convenience, but of
economy, both of liorary cards and time of the attendants in supplying new ones to those
who have lost them on account of the books being without the pocket.**

From Olive M. Wilber, Librarian Bryan (O.) Library.

" We find it very convenient, not only in preventing the card being soiled, but in keeping it
from being destroyed or lost. Since using it we would not know how to do without it.

From Springfield Public Library.

" We have used the *Acme* pockets since May, and have found them entirely satisfactory
and an excellent preventive of defaced and lost cards.** -

From Helen J. McGaine, Public Librarian St. Paul, Minn.

"The *Acme* library-card pocket has been used in this library for the last three years. It
is an excellent device for keeping the card safe and clean. I cheerfully recommend it as a
great convenience both to the book borrower and to the library attendants.**

From Geo. W. Hilton, Librarian Church of the Messiah, Chicago.

"We have them on every book of our library of 1,000 volumes, and 'find them quite neces-
sary in preventing cards from getting soiled and lost. The rules, being printed on them, are
always m a conspicuous place. They are easy of adjustment, and should certainly be in all
library books where cards are used.'*

From C. F. Waldo, Librarian Jackson (Mich.) P. L.

" My testimony in favor of the usefulness of the 'Acme* pockets may be tardy, but it is non^
the less genuine. I do not see how a free public library could be successfully managed with-
out them. We find them of great service m preserving cards from soil and loss. Send us
5,000 more.'*

Library Notes. 285

From Chas. E. Sinclair, Treas. Ravenswood (111.) Historical Society.

" We have been using the 'Acme* pocket in our books of the Public Library for about four
years, and believe them to be the best article of the kind in the market. They not only save
us much trouble, but our patrons are not bothered by losing their cards as they formerly
were."

From R. C. Woodward, Public Librarian Springfield, O.

" We have used them for several years, and would not be without them, as they save time
in re-writing soiled cards, or new ones for those lost. They are convenient, useful, and one
of the best devices given us towards securing neatness and quickness in our library work. I
hope you may find an increased demand for them. It is a good thing and ought to be pur-
chased liberally.**

From Minnie M. Oakley, Librarian Madison (Wis.) F. L.

" We think the *Acme* pocket an invaluable adjunct. A library book without a pocket is
as incomplete as a history without an index.*'

From Jennie K. Chase, Librarian, Kenosha, Wis.

" I take great pleasure in recommending the 'Acme* pocket as invaluable for the purpose
designed. They are convenient, durable, and of excellent service in preserving the cards and
catalogues.**

From Rev. C: W. Taneyhill, M. E. Church, Bowling Green, O.

"I can recommend the *Acme* pockets. They are a great aid in preserving the library
cards ; also, in keeping the record, as the number of the person is on his card, and often
would be forgotten, or the wrong one sent. The card tells the truth, and shows also who is
entitled to a book, should a new librarian be in."

From Lucy C. Wonner, Public Librarian, Terre Haute, Ind.

" We have used them three years, and find they are valued highly by our readers, as in
them cards are so easily preserved and kept clean. Also, we find they save the wear and
tear on books caused by readers looking through them for the cards. We have never had
any one thing that gives such general satisfaction to all as the 'Acme* pocket.**

HOW TO KEEP LIBRARY CIRCULARS.

A librarian constantly has coming to him pertaining to the library
more or less directly, circulars, clippings, price lists, etc., which he
usually throws in the waste basket, and many of which he afterwards
wishes he could look at. To catalog them would be much too high a
price to pay for the convenience. To hunt over perhaps a half bushel
for some page or two wanted, may cost even more in time than to
arrange the whole. In fact, many people find it easier to send a card of
inquiry to a distant city rather than hunt for a price or description that
they know to be within a few feet of the desk, but mixt in with much
else.

This plan works admirably : Take as a basis the classification of the
library fittings and supplies used by the Library Bureau and put this
number on the upper left hand corner of each circular, clipping, slip,
or sheet to be kept. Then arrange and keep in numerical order and
you can not only find any special thing wanted at a moment's notice,
but at the same time that you take that out of the series, attention
is called to any similar circulars which may have been saved ; e. g., you

286 Library Notes.

think of buying a new desk and remember having a circular some years
before of the Wooton. You open your file to 76 (the number for
desks) and find, not only this circular, but five or six others that you
had put in and forgotten, with the result of finding descriptions, cuts,
and prices of another that you like better.

So many of these things are clippings or single sheet circulars that
we found it worth while to use two L. B. files, size g : one having an
index 1-49; the other 50-99. In these our papers are kept clean
and in order, and look neatly on the shelves. When we want anything
a glance at the printed classification cut from a Library Bureau catalog
and pasted on the cover of each file, tells the number, and a finger
under that number in the index reveals the resources. The conven-
ience is very great.

We often use this scheme of numbers for notes on postal slips, and
in our file often drop a post card giving some price or information that
may be wanted again from printers or '.cabinet makers, binders, sta-
tioners, etc. Of course these slips could be put in our file with the
printed lists, but we prefer these in our drawer of uniform P slips.

Finally we use these heads to analyze our library expense account.
We head a sheet 20 x 25 cm for each number, and keep these in a shelf
list binder ; then our clerk posts on these sheets the date, quantity, and
cost of all the fittings and supplies we buy. As a result we see at a
glance what price we paid for previous lots, how long they lasted,
where we got them cheapest, etc.; and the footings for the year give
an interesting table of what it costs for each item in running a large
library. This analysis takes but little time, and is very often prac-
tically useful, and we commend the plan. The catalog of the Library
Bureau, with its alphabetical index, helps to decide where doubtful
items belong.

To make the above clear and for the convenience of those who wish
to use the scheme, the 100 heads used by the Library Bureau are
reprinted below. At Boston it is also used for the arrangement of
the goods on the shelves, and in the store rooms for the arrangement
of special circulars, electros, etc. Indeed, the variety is so great that
some such scheme is a necessity to find the little items among the
over 2,000 different articles which the Bureau keeps on hand.

Articles peculiar to libraries are called technical. Both these and
the ordinary stationery and desk equipment are divided into fittings and
supplies. Things resembling furniture or fixtures, used over and over
again till worn out, and at the annual inventory looked up as a piece of
property to be accounted for or reported missing, are called "fittings."
Articles consumed in use are called supplies.

Library Notes.

287

Catalog Classification of the Library Bureau.

MANUFACTURERS AND PUBLISHERS

For Public and Private Libraries, 32 Hawley St., Boston.

20 Publications.

11 Bibliografy, Catalogs.

12 Library Economy.

13 Cataloging.

14 Essays, Addresses.

15 Library Periodicals.

16 " Associations.

17 Special Libraries.

18 Reading and Aids.
1-9 Literary Methods.

40 Binders, Piles, Scraps.

41 Needle and Cords.

42 Metal Fasteners.

43 Pasted. Stubs, Scraps.

44 Pocket. Envelops.

45 Pamflet Cases. Boxes.

46 Spring. Clamp.

47 Pigeonholes.

48 Box and Index. Cabinets.

49 Miscellaneous.

70 Furniture.

71 Bookcases.

72 Portable^ Sloping,

73 Revolving.

74 Hanging,

75 Tables.

76 Desks.

77 Chairs.

78 Stands, Racks, Easels.

79 Miscellaneous.

ao Technical Pittings.

21 Shelving, Hoists, Trucks.

22 Card Cases.

23 " Trays.

24 " Fittings.

25 Slip Cases and Trays.

26 Stamps, Daters.

27 Indicators. Bulletins.

28 Book Supports, Braces.

29 Miscellaneous.

50 Standard Stationery.

51 Blank Books.

52 letter "

53 Writing Papers.

54 Envelops.

55 Pens, Pencils.

56 Inks, Mucilage.

57 Rubber Bands.

58 Clasps, Pins.

59 Miscellaneous.

80 Labor-Savers.

81 Duplicating.

82 Manifold Books.

83 Printed and Pat Indexes.

84 Pocket Devices.

85 Fountain Pens.

86 Book Holders, Rests.

87 Wall and Chair Tables.

88 Writing Machines.

89 Miscellaneous.

30 Technical Supplies.

31 Blank Books.

32 Cards, Index size.

33 " Postal "

34 Blank Slips.

35 Printed Forms.

36 Book Covers.

37 Labels. Shelf, Book.

38 Numbers. Metal, Paper.

39 Miscellaneous.

60 Desk Fittings.

61 Paper Shears.

62 Copying Apparatus.

63 Erasers, Knives, Openers.

64 Clips, Pads, Weights.

65 Penholders, Racks.

66 Ink and Mucilage Stands.

67 Desk Cabinets. Boxes.

68 Rulers.

69 Miscellaneous.

90 Miscellaneous.

91 Fonetic Publications.

92 Shorthand

93 Metric

94 Printing.

95 Binding.

96 Light. Lamps, Shades.

97 Heat.

98 Ventilation.

99 Miscellaneous.

«

CI

Explanation. All supplies ar divided into the 9 classes above. Each
class is again divided and numbered, e. g. book covers is the 6th division of
class 3, Technical Supplies, All book covers ar therefore numbered 36. Dif-
ferent kinds ar numbered 36^, 36^, etc. Where the variety of sizes or quali-
ties of any kind require, numbers added to the letter distinguish, e. g. 36^73
would mean book covers, style or patent a, size 3. In this way all allied
articles ar kept together in the catalog, which is arranged by these numbers
and letters, not by pages. Articles superseded by better ar dropt from the
list, and new ones ar added without impairing the classification. The alfa-
betical index at the end of the catalog refers directly to each article by this
-class number. The number is therefore the most definit description to use
in correspondence, orders, price lists and bills. Always giv number or date
of catalog used as printed on its title.

288 Library Notes.

LIBRARIANS AND THE EYES OF THE PUBLIC.

Of late the laissez faire doctrine is being constantly set aside in the
interests of hard sense. The public is protecting itself agenst disease
and crime wherever it sees clearly the way to do so. Public helth is
no longer a vague generalization, but we hav alredy a Sanitary Science
which is making good its claims to a foremost rank. And wc ar lerning
that it pays. B. Joy Jeffries, the eminent Boston oculist says : " A
corporation trezurer told me that he once concluded to test at his mills
whether all the doctors said about increast helth and strength from per-
fect drainage had any truth in it. Accordingly, tho all the drains and
sanitary points connected with the mill-hands' houses would have past
muster from ordinary observers or masons, etc., he had the whole thur-
oly overhauled, and each and every defect rectified. The cost was
naturally considerable, some thousands of dollars and the money seem-
ingly thrown away, till the superintendent in charge found the absence
of the skilled hands from sickness was greatly reduced, and a careful
estimate proved that the whole expense of repair of drainage, etc., was
thus cleared in one year. How much greater was the gain in helth,.
strength, and happiness for the employees, benefited, perhaps, against
their wills, as is so often the case! "

The past ten years have done much to introduce an era of common
sense respecting the care of the eyes. People finally came to realize that
dust, dirt, and bad air in factories often cost more than cleanliness and
good ventilation because of poorer work, regardless of ruining the eyes of
the artizans ; also, that it was cheaper to throw away chairs and desks
that by unsuitable size or shape required unnatural positions and were
causing myopia. Statesmen lerned that if the young and the poor
wer allowed to spoil their eyes the state had the unproductiv blind to
care for. So we ar entering on an era of official inspection of schools.
Soon factories and shops will be inspected and for the protection of the
public the law will stop practices that can but result in ruined eyesight.
And all this will pay in dollars and cents, not to mention the claims of
humanity for protecting those who cannot protect themselves.

Many people lose their eyes from a silly prejudice against wearing
glasses or from wearing those fitted by a quack pedler or a mere
jeweller, insted of consulting a competent oculist, who would prescribe
exactly what was needed. Now that every city has hospitals where
such advice may be had free, there is no excuse for such risks and
mistakes. This is, however, a personal matter, as is the personal
hygiene. Good advice where it is seen to be needed is about all the
help the librarian can giv. On this personal care of the eyes we plan
another article.

Library Notes. 289

As many children may point to the schoolhouse as the source of
their eye difficulties, so many readers may hold the library responsible ;
and the librarian, as a public officer, may fairly be expected to under-
stand this question and to do all in his power to avoid the difficulties.
The dangers are in three groups : i. Daylight ; 2, Artificial light ;
3, Reading matter.

1. Daylight. This is usually insufficient, specially in cities.
Sometimes there is too much and without provision for shading, the
glare is more trying than the other extreme. The main point is to use
what there is to best advantage. Readers may be forced by the
position of desks, tables, and chairs to sit facing the full light when
skillful rearrangement would protect the eyes, and also giv much
better light for reading or writing. The best direction for the light is
over the left shoulder. If windows ar large and numerous enuf to giv
sufficient light in dull days, they must be shaded in bright days. Many
a man ha^ gone on glancing from his book to the window unconscious
of the strain from the constant accommodating or focalizing of the eye
till the mischief is done for life. Sometimes it is direct sunlight ;
sometimes the reflection from a building opposit, or a sheet of water or
fields of snow. The same difficulty is noted below about unshaded
lamps.

2. Artificial lights, candle, oil, gas, or electric. Here the danger
rapidly increases. We see constantly thru shop and house windows
people at work with their heads near an unshaded lamp or gas jet,
where the direct glare is doing its slow but fatal work, ably seconded
by the heat given off. If the hand is put on the side of the head nearest
the lamp, and then on the other side, the contrast is startling. Yet
people continue this exposure for years, who would understand at once
the danger if their head was held to a stove and similarly heated.
Few people understand how large a part heat plays in spoiling eyes.
Now a bit of tin or paper costing but a few cents would protect the
eyes both from the glare and heat, and produce an upward current
between the lamp and the face, and giv better light on the work ; and it
is little short of criminal for a librarian or other officer having control to
allow these lights to go unshaded. An opaque paper shade is cheap, dura-
ble, and effectiv. The white porcelain shade, so much used, requires a
paper shade outside it for delicate eyes. This can be extemporized by
bending the edge of a letter sheet under the rim of the shade.

The lamps ar often too fat from the book and too weak or too strong
in the amount of light given. The 50candle lamps used in some
libraries giv a glaring reflection from the white page that will strain

290 Library Notes.

most eyes unduly. In our experiments we found ten and i6 candle
power ample, and provided each reader with one such lamp, rather than
spending the same money on a 50-candle lamp for the use of three or
four readers scattered about it. It costs the same to run, gives no one
as good a light as his small lamp, and tries the eyes of all much more
than fourfold.

The ideal lamp must be redily adjustable in hight and position. We
need hardly say that the advantages of such a light as the Edison
incandescent ar so great above any oil or gas as to warrant great efforts
in securing them. The reading-room should not be flooded with light
as if for a ball. Much better is the mild light defused from the small
lamps of the individual readers, supplemented by a few general lights,
shaded from the eyes by reflectors which throw the light against the
backs of the books.

On this mechanical part the librarian may hav a clear conscience if
both day and artificial light is provided where needed, in sufficient
quantities for all uses, but under control and with proper opaque shades,
the lamp being adjustable and the tables and desks so placed as not to
force a reader to close his eyes or face a trying glare from window or
lamp each time he lifts them from his book.

But a reader may take proper personal care of his eyes, and the
librarian may provide suitable light, and yet the most important ques-
tion, books and serials as affecting the eyes, is left.

In selecting the books it should be remembered that after all the chief
end of books is to read, and that reading means use of the eyes. In
choosing editions the librarian must note all those details that make or
mar a book's legibility. The type must be of the right size, of the right
cut or face, must not be worn so as to giv blurred and confused or
broken lines ; the ink must be of a color and quality that yields a uni-
form, easily read impression, for alternating heavy and dark patches ar
as bad for the physical as for the esthetic eye. The paper must be of
the right color and texture, and opaque, so that the print will not show
thru. The type should be leaded, tho some recent scientific experi-
menters claim that the universal opinion of printers, that leaded type is
more legible than a size larger unleaded, is not well founded.

On these detailed points we ar now experimenting, and suggestions
ar invited from all readers.

-' - ■* -

Library Notes. 291

Editor's Notes.

All communications and inquiries for the editor, exchanges^ press copies, etc, should
be addrest, Melvil Dewey, Columbia College, New York, and marked L, N.

All subscriptions, copy for advertising, remittances and business communications^
should be addrest to the publishers, Library Bureau, 32 Haw ley St., Boston,

All subscriptions are understood to be for the complete, current volume.

The editorial and business departments are absolutely independent. Any descrip-
tions, illustrations or references in the reading matter to articles sold by any firm are
because the editor believes them to be valuable to his readers, and are wholly on the
merits of each article without knowledge or influence from the business department.
After such descriptions are written, the publishers seek, in the interests of readers^
to secure advertizments of what is reported best. Therefore, when anything is men-
tioned in both editor's and business columns it is always advertized because found
worthy endorsmentj but never endorst because advertized in our journal.

The editor is responsible for all unsigned matter except in the advertizing pages.

When requested by contributors we follow their spelling, capitals, etc. Other-
wise we follow some of the recommendations looking toward the improvement of
English spelling, made by the two Associations which include nearly all the leading
living scholars in English, viz,, the American Philological Association and the
English Philological Society,

As noted on p. 228, we ar embarrast by the amount of matter that
seems " wanted in the next Notes." Matter mostly in type makes up
this number, which will be held back so as to include the index to the
volume. A very full department of Literary Methods and Labor
Savers is crowded over to No. 5 because we hav reacht the limits of
space allowed by our publishers. We promist in No. i 2CX) p. for the
year, and can hardly complain at being limited to 3CX).

Requests ar so numerous for early treatment of subjects of immedi-
ate practical interest to several readers that we will issue v. 2 in
nine months, thus making the volumes correspond hereafter to the cal-
endar year. Curiously the Library Journal also in v. 3 was thus fitted
to the calendar year.

We receive many appreciativ words and not a few subscribers, but
readers interested must bear in mind that we can maintain Library
Notes only with the earnest cooperation of those who believe that such
a journal, circulated very widely at a trifling price, is essential to satis-
factory library progress. Let those who think $1.00 too cheap for so
large a technical magazine send a second dollar with the names of two
friends, to whom Notes will be sent for a year. A large number
should follow the example of some of the best libraries, which giv a copy
of Notes to every member of the staff.

A librarian can hardly be very deeply interested in our success if he

292 Library Notes.

cannot get his trustees to appropriate 50 c. for each assistant. It is
hardly conceivable that any one engaged in a library will not hav his
services increast in value more than 50 c. a year by having the 300 pages
to read, annotate, and use, for himself, as personal property. A copy
in the library cannot properly be markt up nor kept out of place, and
does only a small fraction of the good it is intended to do, and that it
does do where a fair chance is given. Every library needs one clean,
perfect set for its shelves, and every officer having any real interest in
any department of library work should hav also a personal copy, paid
for by the library, and supplied as increasing his value, just as a wise
management supplies any needed labor-saving tool to increase efficiency.

If the library will not pay for these subscriptions, assistants may sup-
ply themselves at half price, provided the library is a subscriber.

We thank many friends for their valuable notes and contributions,
which ar fully appreciated, and many of which will appear in early
numbers. Again we repeat the plain words on p. 79, and urge readers
interested in library progress and the development of a worthy library
science to contrihute sometAin^,thb it be only a post card, after reading
each number of Notes. Send the editor your comments and sugges-
tions, so others may get the benefit of your thinking and of your
experiments and experience.

Publishers' Department

INVARIABLE ADVERTISING RATES.

I insertion. 2 insertions. 3 insertions. One Year.

One Page (7 in.), 100 agate lines $20.00 $36.00 $48.00 $60.00

One half Page, 50 " " 12.50 22.50 30.00 37-50

One fifth Page, 20 " " 6.00 10.80 14.40 18.00

One tenth Page, 10 " " 3.50 6.30 8.40 10.50

Cover or facing reading matter Pages, 25 per cent advance on above rates.
A line in Library Notes, being full width of page, equals two lines in ordinary columns.
The right is reserved to reject any copy not suited to the Notes.

Our Advertisers. We accept only the best for our advertising
pages, and they are often as interesting and valuable as any in the
number. Every reader will find it worth while to look thru these pages,
and may feel confidence in the houses represented.

We are able to give so good a magazine for so small a price only
because our advertisers have recognized our special circulation and
supported us handsomely. In their own interests, readers should say a
good word for the Notes wherever they can help its support, and, in
writing to advertisers, mention where they saw their announcements.

Library Notes. 393

A. L. LUYSTER

IMPORTER OF LONDON BOOKS, OLD AND NEW

AUTOaBAPHB, AUTHORS' MANUSCRIPT, etc.,

98 lassau Stnet, lei lott Cil;, ni 10 SIlTtt Stmt, Lonlon, Eoslail

CYCLOPAEDIAS.

Every Home, School and Office neecb a Cyclopaedia, which shoald be Reliable, Fresh
as to information and LOW IN PRICE. We can help you lo the BEST at a saving of
fully y> per cent. Write for particular!, slating how much you can afford to pay.

Adir.», BOX 2867, New York.

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Inlne 30 pens, with an Illustrated pB,iD|ililet and Price List of all our BPENCERIAJf SPECIAL
will ba Mut poat-iiald. on receipt of 8 CENTS, Id piiidxce stamps.

IVISON, BLAKE MAN, TAYLOR & CO., 7M auifjSS Broadway, Kew Torlt

DIXON'S
American Graphite Pencils

Uncqualed for smooth and tough leads.
If your stationer does not keep them, send
1 6 cents for samples worth double I he

JOS, DIXON CRUCIBLE CO.,
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Lead Pencils. Gold Pens.

JS. FAJBERS

PEXHOLDERS. RUBBER BANDS.

eberhard" faber,

718 Brotul-n-ay. - - - No^r Yorlc.

Library Notes.

THE WORLD TYPE WRITER

PRICE

GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE.

Weighs only jj^ lbs. Outside dimensions less than 12 x 6 x 3
inches. Can be carried in a hand-bag, for there is nothing to get
out of order. Not a toy, tbo it may be safely operated by a
child. It will do some work impossible for the |icx3 machines; e. g.,
it will write on any paper, from tissue to heaviest cardboard,
and handle readily and accurately any size, from a postage stamp
up to a 9 inch wide continuous roll. It makes only about one
twentieth the noise of the common typewriters.

Being noiseless, it can be used freely in reading-rooms, where
the common machine could not be tolerated for an hour. It writes
on the stiffest and narrowest catalog cards as readily as on letter
sheets, and is thus preeminently

THE LIBRARY WRITING MACHINE.

Send for Full Descrtplive Circular to

GSO. BSCKSR A. CO.,

General Agents for U. S-,

30 GT. JONES ST., NEW TOEK.

Sold by LIBRARY BUREAU, 32 Hawley Street, Boston.

Library Notes.

295

Can You Ask Fuller Proof?

In its face, is it not folly for any writer to deny himself the comfort
of the

Most Perfect Writing Instrument Ever Devised,

when he may get what, after a month's trial, he would not sell, without
replacing, for ten times its cost ?

These witnesses speak what they do know, and their testimony is sure.
Will you not profit by their desire that others shall share the advantages
they enjoy ?

It has been on my mind a number of times
during the winter, entirely unprompted by
any one, to write you an expression of the con-
stant satisfaction I am finding in using the
Ideal Pen. In conmion with so many others
I had tried one after another of the pens
which are at present on the market, and had
thus quite an assortment of pens which in
theory were perfect, but which in practice
were so decidedly imperfect as to be soon
relegated to "innocuous desuetude." I had
despaired of ever finding any really satisfac-
tory self-feeding pen when yours was brought
to my notice, and in a most pessimistic spirit
I essayed to fulfill the old rhyme :

" If at first you don't succeed,
Try, try again."

This time the right pen came. I have used
the Ideal Pen for over a year, and have
found it as well-nigh perfect as anything I
can readily conceive in the shape of a writing
utensil. It has relieved the labor of the desk
immensely and done what grace could not
always succeed in doing — keeping me in an
equable temper. I would not be without it
for many times its cost. I write thb on the
principle that when a man has found a good
thing he ought to let others know of it. —
Rev. R. Heber Newton, D. D., Rector
All Souls' Church, New York.

I have used your Ideal Pen, as you know,
from the very first. I have tried almost if
not quite all on the market, and my judg-
ment is that it is out of the reach of com-
parison with any other. I have four of them
in constant use. — Rev. Geo. F. Pentecost,
D. D., Brooklyn, N. Y.

I have used the Waterman Ideal Fountain
Pen for about one year. I have often said
that my satisfaction with it is so great that I
would not sell it for |i,ooo if it were not to
be replaced. We have several of them in con-
stant use here, and with great satbfaction.—
J. L. Halsey, ist Vice-President Manhattan
Life Ins. Co., N. Y.

I have been specially interested in Foun-
tain Pens for 1 5 years, and have tried scores
claiming to be the " best and perfectly satis-
factory," but none were worth using, till I
found the " Ideal " in 1883. For three years
I have used it with increasing satisfaction.
In this time I have personally used over 20
of them, often giving up my own to a friend
and getting another. It is a pleasure to bear
this unsolicited testimony to the merits of a
most useful invention, for I wish others to
know and share its benefits. — Melvil Dewey,
Chief Librarian and Prof, of Library Econ-
omy, Columbia College, New York.

See this page in each issue for new proofs.

Circulars, with full description, cuts, price-lists of the many sizes and
styles now made, and many more testimonials like the above, free on
application to

L E. Waterman, Sole Maker, 155 Broadway, New York.

3g6 Library Notes.

THE PHONOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE,

JBROME B. HOWARD, Editor.

FUBLISHED MONTHLY AT THE PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE, CINCINNATt, O.

Ever]' number of the Magazine will contain twenty-four paces, the printed portion of
each being cVzS^j incbea, of which eight pagea will be occupied bj Goel; engraved Phonog-
raphy, divided amongst the Corresponding, Eaav Reporting, and Brief Reporting Styles — the
latter bein^ largely in excess. The portion givn to the Reporting Style will be keyed and
' annotated in the ordinary type, furnishing an invaluable means for study and practice to
students of the art. The matter selected will be of fresh and current interest.

The Magazine is edited by Mr. Jerome B. Howard, who for Gve years past has been
daily associated with Mk. Benn Pitman in the compilation of phonoeraphic worVs and the
revitiOD of Mr. Pitman's series of text boolcs. The Magazine will therefore be th* one
thing needful to students of the Benn Pitman System of Phonetic Shorthand — a periodical
complement to the regular books of instruction.

Contributors of reputation and experience hav been engaged, and nothing will be lacking

ESTABLISHED 1848.

B. WESTEEMANN & CO.,

Foreign Booksellers and Importers,
838 Broadway, - NB'w York.

The supplying of Librvies has been .v specialty of our firm since it was esUblished
thirty^eight years ago.

Foreign Publications supplied to Libraries

By ■. ■TIIOIR A CO., aa Park PlaM, NKW YORK.

We have fUreet COnneetionB with all publishers and dealers in second-hand boohs,
in Gennany, Austria, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and with many prominent firms
o( £ng1an4 France, Italy, Holland, Belgium, Spain, etc. — have a

Branth at 2 Thalstrasse, Ltipag. — Experienced, prompt, and reliable agents in Amsler-
dam, Brussels, Copenhagen, Slodiholm, Milan, Rome, Madrid. — Lendan: 13 Bedford Street,
Covent Garden. Paris: 174 Boulevard St. Germain. We keep the largest assortment
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intmoOiatelv-

Our prices are as lotv, and our ferlfM as advantOffeous as those of other firms.

Out own catalogues and lists, and foreign dealers' catalogues of second-hand books will
be mailed free on application. 'E. Stelger & Co.t 35 Park Place, New Tork.

rTm: lambie^
B06" f"i0L 'i"B8.

The Most Pwfaat OlotlonirT HsMar Mida.
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Library Notes. ^97

SAMPLES PRBB BY MAIL.

DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION AND RELAIIV INDEX

FOR

ARRANGING, CATALOGING AND INDEXING PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIBRARIES

AND FOR

PAMFLETS. CLIPPINGS, NOTES, SCRAP BOOKS, INDEX RERUMS, ETC.

Second Edition. Revised and Greatly Enlarged,

By MELVIL DEWEY, A. M.

Professor of Library Economy and Chief Librarian of Columbia College; Consulting Librarian of Wellesley
College ; Secretary American Library Association ; late of Amherst College Library,

and Editor Library Journal.
BOSTON : LIBRARY BUREAU, 32 HAWLEY ST.

Brief Description.

All known subjects ar groupt into 10 Classes numbered with the digits, 0-9, e. g.
5 is Science. Each Class is treated as a separate library and divided into 10 Divi-
sions numbered likewise, e. g. 51 is Mathematics. Each Division has 10 sections e. g.
513 is Geometry. Many of these sections ar further divided so that the minutest
topic may hav a specific number, all after the first three figures being arranged as deci-
mals. Thus 33 1 .89 is Strikes, or to gi v the meaning of each figure in order (as would be
seen at a glance in the book) Sociology ; Political Economy ; Capital, Labor and Wages ;
Laboring Classes ; Strikes. All subjects in the scheme ar arranged in simple arith-
metical order, and the great Index in a single alfabet enables a novice to assign the
minutest topic to its exact place in the classification or to find anything alredy assigned
by the quickest and cheapest method yet discovered. Full directions ar given for
applying this system to its manifold uses and also for variations to meet special
cases. A 40-page pamfiet with full explanations how this is done and suggestions
of its great practical value to every literary worker will be sent free to any applicant.

This scheme, first printed in 1876 in 40 pages, had 1000 heads in the Tables and
the largest Subject Index then printed. This edition has many subjects divided a hun-
dred fold more minutely, the Index is many times as large, a colum explanatory of
the scope of each topic, distinctiv type and improved arrangement, add greatly to the
accuracy and rapidity of reference. Ample space is given for ms. notes in the tables,
and various editions provide for special wants. This system is equally adapted to
the largest public or smallest private collection, to books on shelves, pamflets in cases,
clippings in scrap books, cards in catalogs, notes in boxes and trays, etc. Wherever
compared for economy and ease of adoption and use, it is chosen above all others.
See 40-page descriptiv circular.

Scores of articles exactly fitted for the most convenient use of this system in its
manifold applications hav been made by the publishers in order to ensure the best acces-
sories at the lowest cost. These include cards, slips, cases, trays, charts, guides,
scrap books, index rerums, etc., etc. Descriptiv circulars free.

Price Postpaid. Half Turkey, gilt, A. L. A. Binding, $5.00. Full Persian morocco,
gilt, flexible, $5.00.

No person interested in libraries can afford not to investigate this system now
adopted more widely than any half dozen others. Sample pages free.

Library Bureau, Publishers, 3a Hawley St., Boston*

298

Library Notes.

Sample number mailed free to applicants.

SPELLING

A MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO THE

Simplification of English Orthografy

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE SPELLING REFORM ASSOCIATION

Vol. I— No. I May 1887

CONTENTS

Spelling 3

Always with us 4

English spelling the wurst 4

Reform it 4

Our scope and purpose 5

Use of amended spellings 6

Support 7

English spelling condemd 7

F. A. March, LL.D., L. H. D 8

W: D. Whitney, LL.D., L. H. D 9

Thomas R. I^unsbury, A. M 10

F. Max Miiller, LL.D 10

Andrew D. White, LL.D., L. H. D. . . 11

S. Wells Williams, LL.D 12

H: L. Wayland, D. D 12

Paal A. Chadbourne, LL.D 12

W: T. Harris, LL.D 13

Richard Morris, LL.D 13

John D. Morell, LL.D 14

Joseph Angus, LL.D 14

F: A. P. Barnard, LL.D., L. H. D. . . . 14

James A. Harrison, L. H. D 15

David Swing 15

' David Dudley Field, LL.D 15

Frands J. Child, Ph. D., L. H. D 16

William G. Sumner, LL.D 16

Tracy Peck, A. M 16

Jesse Macy, A. M 16

Lord Lytton 17

James Hadley, LL.D 17

J. Hammond Trumbull, LL.D., L.H.D. 17

Sir C: E. Trevelyan, K. C. B 17

Newspapers and Magazines 18

Philological Associations iS

High time to reform 18

Spelling Reform from an Educational
point of view. By J. H. Gladstone,

Introductory remarks, 19; Present expendi-
ture of tiraeinleming to read and spel, 20;
Time that might be saved^ as ; Other advan-
tages of a simplified spelling, 37; Objections
answerd, ^o; Spelling reform in other cuntries,
32 ; Conclusion, 34.

Spelling Reform Association 35

The winter meeting 36

The next meeting 38

S. R. A. Bulletin 38

Departments of ''Spelling." 38

Progress (including Associations,
Press, Platform, Practical reform);
Economy; Education; Fonetics; Alfa-
betics; Etymology.

For Subscribers 40

Legislativ action in Pennsylvania. . . 40

National Educational Association. . . 40

Notes 41

Spelling Reform Aids 42

Publisher's Department 43

BOSTON : LIBRARY BUREAU

LONDON : Trtibner ft Co. LEIPZIG : G. E. Stechert, zo Hospital St,

Quarterly. $1.00 a year; to Europe, 4s.

Library Notes.

299

Sample of quarterly magazine free.

SPELLING REFORM ASSOCIATION,

OFFICERS FOR 1886-1887.

PRBSIDBNT :

FRANCIS A. MARCH, LL.D., L.H.D.,
Prof, of English and Coniparativ Philology, Lafayette College, Easton, Penn.

VICB-PKKSI DENTS :

W: D. WHITNEY. LL.D., L.H.D.,

Prof, of Sanskrit and Comparativ Philology,

Yale College.

FRANCIS J. CHILD, Ph.D., L.H.D.,
Prof, of English, Harvard University.

W: T. HARRIS, LL.D.,
Director School of Philosophy, Concord, Mass.

F: A. P. BARNARD, LL.D., S.T.D., L.H.D.,
President of Columbia College, New York.

H: L. WAYLAND, D.D.,
Editor of the National Baptist^ Philadelphia.

C K. NELSON. D.D.,
Brookeville, Md.

J. M. GARNETT, LL.D.,
Prof, of English, University of Virginia.

JOHN L. JOHNSON, LL.D.,
Prof, of English, University of Mississii^i.

J. C. GILCHRIST, A.M.,
Prin. Iowa State Normal School, Cedar Falls.

GEORGE H. PAUL, A.M.,
Postmaster, Milwaukee, Wis.

SBCRRTARV :

MELVIL DEWEY, A.M.,
Chief Librarian and Prof, of Library Economy, Columbia College, New York.

CORRHSPONDING SBCRBTARV :

CHARLES P. G. SCOTT, Ph.D.,
76 Fifth Avenue, New York.

TRBSURBR !

CHARLES E. BPRAGUE, A.M.,
1271 Broadway, New York.

W: B. OWEN, Ph.D.,

C: P. G. SCOTT, Ph.D.,

nNANCB committbb:
T. W. HUNT, Ph.D.,

PUBLICATION CX3MMITTBB:

F. A. MARCH, LL.D., L.H.D.,

C: M. BERGSTRESSER, A.M.

MELVIL DEWEY, A.M.

COUNCIL.

WILLIAM G. BALLANTINE, A.M.,
Prof, of Hebrew, Oberlin College.

W: M. BASKERVILL, A.M., Ph.D..
Prof, of English, Vanderbilt University.

HERMAN C. G. BRANDT, A.M.,
Prof, of French and German, Hamilton College.

FISK P. BREWER, A.M.,
Grinnell, Iowa.

D. G. BRINTON, M.D.,
Editor of Med. and Surg. Reporter y etc; Phila.

HOWARD CROSBY, D.D., LL.D.,
Late Chancellor, University of City of N. Y.

DANIEL B. HAGAR, Ph.D.,
Principal of State Normal School, Salem, Mass.

M. W. HUMPHREYS, Ph.D., LL.D.,
Prof, of Andent Langiiages,Univer8ity of Texas.

ISAAC H. HALL, Ph.D., L.H.D.,
Of the Metropolitan Museum, New York.

THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, A.M.,
Prof, of English, Yale College.

JOSEPH MEDILL,
Editor of the Chicago Trihtme.

THOMAS R. PRICE. LL.D.,
Prof, of English, Colombia College, New York.

WILLIAM ARNOLD STEVENS, D.D.,
Prof, in Rochester Theological Seminary.

JOSEPH THOMAS, M.D., LL.D.,
Editor of Lippincotft GoMttUer^ etc ; Phila.

CRAWFORD H. TOY, D.D., LL.D.,
Prof, of Oriental Languages, Harvard University.

WILLIAM HAYES WARD, D.D.,
Editor of Tht ImUpendent, New York.

PuBUSMBXS : LIBRARY BUREAU, 3a Hawley St., Boston.

•% 'B,^trj one who favors the improvement of English spelling, in anv way, or to any extent, binvited to Job
this Association. Annual fee $% ; life membership $2p. Inquiries promptly answerd. Address the Correspondiof
Secretary or Tresurer, or (for documents* etc.) the publishers.

300 Library Notes.

PENELOPE'S SUITORS.

By Edwin Lassetter Bynner, author of *' Agnes Surriage," etc. 50 cents.

A quaint and delightful little romance of Massachusetts Colony days, printed in antique
style.

THE SUNNY SIDE OF SHADOW.

Reveries of a Convalescent. By Mrs. S. G. W. Benjamin, i vol.

i6mo $1.00

" Refined from cover to cover . . . language of singular beauty. The most beautiful
passages in this book would not appear to advantage in other surroundings, as the most deli-
cate, fresh fragrance of the violet cannot be bottled by the perfumer." — Advertiser,

LETTERS OF HORATIO GREENOUGH

To his Brother, Henry Greenough. With Biographical Sketches, and
some Contemporary Correspondence. Edited by Francis Boott
Greenough. i vol. i2mo. With Portrait $i«2S

A portait of a sensitive nature, keenly alive to whatever was fine and true. The letters
throw side-lights on the growth of art and artistic tastes in America. There are letters from
Willis, Dana, the Greenoughs, et ais.^ with charming pictures of Boston fifty years ago, of
Washington, of foreign travel, and personal impressions of men.

NIGHTS WITH UNCLE REMUS:

Myths and Legends of the Old Plantation. By Joel Chandler

Harris. Paper covers 50 cents.

The best companions for ail travelers who wish to get the largest possible amount
0/ information and pleasure out of a summer Journey,

GUIDE-BOOKS.

WHITE MOUNTAINS. NEW ENGLAND. MARITIME PROVINCES.

One volume for the peaks and cascades, lakes, and ravines of New Hamp-
shire. One for the grand marine scenery and quaint cities of the Canadian
seaboard. One for the scenic beauties and romantic antiquities of New
England. These books contain scores of maps ; vivid descriptions of the
scenery, history, and poetry of each locality ; lists of hotels at each point,
with their prices and locations ; accounts of routes of travel by sea and
land ; choice quotations from hundreds of favorite authors, referring to spe-
cial localities, and no end of other items, to minister to the comfort, satisfac-
tion, and enlightenment of the traveler. The volumes are bound in flexible
red cloth, and each contains from 400 to 500 pages.

" Every whit as good as * Baedeker.* " — Independent.

" Admirably put together." — Rev. Dr. Prime, in N. Y. Observer.

" Merits good words and liberal patronage." — N. Y. Evening Post.

" These books contain everything which the traveler wants to know, in precisely the shape
he wants to have it." — Boston Jatirnal.

" The Osgood Guide-Books are much the best we ever had in this country, and they can
challenge comparison with * Baedeker's,' which are the best in Europe. The volume devoted
to the White Mountains is full, precise, compact, sensible, and honest." — New York Trihune.

" We have not only read these books with delight, and studied them with profit in the seclu-
sion of the library, but we have traveled with them and by them on the sea and land. A con-
densed literature of great variety and richness is stored up within their pa^es. They are
simply indispensable to tourists in the regions named, and those who have sallied forth with-
out them have omitted the really most important part of their equipment." — Literary IVorld^

Sent, post-paid, on receipt of price ($IJ0 each) by

TICKNOR & CO., BOSTON.

Library Notes.

301

INDEX.

LIBRARY NOTES, Vol. i. JUNE, 1886-MARCH, 1887.

The superior figure tells the exact place on the page, in ninths. 129^ means page 129, one ninth from top to
bottom.

By omission of many capitals, proper names and capitalized words are made more prominent.

By free use of abbreviations, mostly self explanatory, more references are given in the same space. The
apostrophe to mark omissions of letters in abbreviations is disregarded as nnneoessary.

Abbreviations, excessiv, 9'; forename, 55 ;
month and day, 57, 138-9; writing frac-
tions, 142; library, 206-11; Cutter's 100
forenames, 206-7 i headings, imprints, and
notes, 207 ; book titles, 208 ; places of pub.,
titles, states, 209-10; months, days, figures,
sizes, lib. colors, bindings, 210-11.

Accession book, 27-9; place for number, 24^

Account, lib. expense, 286*.

Acme card pocket, 283*- 5.

Actual size method, 211^.

Administrativ work of librn., 21*.

Advertisers in Notes, 149; support of, 229^

Advertising for L. N., 3^; rates, 59', 149',
229^ 292.

Advice to young librn.*, 22'; from leading
librns., 108*.

Aids, for libms. and catalogers, 4'; essential,
5'; and reading, 145'; Cushing's anonyms
and initials and pseudon3rms, 200; for
catalogers, official names of state legisla-
tures, 212-3.

Alphabets and figures, lib., 280-1.

American Bureaus of labor statistics, ^^13.

Am. Catalog, 267*.

Am. libs., objects of readers in, 184^; vs.
English libs., 192-5.

American Lib. Assoc., accession book, 28';
aim, when founded, influence, 5'-* ; benefit
to libs., 3^; cataloging rules, iii^; consti-
tution, 12-13; dept. in Notes, 144^ 198-
214; development of modern lib. idea, 47;
forename abbreviations, 55"; need of cen-
tral office, 6* ; no. of members, 6" ; object,
12'; officers for 1886, 14; standard card
size, 34* ; yearly dues, 8^

A. L. A. Bibliothecal Museum, 53; in Lib.
School, 266*.

A. L. A. Catalog, 20^.

A. L. A. meetings, aim, 6'; benefit to libms.,
16^; committee on next, 14^; geographical
summary, 99-101 ; Milwaukee meeting, ar-
rangements, 15-16; route, 16; expenses,
17-18; partial program, 19; program en-
larged, 95; report, 93-5; post-conference
excursion, 95-9; Thousand Island meet-
ing, 260-1.

A. L. A. Publishing Section, origin, 20,
101-4; constitution, 104-5; P^^^^t lOS"^
198-9; first meeting, 107; practical good,
195^1 bibliog. bulletin work available,
i99«.

Am. Metric Bureau, chief interest, 43' ; adv.,

254.
Am. Philological Assoc, progress in spelling

reform, 44*.
Analysis of lib. expense account, 286^.
Anonyms, circular of Cushing*s, 200.
Antique or clarendon in ms, 140'.
Apathetic libs., how to interest, 7*.
Appleton & Co., D., adv., 74; favors to Lib.

School, 267*.
Applicants for positions not wanted, 91'.
Apprentices* lib., N. Y., city aid, 225*.
Arabic numerals, 210'; and Roman, 143'.
Architecture. See Building.
Armstrong & Son, A. C, adv., 78.
Arrangement of cards, rules, 124.
Art building, Buffalo lib., 224^
Artificial light, use of eyes by, 289^.
Astronomical atlas, adv., 66.
Attractions and opportunities of librarian

ship, 51-3.
Atwater's newspaper file, adv., 59'.
Author index on cards a necessity, 34'.
Autographs in Buffalo lib., 223^; Luyster

adv., 229*.
Babies' library. See Children's Lib. Assoc.
Bachelor of Library Science, proposed degree,

2689.

Baetz, H:, Acme card pocket, 283'.

Barrows, Isabella, church memorial lib., 226'.

Bates, C: A., Chamber over the gate, adv.,
152.

Beaumont, people's palace, 136^.

Beginners in libs., 108'.

Besant, Walter, people's palace, 136^.

Best width of column, 13S.

Bibliographical bulletin work for Pub. Section,
199'; cards, 107'; lectures in Lib. School,
269'; lists, index to, 106^; prep, reading
for Lib. School, 272^; pubs., adv., 70-3;
reference cards, I98^

Bibliography in Notes, 145*.

3oa

JLribrary Notes.

Bibliothecal Museum, A. L. A., 53; in Lib.
School, 266^

Bicycles and tricycles, adv., 67, 165, 239, 251.

Binder, Common-sense, 31*; adv., 68, 160,
234, 250; shelf list, 31'; forexpense acc't,
286*.

Binders' paste, for book plates, 25*;

Binding, copy book-plate before, 25'; adv.,
162.

Bindings, abbreviations for, 211^; language
colors in, 2ii'.

Blocks for card catalogs, 39-40.

Bond E: A:, & Brit. Mus. printed catlg., 180'.

Book, power of a modem, 82-5.

Book binding, adv., 162.

Book braces, supports, or props, 214-23;
Lake George discussion, 218-9; summary,
222.

Book card, 282*.

Book cover, adv., 162.

Book holders, adv., 152.

Book numbers. Van Everen, adv., 162, 236. •

Book plates, 23-5.

Book support, Massey, 215. See Book Braces.

Book titles, abbreviations, 208.

Books, accession, 27-9.

Books and reading (Venable), 255-60; as
ornaments, 260^ ; building or, 177-9; ^avor-
its of great authors, 259^; for the young,
He wins, adv., 72. ^^ <7/r^ Reading.

Boston Athenaeum card pocket, 282'.

Bowker, R: R., loss on lib. pubs., 194*; copy-
right, its law and its literature, 72';
special favors to Lib. School, 267*; unsel-
fish devotion to L. j., 5'.

Braces, supports, or props, 214-23.

Breaks in lib. hand, 276^

Brett, W: H., pencil, dater, and check, 133'.

Brick book support, 214', 218'.

Brief rules for lib. handwriting, 281.

British Museum, catalogs, 179-82; in 1877,
187* ; use as a universal catlg., 182' ; card
catalog inexpedient for, 183^; manifold
system, 187-8.

Bruce lib., N. Y., gift of, 224'.

Buck, F. H., Acme card pocket, 284*.

Buffalo book brace, 219.

Buffalo lib. gift of mss, 223*; and art
building, 224^

Building or books, 177-9; Buffalo lib. and
Art, 224^; Cornell Univ. lib., 224^

Buildings, lib., new college, 49'; adv. fire
proof, 153; proposed views, 224'. See
also Progress.

Bulletins, bibliographical work for Pub. Sec-
t'lon, 199".

Bureau of Education, U. S., lib. dept., 135.
Bureaus of labor statistics, American, 213.
Business judgment, lack in some libms., 195^.
Business training, women lack, 90^
Busy men, need of labor-saving notes, 9*.
C, M. S. See Cutler.
Caligraph, cyclostyle stencils, 141.
Candle, parafine, for sticking drawers, 141 ^^
Capacity of card catlg. drawers, 190*; how to

increase, 191*.
Capitals, rules, 121-3; in lib. handwriting,

2759.

Card, book, 282*; reader's, 282*; ruling of
standard, 274*.

Card catalog, blocks, 39-40; cases, catlg.,
best form, cut, 38; standard size, 196*;
how to increase capacity, 191'; condenst
rules and sample cards, 11 2-31; drawers,
37-9; estimates of space required, 180*,
I83^ 190-2; guards, 36; how far can it be
carried (R: Gamett), 183; answer (Dewey),
189-92; Mr Garnett*s case against, 186;
necessity of, 186*; systems (Gamett), 182-6.

Card catalogs, 33-4 ; of Boston and Harvard,
prophecy, 180^.

Card pockets, 282-5.

Cards, methods for keeping, 187*; on muslin
hinge, 187'; printed, 107'; bibliographical,
107*; samples for catlg. rules, 125-31 ; cat-
alog 34-6, 190*.

Carlyle, T: on Book of Job, 260' ; on books,
84'; reading, 81*; the true univ., 255*.

Carnegie, Andrew, gifts by, 45^ 137*.

Carr, H: J., Acme card pocket, 284'; pencil,
dater, and check, 133'.

Carter, Dinsmore & Co., lib. inks, adv.,
170-1 ; inks for libs., 252, 278*.

Carter, Rice & Co., Lincoln mem. mss, adv.,
1519.

Cartridge paper, used in Brit. Mus. catlg., 188*.

Cases. See Card catalog cases.

Catalog, classification of Lib. Bureau, 286^
287; defined, 189'; duplicate copies of,
185'; of British Museum in 1877, 187*;
portability, 184^ 194; Am. vs. Eng. sys-
tems, 192-5 ; difference in systems, 189*.

Catalog cards, 34-6; printed, 106', 198*;
stocks used, 190*. See also Cards.

Catalog guides, 40-2.

Catalog rules, A. L. A., iii*; condenst,
with sample cards, 125-31; first rules for,
1799.

Catalog. See A. L. A., Author, Card, Sub-
ject.

Cataloger, initial given, 24^

Catalogers. See Aids.

Library Notes.

303

Cataloging, made a science, i8o'; by letter
vs. by shelves, i8o' ; See Cooperativ.

Catalogs, British Museum, 179-82; and
classification, 11 1; dept. in Notes, 145^,
212-3.

Central office for A. L. A., 6'.

Century dictionary, how duplicated, 182^

Channing, W. E., on books, 85'.

Changes in the Lib. School for the second
year, 268-70.

Chase, Jennie K., Acme card pocket, 285'.
. Check marks, 112.

Check, pencil, and dater, 133.

Chicago, A. L. A., visit to, 93'.

Children, books for, adv., 72'; classics for,
adv., 73.

Children's Library Assoc, 261-3; constitu-
tion, 263-6; work, I44^

Christian Union quoted on A. L. A. meetings,

47'-
Church alone cannot uplift people, 44^

Church libraries. Notes include, 11'.

Church memorial lib. gift, 225".

Cicero, on books, 84^

Circular of information. Lib. School, changes

for second year, 268-70.
Circulars, how to keep, 285-7.
Clarendon or antique in ms, 140'.
Class in Lib. School, limited, 270*; picture,

267".
Classics for children, adv., 73.
Classification, Decimal or Dewey System,

i33'» 23I^ 297-
Classification and catalogs, iii; dept. in

Notes, 145*, 212-3; ^^ ^i^* fittings and

supplies, 285*, 286*-^, 287 ; See Decimal.

Clippings, how to keep in lib., 285-7.

Clubs in Lib. School, 270*.

College-bred women in libs., 89*; 91^

College library, new position, 49*.

Colleges, mistake made in buildings, 178^.

Colors, library, 211*; in bindings, 21 1*.

Columbia bicycles and tricycles, adv., 67, 165,

239, 251.
Columbia College Library, sample book

plate, 24 ; staff attend A. L. A. meetings,

16^. See School of Lib. Economy.
Column, best width, 138.
Committees, alarm at initial expenses, 22'.

See Cooperation, Finance, Standing.
Common-sense binder, 31^; adv., 68, 160,

234. 250.
Communications for editor, 3*.
Compound numbers, waste of time in leming,

43'-
Condenst rules for card catalog, 1 12-31.

Conferences. See A. L. A. meetings.

Congressional lib., space provided, 185*.

Constitution A. L. A., 12-13; A- L. A.
Publishing section, 104-5 J Children's Lib.
Assoc, 263-6.

Consultation dept. of Lib. Bureau, 60.

Contents card, 193*.

Contents and notes, rules, 121.

Contractions, month and day, 57, 138-9.
See Abbreviations.

Conventions. See A. L. A. meetings.

Cooperation, solicited, 4' ; watchword of lib.
movement, 5' ; and modem lib. idea, 48* ;
invited for labor-saving notes, 54'; library,
195 ; and Index to periodicals, 195-7.

Cooperation committee, A. L. A., 14' ; circu-
lar, 20 ; improved devices by, 48' ; motions
on rep., 103'; rep. of W: L Fletcher,
102-3; r^P' O'* ^<^o^ supports, 1878, 215.*.

Cooperativ cataloging, 20; sec. rep. on
loi'; organization for, 105'.

Cooperativ Index to Periodicals, 5*, 8\ 195*.

Copy-books for lib. hand, 28 1^

Copyright : its law and its literature, adv., 72.

Cornell, J. B. & J. M., fire-proof lib. build-
ings, adv., 153.

Cornell book support, 218*.

Cornell Univ., new lib. building, 224'.

Cost of library equipment, 22-3.

Councillors, A. L. A., 1886, 14'.

Cover, book, adv., 162.

Cover for accession book, 28*.

Cramp, writer's, 279*.

Critict The^ adv., 61.

Crocker book brace, 220-2, 222'.

Cross, A. T., stylographic pen, adv., 236,
249.

Cross references, 193; on book plate, 24';
in shelf list, 30*, 33'; in catalogs, 183*.

Crume, J. C, Acme card pocket, 284*.

Cummings, Mrs J., lib. gift, 225^

Cushing, W:, Anonyms, circular, 195^, 200.

Cutler, Mary S., official names of state legis-
latures, 212-3.

Cutter, C: A., forename abbreviations, 55',
206-7 J '^ced of library school, 87^.

Cyclopxdia, Johnson's, adv., 65, 151, 238,
293; young folks', adv., 172.

Cyclostyle stencils, typewritten, 141.

Date slip, 282^

Dater, check, and pencil, 133.

Dawson, N. H. R., interest in lib. movement,

135*-
Day and month contractions, 57, 138-9.

Daylight, use of eyes by, 289*.

Days of week, abbreviations, 210.

304

Library Notes.

Decimal classification and rclativ index, adv.,

231'; printed shelf labels for, 133'; 297.
Decimal weights and measures. 254.
Decimals, 143.

Degrees proposed for Lib. School, 268^ 269*.
Delegates to A. L. A. meetings, 16'.
Dells of Wisconsin river, 96*.
Departments of Notes, regular, 144-5.
Development of modern library idea, Assoc,

Journal, Bureau, School, 47-9.
Dewey, Melvil, rep. to A. L. A. on co-

operativ cataloging, loi'; A. L. A. Coop.

com. rep., 103*; library experience, 150;

lib. coop, and Index to periodicals, 195-7 ;

lib. abbreviations, 206-11 ; Children's Lib.

Assoc, 262^
Dewey, Mrs Melvil, geographical A. L. A. .

summary, 99-101. ,

Dictionary holder, adv., 152.
Dimond & Co., rubber stamps adv., 66.
Discourses, written, answer no questions, 255*.
Disjoined writing, 276*, 277*.
Dixon lead pencils, adv., 293.
Drainage, money value of good, 288^-*.
Drawer system of keeping cards, 187^
Drawers, card catalog, 37-9 ; capacity, i9o'-2;

to make them run easily, 141.
Dryden, M. I., Acme card pocket, 284*.
Duplicate copies of catalog, 185^ 194.
Eaton, Gen. J:, service to libs, as U. S.

Com*r of Educ, 135*.
Economy book support. See L. B. Book

support.
Economy Notes, continuation, 8*.
Economy of going to lib. headquarters, 6*;

false, of some trustees, 23*; See Library

Economy.
Edison incandescent light, 290*; adv., 155,

233. 247-

Edison, T: A., disconnected writing, 276*.

Editor's Notes, 146-8, 228, 291.

Education, obstacles to elementary, 43*; by
reading, 81-2; needed for librn., 91*; U. S.
Bureau of, lib. dcpt., 135; general most
needed in Lib. School, 272^

Educational trinity, church, school, and libra-
ry* 44-5-

Educator, library as an, 43-4.

Electric light, 290*; Edison, adv., 155, 233

247.
Embossing stamp, 26-7.
Emerson, R. W., on books, 84*.
Employment dept, Lib. Bureau, 60.
Employment vs. profession, lib., 50-1.
English libs. vs. American, 192-5.
Epitaph, amusing, at La Pointe, 98'.

Equipment, cost of library, 22-5.

Essay index, 106^, 199^.

Estimates of space required for card catlgn
i8o^ (Garnett) 183*, 190*; (Dewey) 190-2.

Evanston, A. L. A. visit to, 94'.

Exact reference, best method of, 56.

Excursion, A. L. A. Milwaukee post-confer-
ence, 3', 15*, 95-9; itinerary, 18; proposed
after Thousand Islands meeting, 261I

Expense account, lib. analysis, 286*.

Expenses of Milwaukee trip, 17; of lib.
equipment, 22-3.

Experiment and experience, 79-80.

Extempore shade for reading lamp, 58.

Eye glasses, importance of, 288'.

Eyes of the public, and libms^ 288-9a

Faber, A. \V., adv., 69, 152, 231, 293.

Faults in handwriting, 273'.

Faust, enchanted table in, 256*.

Favorit books of great authors, 259*.

Fees for Lib. School, 269*.

Fellowships of $500 in Lib. School, 269^.

Figures for lib. handwriting, 274', 280-1;
Roman and Arabic, 143', 210°.

File, newspaper, adv., 59'.

Finance Com. A. L. A., 1886, 14*.

Fire and police dept. exhib. Milwaukee, 94'.

Fire-proof lib. buildings, adv., 1 53.

First meeting of A. L. A. Publishing Section,
107.

Fiske, Mrs W., gift to Cornell Univ. lib., 45'.

Fittings, defined, 286^ ; and ftapplies, classifi-
cation of lib., 285", 287.

Fletcher, W: I., rep. A. L. A. Codperation

• Com., 102-3 ; plans of A. L. A. Pub. Sec-
tion, 106, 198-9.

Fold symbol, size notation, 211'.

Forename abbreviations, 55; Cutter's 100,
206-7.

Forms of letters, best for lib. hand, 280*.

Fort Snelling, A. L. A. visit to, 97'.

Fountain pen, Waterman's ideal, adv., 69,
152, 232, 295.

Fractions, best way to write, 142.

French method of keeping catlg. cards, on
muslin hinge, 187'.

Froude, H:, Polit. Sci. Q. adv., 241.

Garnet, R:, British Museum article, 147*-',
179*; plan for printing, 180' ; letter quoted,
181^; cheapest way to duplicate catlgs.,
181^; card catalog systems, 182-6; against
the card catlg., 186.

Genius of the press (poem), 177,

Geographical A. L. A. summary, 99-101.

Gifts, of mss, to Buffalo lib., 223^; recent to
libraries, 45^ 136-7 ; N. Y. Free Circ. lib.,

Library Notes.

305

224*; Springfield lib., 225'; ^«f^ Progress.

Ginn and Co., adv., 73, 158-9, 240-1.

Glasses, importance of, for eyes, 288".

Gluck, Ja. F., gift to Buffalo lib., 223*.

Glue to cover zinc guides, 42'; paste, 25,
I40».

Government report on pub. libs., 47'; as pre-
paratory' reading for Lib. School, 272^;
summary, 1884-5 '"^P-* 227.

Green, S: S., on need of library school, 88* ;
lecturer in, 203*.

Guards, card catalog, 36.

Guides, catalog, 40-2.

Gum tragacanth glue, receipt. 42'.

Halkett and Laing, anons. and pseuds., 200^.

Hames, E. H., Literary World, adv., 154.

Hammond typewriter, adv., 76, 168, 244,312;
cyclostyle stencils, 141.

Ilanaway, E. S., founder Children's Lib.
Assoc, 262^.

Handbooks for lib. reference, 228^; Notes, a
series of, 147s 156'; in preparation, 4'.

Handicap of women in libraries, 89-90.

Handwriting, library 91*, 271*, 273-7 ; words
per minute, 279^-80 ; most legible forms of
letters, 280*; brief rules, 281 ; wood cut of
best forms, 281.

Hannah, G:, lunch to Lib. School, 267'.

Harper Bros., favors to Lib. School, 267*.

Harrison, F:, on reading, 81".

Hartford lib. assoc, gift, ^25^

Heading cards, rules for, 117.

Headings, abbreviations, 207.

Headquarters, library, economy of using, 6*.

Heat, danger to eyes, 289*.

Heath & Co., D. C, adv., 64, 164, 235.

Herschel, Sir J:, on reading, 84^

Hilton, G: W., Acme card pocket, 284'.

Holders. See Pen holders.

Holt & Co., H:, Young folks' cyclopaedia,
adv., 172.

Hospitalities, Milwaukee conf., 3', 15^

Hours and salaries of librarian's, 92'.

How to keep lib. circulars, 285-7.

" How to use the lib.," proposed manual, 198*.

Howard, J: B., Phonographic Mag., adv., 237,
296.

Howard memorial lib.. New Orleans, 226'.

Hugo, v., unlettered character, 257'.

Huntington, L. L, church memorial lib., 225*.

Illiteracy, increasing, 43* ; how to gain on,
44^ ; illustrated by maps, 83*.

Imprint, rules for entry of, 119-21 ; abbrevia-
tions, 207-8.

Indentions, many prohibited, 35*.

Index, Essay, 106", 199*.

Index to bibliografical lists, 106^.

Index, to recent reference lists, \V: C. Lane's,
106*, 198'; to periodicals, adv., 71 ; Coop-
erativ, 5', 8^ 195*; lib. cooperation and,
195-7 ; papers, self, 140.

Indexes needed, 20^.

Indexing, leger, 140; scientific serials, io6^

Indictators, English, 189*.

Initials and pseudonyms, Cushing's, 200^.

Inks, 278-80, Carter's lib., adv., 170-1. •

Inkstands, 279^

Inspection shelves, day colors for, 21 1^

Institutions as life members of A. L. A., 16*.

International weights and measures, 254.

Iron. See L. B. book support.

Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., Spencerian
pens, adv., 151, 293.

Jackson, F:, welcome to St. Paul, 97*.

James, H. P., how to keep paste, 140^.

Jeffries, B. Joy, quoted on eyes, 288'.

Job, beauty of book of, 260'.

Johns Hopkins' Univ., cause of success, 178^

Johnson's cyclopaedia, adv., 65, 151, 293.

Kilboum City, A. L. A. visit, 96*.

King& Merrill, Nonpareil pens, adv., 63, 161,
248.

Knoxville, Tenn., lib. gift, 136'.

Label holder for shelf guides, 40'.

L. B. book support, 216-7, 2i8', 219*, 222";
attachment, 219*.

L. B. files, 286*.

labels, shelf (cut), 132-3; Van Everen gumd
numbers, adv., 162.

Labor-savers, librarians, and literary, 8-9; for
readers and writers, 55-8, 138-43, 291*.

Labor-saving equipment, 23'.

Labor-saving notes, 8*-'; design, 9'-*; plan
53-5. See Labor-savers.

Labor-saving principles, 142.

Labor statistics, American bureaus of, 213.

La Crosse, Wis., A. L. A., visit, 97".

I^ke George book brace discussion, 218-9.

Lambie, book holders, adv., 152, 231, 296.

Lamp shade, extempore, 58 ; danger to eyes
from unshaded, 289* ; best power for eyes
289'; ideal, 290'.

Lane, W^ C, Treas. A. L. A. Publishing Sec-
tion, 198'; index to recent reference lists,
1989.

Language, dept. in Notes, 145*; colors in
bindings, 21 1^

Languages as librn's tools, 270*; most im-
portant, 272*.

I^rned, J. N., Buffalo book brace, 219.

Lead pencils, Faber, adv., 69, 152, 231, 293.

Leaded type, 290'.

306

Library Notes.

Lectures, by librarian, 9*; in library school,
list of extra, 108-10, 203-5; bibliographi-
cal, 269' ; special courses, 270* ; Columbia
College, free, 202.

Leger indexing, 140.

Legislatures, official names of state, 212-3.

Letter by letter cataloging, 180^.

Letters, for size notation, 211' ; most legible
forms, 280*.

Leypoldt, F:, unselfish devotion to L. j., 5* ;
loss on lib. pubs., 197I

Librarian, as lecturer and activ teacher, 9*;
value of Notes to a young, 11^; adminis-
trativ work, 21*; danger of copying, 22';
advice to young, 22'; old type and new,
46*-'; the moving spirit, 45'; mental and
moral plane of work, 50' ; influence of earn-
est, 52' ; motto, 92* ; quack, without train-
ing, 268*.

Librarians, aids for, 4'; school for training, & ;
and literary labor-savers, 8-9 ; two classes,
79^; women, 89-90; qualifications, hours,
and salary, 91-2; those not wanted, 92';
advice from leading, 108^ ; horse, tricycle,
adv., 67, 165, 239, 251 ; lack of business
judgment, 195'; appeal to, 197'; overstock
of mediocre, 269*; and the eyes of the
public, 288-90.

Librarianship, attractions and opportunities ;

Libraries, how to interest apathetic, 7' ; most
permanent of institutions, 29'; the true
universities for scholars as well as people,
49-50; American vs. English, 192-5, ob-
jects of readers in, 184'; scholars* vi,
popular, 192'; N. Y. Prison, 226; sum-
mary of U. S., 1884-5, 227 ; visiting, 271*.
See Church Gifts, Private, Progress, Small,
Sunday School.

Library, quartet and its work, 5-7 ; the real
university, 9'; selecting a system, 21-2;
equipment, cost of, 22-3 ; as an educator,
43-4; missionary work, 44'; why it does
or does not succeed, 45-7 ; old and new
t)rpes, 45^-6; employment vs. the profes-
sion, 50-1 ; work of .two kinds, 91* ; dept.
of U. S. Bureau of Education, 135; inks,
adv., 170-1, 252; cooperation, 195; and
the Index to periodicals, 195-7 ; abbrevia-
tions, 206-11; colors, 211*; of standard
books, influence, 260"; science vs. econ-
omy, 269' ; alphabets and figures, 280-1 ;
circulars, how to keep, 285-7 ; expense
account, 286^.

Lib. Assoc, of United Kingdom, dept., 144';
See American and Children's.

Library Bureau, publishers of Notes, 3^ 8*;
card pockets, 283*; copies of lib. hand-
writing, 281* ; classification of lib. fittings
and supplies, 285*, 286*-^ 287; origin, &;
reduced fare secured thru, 17^; treadle
embossing machine, 27^ ; complete lib. out-
fits, 48'; essential factor in lib. movement,
59^; employment, consultation, publication
and supplies depts., 60 ; A. L. A. group in
Witch's Gulch, 96"; printed shelf labels,
^33^; special favors to Lib. School, 267*;
U. S. report on pub. libs., 272'.

Library Chronicle, 145*.

Lib. conferences. See A. L. A. Meetings.

Library economy, 132-4, 145^ 214-23, 269^

Lib. handbooks. See Handbooks.

Lib. handwriting. See Handwriting.

Library Journal, io«, ii*, 55^, 93^ 95^, i02«,
228', 267 ; full information in, 266^, 291',
adv., 71 ; official organ A. L. A., 3*; origin
and scope, 5' ; with Cooperative Index to
Periodicals and Literary News, 5', 8^ ; cir-
culation, 7'; reduced price, 7', 8'; Notes
do not duplicate, lo'; great value, 10^;
responsibility of libms. to contribute, 10^;
development of modern lib. idea, 48' ; exact
reference adopted by, 56^; to be used for
details, 144', 145*, 266*, 291'; contents in
Notes, 144'; best bibliog. in, 145*; set for
sale, adv., 153, 237; unselfish work for lib.
interests, 197^ ; summaries of U. S. rep. on
libs., 227*; story of Children's Lib. Assoc,
263*; as preparatory reading for Library
School, 271'.

Library manual, how to use, I07^ 198*. See
also Hand-book.

Lib. movement, modem, four agencies neces-
sary, 5*; watchword, 5'; development,
47-9 ; L. B. as factor, 59* ; how to spred,
148*,

Library Notes, first issue on two weeks'
notice, 4'; needs of readers, 4*; mission,
8', 10* ; necessity for, 6' ; 7^ 8' ; price and
plan, 8' ; matter wanted for, 10 ; to pros-
pectiv subscribers, 1 1 ; names suggested
for, 11'; advertising space, 59', 229"; reg-
ular depts., 144-5; * series of handbooks,
147*, 228'; topics to be treated, 147*; co-
operation askt, 147*; copies to be given
away, 148*; support of our advertisers,
149; why its opinions are valuable, 150;
adv., 156; press notices, 157; what sub-
scribers say, 174-5; as preparatory reading

for school, 271'.
Lib. School. See School of Lib. Economy.

See also Aids, Buildings, Church, College, Fit-

Library Notes.

307

tings, Handbook, Handwriting, School of,
Lib. Economy, Supplies.

Life members A. L. A., institutions, 16*.

Light for eyes, day and artificial, 289.

Lincoln memorial mss, adv., 151'.

Linderfelt, K. A:, admirable A. L. A. ar-
rangements, 96^ ; A. L. A. gold souvenir,
96'; pencil, dater, and check, 133".

Literary labor-savers and librarians, 8-9; and
methods for readers and writers, 55-8,

138-43-
Literary milliners, 9*; snobs, 9^.

Literary News, 267*; adv., 70; and L. j., 5",

Literary World, adv., 154.

Literatures of the world, Lib. School lectures

on great, 270*.
Loan and reference work, 91'.
Loan desk, pencil, dater, and check for, 133".
Long Island Hist. Soc, visit of Lib. School

to, 267*.
Lowell book support, 219*.
Luyster, A. L., adv., 151, 229, 293.
Macaulay, on books, 84*; favorits, 259'.
McCaine, Helen J., Acme card pocket, 284*.
McGhee, C: M., lib. gift, 136^
Madison, Wis., A. L. A. visit to, 96^.
Main entry, rules, 113-7.
Manifold system, British Museum, 187-8.
Mann, B: Pickman, need of library school,

87*.
Manual, how to use the library, 107^ 198*;

of librarianship, Notes as a, 147', 156',

2289.

Ms, marking clarendon or antique in, 140'.
Marking margins and passages, 58.
Massey, A. P., pencil, dater, and check, 133';

book support, 215, 217*, 222'; new pattern,

217*.
Materials, writing, 278-80.
Matter wanted for Notes, 10.
Measures, metric weights and, 143, 254.
Medical lib., national, new building, 136'.
Mediocre librns., overstock, 269*.
Meeting of A. L. A. Publishing Section, 107.
Mental and moral plane of librn., 50'.
Merriam & Co., G. and C, adv., 61, 153.
Merrick, W:, lib. gift, 225^
Merrill, C. W., on need of library school,

88^; support of Cushing's anonyms, 200".
Metric Bureau. See American.
Metric weights and measures, 43^ 143, 254.
Michelet, workman *s love of books, 257*.
Mill, J: Stuart, amount of reading, 257^
Milliners, literary, 9*.
Milton, J:, on books, z^d^-^

Milwaukee, A. L. A. visit, 94^.

Milwaukee conference. See A. L. A. Meet-
ings.

Minneapolis, A. L. A. visit, 97'.

Minnehaha Falls, A. L. A. visit, 97*.

Mission of Library Notes, 7-8, 10*.

Missionary library work, 44^

Mitchell, Hon. Alex., railroad excursion, 96'.

Modem library movement, four agencies
necessary, 5'; watch word, 5'; develop-
ment, 47-9; Lib. Bureau an essential
factor, 59*; how to spred, 148*.

Month and day contractions, 57, 138-9.

Month, abbreviations, 210.

Moral plane of lib. work, 51^; mental, 50'.

Morocco, Turkey, for shelf binders, 31*.

Motto of librn., 92*.

Mucilage and book plates, 25^.

Museum. See A. L. A. Bibliothecal.

Muslin hinge for cards, 187^

Name for Lib. School, 269^.

Names,' for Notes, ii'; of state legislatures,
official, 212-3.

National medical lib., new building, 136'.

National Sunday School Lib. Union, aims,
I44«.

Neumann Bros., lib. bookbinders, adv., 162,
238, 252.

New England, leading in free libs., 45'.

New England Magazine, adv., 163.

New Orleans, Howard memorial lib., 226'.

New Princeton Review, adv., 78.

N. Y. Apprentices' lib., city aid, 225*.

N. Y. Free Circalating lib., gifts, 137*, 224;
interest in Children's Lib. Assoc, 263^.

N. Y. prison libs., 226.

Newberry, Walter, gift to Chicago, 45*.

Newspaper file, Atwater's, adv., 59'.

Nims & Knight, adv., 75, 167, 243, 311.

Nonpareil pens, adv., 63, 161, 230, 248.

Notation, size, abbreviations, 211.

Notes and contents, rules for, 121; editor's,
146-8, 228, 291 ; on postal slips, filing,
286^. See Labor-saving and Lib. Notes.

Numbering machine for shelf lists, 32".

Numerals, Arabic vs. Roman, 143^ 210'.

Oakley, Minnie M., Acme card pocket, 285^.

Obstacles to elementary education, 43*.

Oculist, Jeffries, quoted, 288*.

Officers of A. L. A., 1886, 14.

Official names of state legislatures, 212-3.

Oil City, use of books in, 260*.

Opportunities and attractions of librarian-
ship, 51-3.

Origin of A. L. A. Publishing Section, 101-4.

Ornaments, books as, 260^.

3o8

Library Notes.

Ottendorfer, Oswald, gift to N. Y. free circ.

lib., 224^
Packer, Judge, gift to Lehigh Univ., 45^
Palace, people's, 136.
Panizzi, Sir Anthony, rules for catalog, 179';

protest, i8o^
Paper for shelf lists, 31^
Papers, sclf-indext, 140.
Parafine, to prevent rust, 141^; to make

drawers run, 14 1^
Passages, marking, 58.
Paste for book plates, 25' ; how to keep, 140' ;

for zinc guides, 42^ See Book Braces.
Patent book support, 215".
Pen, A. T. Cross, stylographic, adv., 236, 249.
Pen, ideal fountain, adv., 69, 152, 232, 295.
Pencil, dater, and check, 133.
Pencil sharpener, Sibley's patent, adv., 238.
Pencils and pens, Faber, adv., 69, 152, 231, 293.
Penholders, 279*.
Pens, best for lib., 279* ; King's nonpareil,

adv., 63, 161, 230, 248; Spencerian steel,

adv., 151.
People's palace, 136.
" Perfect" inkstands, 279*.
Periodicals, scientific, E. Steiger, adv., 75.

See Cooperativ Index.
Perkins, F: B., ed. Economy A^otes^ 8^
Permanence in plans, women's lack, 90*.
Philological Soc. of England, progress, 44^

See Spelling Reform Assoc.
Phonographic Magazine^ adv., 237, 297.
Photographic processes and modern books.

Photography, for Brit. Mus. catlg., 181'; for

cataloging and rare books, 182 ^-^
Pigeon holes, metal, 191 ^
Pin, revolving shelf, 134.
Pioneer class, appreciation of Lib. School,

270*.
Places of publication, abbreviations, 209.
Plans, of T^abor-Saving Notes, 53-5 ; of A. L.

A. Publishing Section, 105-6, 198-9.
Plates, book, 23-5.
Platinic chlorid for zinc guides, 41*.
Plato, objects to written discourses, 255®;

art of his dialogues, 256^
Pocketing books, 2S2'*.
Pockets, card, 282-5.
Political Science Q. adv., 158, 240; press

notices, 159, 241.
Poole, W: K:, |)resi(lent A. L. A., 14' ; on

need of 1 ibrary school, 86^ ; A. L. A. visit to

home of, 94^ ; Acme card pocket, 283".
Poole's Index, 20*.

Pope ManL Co., adv., 67, 165, 239, 251.
Popular vs, scholars* iibs., I92*.

Port Henry, lib. gift, 225'.

Portability of catalog, 184^ 194.

Postal slips, filing notes on, 286^.

Post-conference excursion, A. L. A., 95-9.

Power of a modern book, 82-5.

Pratt, C:, Brooklyn, lib. gift, 137'.

Pratt, Enoch, gift to Baltimore, 45^

Pratt, Waldo S., typewritten cyclostyle sten-
cils, 141.

Preparation for Lib. School, 270^ 271-2.

Press, genius of the (poem), 177.

Press notices of Lib. Notes, 157; 174.

Price lists, how to keep lib., 285-7.

Princeton Review^ NeWy adv., 78.

Print, danger to eyes from poor, 290^

Printed catalog cards, 107'-^ 198*.

Printed shelf labels, 133^

Printing, of catalog cards, ic6'; of Brit. Mus.
catlg., plan, 181* ; press for lib., i86^

Prison libs, in N. Y., 226.

Private libraries, included in Notes, i i'.

Profession, lib. employment vs., 50-1.

Progress, dept., 135-7, 145s 223-7.

Prophecy on card catalogs, i8o^

Props. See Book Braces, Supports.

Prospectiv subscribers, to, 11.

Pseudonyms, Cushing's Initials and, 200^.

Public libs, in U. S. government report, 47* ;
as preparatory reading for Lib. School, 272*;
summary of 1884-5 report, 227.

Public schools, what they accomplish, 43^

Publication dept. Lib. Bureau, 60.

Publication, places of, abbreviations, 209.

Publication societies, need of, 196*.

Publishers' dept., 59, 149-50, 229, 292.

Publisher's Trade List Annual^ adv., 72.

Publisher's Weekly^ 267* ; adv., 70 ; fotografic
duplication, I82^

Publishing Section. See A. L. A.

Putnam's Sons, G. P., Story of the nations,
adv., 173; favors to Lib. School, 267^

Qualifications, hours, and salary of libra-
rians, 91-2.

Quartet, library, and its work, 5-7.

Rare books, photography for cataloging,
182^

Readers, lectures to, 9^; object in resorting
to Am. libs., 184^; card for, 282*.

Readers and writers. See Labor Savers for.

Readers' handbook' I07^ 198*.

Reading and aids, dept., 145'.

Reading, influence, 44' ; education by, 81-2;
Carlyle on, 81*; F: Harrison on, 8i'; Sir
J: Herschel on, 84^ ; books and, (Venablc)
255-60; by rote, 257'; in preparation for

; Lib. School, 271^; danger to. eyes from
pT\nl» 2C)o*. Site Books

Library Notes.

309

Receipt for glue for zinc guides, 42^.

Reference, exact, 56; and loan work, 91'.

Reference lists, Lane's index to, 198'.

References, cross, 19^, 24', 30*, 33*.

Reform spelling, 431 ; 253; 255; 2557; 2759.

Regular depts. of Notes, 144-5.

Relativ location, advantages, 179*.

Remittances for Notes, y.

Report on pub. libs, in U. S., 47'; as prep.

reading for Lib. School, 272*; summary,

1884-5, 227.
Revolving shelf pin, 134.
Roberts Bros., adv., 154.
Rod, steel guard, 36* ; for block support, 40^
Rogers & Co., M. T., adv., 66.
Roll of first class in Lib. School,. 201.
Roman numerals, 57*, 143', 210^.
Rote, reading by, 257'.
Round, W: M. F., N. Y. prison libs., 226*.
Route of A. L. A. to Milwaukee, 16.
Rubber and metal stamps, 133 ; adv., 66.
Rubber pen holders, 279^.
Rules, A. L. A. for cataloging, in*; for a

card catalog, condenst, 112-31; sample

cards, 125-31; the first code made, 179^;

for lib. handwriting, 281.
Ruling of standard card, 274*.
Ruskin, J:, what a book is, 83* ; quoted, 26o^
St. Paul, A. L. A. visit to, 97*.
Salaries of librns., 92^-*; of women, why

lower, 89^
Sample cards illust. catalog rules, 125-31.
Sangerfest, Milwaukee, 15*,
Sargeant, G: D., lib. gift, 225^
Scholars* libs., 192^
Scholarships for Lib. School, 269^
School of Library Economy, 6^, 85-9, 201-5,

266-8; extra lecture* in, 108-10, 203-5;

roll of first class, list of lecturers, etc.,

201-5; success of, 228'; visit to Children's

Lib. .'\ssoc., 262'; class picture, 267';

name, 269'; pioneer class, 270^; number in

class, 270' ; changes for the second year,

268-70; preparation for, 271-2.
Schools. »SV<r Public.
Science, cataloging reduced to a, 180*.
Scientific j)criodicals, adv., 75.
Scientific serials, indexing, Io6^
Scott, Sir W., erudition in lower ranks,

257'.
Selecting a library system, 21-2.

Self-indext papers, 140.

Seneca, great thoughts of, 259^

Sex in librarianship, 90".

Shades for reading lamps, extempore, 58; for

eyes, 289*-".
Shading in lib, hand, 276'.

Sharpener, pencil, Sibley's ady., 238.

Sheets, subject, 33. S^e Shelf List.

Shelf labels, 132-3; holder on L. B. book
support, 219*.

Shelf list, 29-32 ; subject sheets in, 33 ;
value of system, 186'; binder, 286*.

Shelf pin, revolving, 134.

Shelves, inspection, day colors, 211*.

Sherman, G. R., lib. gift, 225^

Shipman's Sons, adv., 68, 160, 234, 250.

Sibley's, pencil sharpener, adv., 238.

Sinclair, C: E., Acme card pocket, 285'.

Size, of catalog card, 34' ; notation, abbrevia-
tions, 211; letter, 211'; method by actual
size, 211'; of writing, 274*.

Slant in lib. hand, 276*.

Slip, date, 282^

Slips, filing, notes on postal, 286'.

Small libs., special attention given to, ii^

Smith, L. P., resolutions on death of, 95*.

Smithsonian rep. 1852, size of catalog card,

34*.
Snobs, literary, 9^

Societies, need of publication, 196*.

Spacing and under-scoring, 123; in lib. hand,

277^
Specialists, lectures to Lib. School by, no*.
Speed in lib. writing, 279'.
Spelling, waste of time in lerning, 43' ; aids

to reform, 253 ; in Notes, 255' ; 298-9.
Spelling Reform Assoc, 44*, 253, 298-9.
Spelling, quart, magazine, 298.
Spencerian steel pens, adv., 151, 229, 293.
Springfield, Mass., lib. gifts, 225*.
Springfield P. L., Acme card pocket, 284^
Stamp, embossing, 26-7.
Stamps, rubber and metal, adv., 66; pencil,

dater, and check, 133.
Standard card, ruling, 274* ; lib. hand, 277',

280^ ; lib. ink, 278'.
Standing com. of A. L. A., 1886, 14*.
State legislatures, oflicial names, 212-3.
States, titles, abbreviations, 209-10.
Statistics, labor, American Bureaus of, 213.
Stcchert, G. E., adv., 62, 167, 243, 311.
Steel Icger clip for accession book, 28^
Steiger and Co., E., adv., 2, 75, 152, 231, 296.
Stencils, type- written cyclostyle, 141.
Stevens, II:, photography for cataloging, 182^
Stevens, Lucy, Acme card pocket, 284^
Stock used in catalog; cards. 190-*.
Stools before catalog drawers, 38^
Story of the nations, adv., 173.
Stylographic pen, A. T. Cross, adv., 236,

249.
Subject catalog, shelf list as, 30-'-".
Subject sheets in shelf lists, 33.

3IO

Library Notes.

Subscribers to Notes, 33, i i ; what they say,

174-5-
Summary, A. L. A. geographical, 99-101 ;

book brace, 222 ; public libs., U. S. rep.

1884-S, 227.
Sunday School libraries, Notes include, 1 1^
Sunday School Lib. Union, National, 144^
Supplies defined, 286^ ; dept. of Lib. Bureau,

60.
Support, Massey book, 215, 217*, 222'; new

pattern, 217*; patent book, 215'; L. B.

iron book, 216-7.
Supports, or props, book braces, 214-23.
Symbols, size notation, 211'.
System, selecting a library, 21-2.
Taneyhill, Rev. C: W., Acme card pocket,

285^
Teacher, librarian as activ, gK
Teaching and librarianship compared, 51',

J" '

Testimonials, Crocker book brace, 221 ; to

value of Notes, 174-5.
Thousand Island meeting of A. L. A., 260.
Thucidides, seventh book, Macaulay's favorit,

260'.
Thumb wedges for blocks, 39'.
Ticknor & Co., adv., 166, 242, 300.
Tilden, S: J., gifts, 137*.
Tilton, Mrs C. E., gift, 225*.
Tilton, N. H., lib. gift, 225*.
Title, rules, 118.
Title-page checks, 112.
Titles, abbreviations for books, 208; states,

abbreviations, 209-10.
Trade-list Annual^ Publishers^ ^ adv., 72.
Training school, for Hbrns., 6* ; librn. without,

268* ; for public libs., 263'.
Trask, Mrs R. J., Acme card pocket, 284'.
Treadle embossing machine, 27*.
Tricycles and bicycles, adv., 67, 165, 239, 251.
Trinity, educational, church, school, lib., 44-5.
Trustees, sending delegates to A. L. A., 16*;

alarm at initial expenses, 22^; mistakes of,

1779-8, i8o\
Turkey morocco shelf binders, 31*.
Type, clarendon or antique in ms, 140';

lower case more legible than small capitals,

275*; roman and italic, 276*; danger to

eyes from poor, 290*; leaded, 290".
Typewritten cyclostyle stencils, 141.
Typewriter, for cataloging, 194'; Hammond,

adv., 76, 168, 244, 312; World, adv., 294.
Typewriters in libs., 273^-'.
Unbookishness, 256^.
Underscoring and spacing, rules, 123,
Uniformity in lib. hand, 277^

U. S. Bureau of Education, lib. dept., 135.
U. S. Report on libs. See Pub. Libs.
Unshaded light bad for eyes, 289'.
Universal catalog, British Museum as, 182'.
Universities the true libraries for scholars as

well as people, 9', 49-SOt 255^.
Van Everen -book cover and gumd labels,

adv., 162, 236. . .. ■'

Vcnable, W. H., genius of the press (poem),

177 ; books and reading, 255-60.
Visiting libs., 271*.

Waldo, C. P., Acme card pocket, 284'.
Wants for Notes, 10.
Warren, Dr C:, and Bureau of Educ^ 135*.
Watch word of lib. movement cooperation.

Waterman's ideal fountain pen, adv., 69, 152,

232, 295.
Webster's unabr'd dictionary, adv., 61, 153.
Weights and measures, metric, 143; time

saved in schools, 43^
Westermann & Co., B., adv., 59, 151, 231, 296.
White, A. D., gift to Cornell Univ., 224*.
Whitney, J. L., on need of library school, 87'.
Why a library does or does not succeed,

45-7.
Wickersham, W. B., Acme patent card

pocket, 283*-5.
Width of column, best, 138.
Wilber, Olive M., Acme card pocket, 284*.
Wires as guards, 36^
Wisconsin railroads, free excursion given A.

L. A., 39, 151
Witch's Gulch, A. L. A. visit to, 96*.
Woerishoffer, Mrs C: F., gift, 224*.
Women in libraries, how they are handi-

capt, 89-90.
Wonner, Lucy C, Acme card pocket, 285*.
Wood case for shelf list binders, 30'.
Wood leger case for accession book, 28'.
Woodward, R. C, Acme card pocket, 283',

285^
Words per minute in lib. writing, 279-So.
Wordsworth, strong book-mindedness, 255*.
Work of library quartet, 5-7.
World typewriter, adv., 294.
Writer's cramp, 279*.
Writing fractions, 142.
Writing machines. See Typewriters.
Writing materials, 278-80.
Writing. See Handwriting.
Young, books for, adv., 72.
Young folks' cyclopaedia, adv., 172.
Young librarian, value of Notes to, 11*. r

Zinc guides, 41^42 ; receipt for glue to ooveri^

42',

Library Notes. 311

GUSTAV E. STECHERT,

766 Broadway, NEW YORK,

IMPOKTRK OK

ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN

BOOKS AND PERIODICALS.

Purchasing Agent for Libraries and Colleges.

BRANCHES :

At LONDON : 26 King William Street, Strand.

At LEIPZIG: 10 Hospital Strasse.

See Library Notks No. i, page 62.

NIMS & KNIGHT,

TROY, N. Y.,

Publishers, Booksellers and Globe

manufacturers.

We desire to call the attention of Librarians and bonk-buyers to special advantages which
we offer. We have been for some years large buyers of REMAINDER BOOKS, and
als«> carry a very large stock of BOOKS PUBLISHED BY SUBSCRIPTION, all
of which wc offer at SPECIALLY LOW PRICES.

We have just issued a New Clearance Catalogue and Catalogue of Subscription
Books, which will be mailed to any address on application.
Correspondence solicited.

312 Library Notes.

The Hammond Type Writer .

The only Typt.' Writor award^rl ii (lolii Nledol at th©
Now Orluuiis Exposition,

ciuBiIiiUU Hctt lit riivnC3ma£*ni(t<(vliuk paper t-fatiywidih.
i> lijibi, puriililc, nruiiK. tinivlc< *™l dunbk.

■>■ lijvs a-*! ynur Type Wtiler i"r

\kw ViiitK. April I,, iWe.
■■.rk i-ir iKMWxyrjt, liiTinj: previoiwly tritd Mime
flv«« >n •ither nu. hiia >, I: hi^Kivcn u'bvllcr ■>Jii--tictii'nl1uii aiiylliiiii: iJs* wt hdvc r^I Ken for wrilini
librdiy cinl-i. W^ Ami i<>r iiItai.iji.-i' ..f xTiim;; an a a.it surface. iiit(td<l ••? » ryliiuhr, nry Enal, » kc do the
«bilhriai:l]an):ea:idi.:t iiuuiii:i tIi« lypr ahte;'. Sincerely,

MEI.Vrt DEWEY.

jj.<.f^.,(>j!;.,,sooit-.,.-

The Hammond Type Writer Co.,

'■ 77 Nassau Street, New York.

r*.